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阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A,B,C或D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
You know how wonderful you are，and you know that others know how wonderful you are，but what do you do when admiration crosses over the line into jealousy？For most teens there will come a day when you realize that one of your friends is jealous and that this jealousy is hurting your friendship.When this happens it can seem like there is nothing that you can do，but the good news is that there is.Don't let jealousy spoil your relationships.Tackle it head on and you might be back to normal much sooner than you think.
It can be hard to walk up to a friend and ask them what the problem is，but if you want to save your friendship you'll have to do just that.Don't approach them and ask why they are jealous of you (unless of course you want to appear totally conceited)，just take some time alone with them and let them know that you've been feeling like there's been something coming between you.If they refuse to respond，then use the opportunity to explain how you have been feeling.Chances are that something you say will strike a nerve and your friend will open up as well.
When you figure out what is annoying your friend，ask him or her what (s)he thinks would make the situation better.If，for example，(s)he says that (s)he feels like (s)he doesn't get to spend any time with you because of your being off with your new friends from the swim team then maybe you could invite her along the next time or block off one day a week for just the two of you.Remember，though，that whatever solution you decide on should be a compromise.Don't limit your own talents or opportunities simply because your friend is unhappy.Try instead to include him or her in your new life and see how that works out.
Even the best of friendships can be tinged by jealousy.This destructive emotion is rarely productive and can turn best friends into worst enemies.Before taking extreme action，chat with your jealous friend to see if the two of you can work out a compromise.If you can't，be prepared to know exactly how far you will go to keep your friend and how far you won't.
【语篇解读】 本文是关于人际关系的话题。尤其是青少年伴侣之间会由于嫉妒而使相互间的友情被破坏，本文着重叙述如何处理被伴侣嫉妒及处理过程中可能遇到的困难。
1．According to the author，the jealousy emotion is ________.
A．normal B．productive
C．destructive D．extreme
解析 细节理解题。由第一段其次句．..that this jealousy is hurting your friendship.可知。
答案 C
2．Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to confront your friend when jealousy happens?
A．Walking up to him/her and asking him/her why he/she is jealous of you.
B．Walking up to him/her and asking him/her what the problem is.
C．Spending some time with him/her and letting him/her know how you feel.
D．Spending some time with him/her and letting him/her know you think there's something coming between you.
解析 细节理解题。由其次段其次句Don't approach them and ask why they are jealous of you可知。
答案 A
3．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?
A．There's always a solution to solve the problem of jealousy.
B．Jealousy can turn best friends into worst enemies.
C．You may lose a friend to keep your own gifts，chances or selfdevelopment.
D．You should go a long way with your friend to work out a solution
解析 推理推断题。
答案 C
4．The purpose of the passage is ________.
A．to explain what causes jealousy
B．to offer some advice on making friends
C．to introduce the way to cope with a jealous friend
D．to explain how destructive the jealous emotion is
解析 作者意图题。通读全文可知，本文的写作目的是介绍处理有嫉妒心伴侣的方法。
答案 C.
【2021界广东省汕头市质量测评试题】
Community theatre is a theatre that is run by a local district with the efforts of volunteers. They offer many different kinds of productions, such as musical theatre, dance theatre and children’s theatre. Usually, performers are amateurs who receive no pay, but at other times professionals get involved, and they are paid. Community theatres of today are a little different ftom the old “little theatres”，as most are simply run by colleges and their theatre departments. Community theatres are a great way to get involved with local actors. Now, most theatres put on shows that will entertain or benefit the community.
In the 1880s, “little theatre” was started in Europe so that poor people could see theatrical productions without having to travel far or pay a lot. In 1910，this idea traveled to the United States. In the early years, community theatres were even funded by the government, but when shows became too political, government funding was stopped.
Community theatres of today are a little different from the old “little theatres”，as most simply want to infuse little culture into the lives of the local citizens. In many cases, these theatres are run by colleges and their theatre departments. These productions are often free of charge, or charge very little money to pay for costumes and other incidental expenses. Many also encourage the participation of children and other young people to let them develop theatrical skills, as well as to keep them busy so that they do not choose to get into trouble. Additionally, for those who desire strongly to become professional actors and to one day get a chance to act in a national theatre production, it is an exciting place to learn and develop theatrical skills.
41. Why was “little theatre” started in Europe?
A. To put on shows for children.
B. To collect money for poor people.
C. To entertain poor people.
D. To get people interested in theatrical productions.
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。由“‘little theatre”’was started in Europe so that poor people could see theatrical productions without having to travel far or pay a lot.”可知，是为了让穷人消遣。故选C。
42. From the passage we know that community theatres can _____.
A. help young people make more money
B. prevent young people getting into trouble
C. help young people enter the colleges
D. encourage young people to become more responsible
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。由“Many also encourage the participation of children and other young people to let them develop theatrical skills, as well as to keep them busy so that they do not choose to get into trouble.”可知社区剧院可以防止年轻人惹事。故选B。
43. Which of the following is TRUE about community theatre?
A. It is usually funded by the government.
B. It is intended to train professional actors.•
C. It benefits the community in many ways.
D. It is quite different from the old “little theatres”.
【答案】C
【解析】推理推断题。由“Many also encourage the participation of children and other young people to let them develop theatrical skills, as well as to keep them busy so that they do not choose to get into trouble.”可知社区剧院在很多方面给社区带来利益。故选C。
44.Which of the followings is closest in meaning to the underlined word “infuse” in Para. 3?
A. get rid of B. fill with
C. cut down D. full of
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜想题。A。摆脱，除去；B。充入，装满；C.削减，砍倒，删节； D。装满。由上下文可知，它们想灌输一点文化到当地公民的生活中。
45.We can infer from the last paragraph that _____.
A. some professional actors may come from the community theatres
B. community theatres only charge for incidental expenses
C. community theatres have lost their attraction today
D. people can live by acting in the community theatres
【答案】A
【解析】推断推理题。由“for those who desire strongly to become professional actors and to one day get a chance to act in a national theatre production, it is an exciting place to learn and develop theatrical skills.” 可知一些专业演员可能出自社区剧院。故选A。
Passage Thirty-four
(The Relationship between Brain Process with Mental Experience)
By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy, However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance among nerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but, rather, the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
However, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth, movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the same cortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brain excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.
1. Up until 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mental experience are related would most likely have been met with
[A]. vexation. . irritability. [C]. discouragement [D]. neutrality
2. The author mentions “common currency” primarily in order to emphasize the
[A]. lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings.
. similarities in the views of the scientists.
[C]. similarity of sensations of human beings.
[D]. continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system.
3. Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 16—19?
[A]. Cognitive experience manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of the brain stimulated.
. Qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.
[C]. Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors they produce.
[D]. Differentiation in neural modalities influences the length of nerve transmissions.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitative variation?
[A]. Nerve cells. . Nerve impulses.
[C]. Cortical areas. [C]. Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.
Vocabulary
1. mental experiences 精神感受
2. discharge 释放
3. negligible 微小的，可以忽视不计的
4. manifold 多种多样的，多方面
5. neuron 神经元/细胞
6. neural （中枢）神经的（系统）
7. qualitative diversity 质的多样性，量变的
8. disprove 反对，反证
9. homogeneous 相像的
10. sensory nerve 感觉神经
11. cortical 外皮的，皮质的
12. cerebral cortex 大脑皮层
13. locus 地点，区域
14. psychoneural 精神神经
15. heterogeneous 异源的，异种的，异体的
16. spatiotenporal 时空的
难句译注
1. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
[结构分析] 句型为such…as 可as 具有关系代词作用，此处作从句中had been demonstrated 的主语。
[参考译文] 神经细胞中所显示的诸如在尺寸，外形，化学，神经脉冲中传导速度，激发界限等方面的那种变化差异对多方面的精神感受可能有联系来说照旧意义不大。
2. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
[参考译文] 有可能用其他方法来显示神经类型之间微小的结构差异。可是，缺乏证据证明脉冲的或者其脉冲传导的质量受这些差别的影响。相反，这种质量看起来它却影响了中枢神经循环的进展模式。
3. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on.
[结构分析] 主从句。后面跟解释性同位语：that is ……。
[参考译文] 在一个试验中，当电刺激作用于有意识的人体大脑皮层的某个感觉部位，它对这个特定部位产生一种恰如其分的感觉道，也就是说，视觉来自视觉皮层，听觉来自听皮层，以此类推。
4. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
[参考译文] 其他试验揭示了神经细胞在尺寸，数目，排列和相互联结上的微小变化。可是，就精神神经相互关系而论，这些感觉部位相互之间明显的相像性好像比任何微小差异更为明显多。
5. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue.
[参考译文] 总之，大脑理论说明精神感觉和相对相像的神经细胞单位的活动有关系。这种活动通过相像的大脑皮层组织传导的基本相像的脉冲。
写作方法与文章大意
文章是对“大脑神经活动和精神感受关系的探讨。”接受时空写法。先从1950年，探究两者关系的结果令人懊丧谈起。在接近本世纪转折时期，由赫林提出的不同的感觉态可能和某种神经能量有关。经过一系列理论和阅历探究，最终得出大脑理论说明神经感受和相对相像的神经细胞单位活动有关的结论。这是一种通过相像的大脑结构引导相像脉冲的活动。
答案祥解
1. C. 令人无望。答案见文章的第一句话“到了1950年，大脑活动过程和精神感受有关系的试验结果看起来令人懊丧。”
A. 令人恼火。 B. 激怒。 D. 中立。 均不对。
2. A. 在人的神经脉冲中缺少变异（差别）。Common currency 本义是一般通用。这里的上下问打算了它的含义“无变异脉冲（一般脉冲）”。其次段“虽然神经能量中的质变理论从没有受到严峻的驳斥，但这一学说被普遍放弃，而赞成其对立的观点；那就是：神经脉冲在质量沙锅内基本相像，并作为无变异脉冲（一般脉冲）经神经系统传送。”所以一般脉冲就是指神经脉冲无变异，在质量上基本相像。
B. 科学家观点上的相像性。 C. 人类感觉相像性。 D. 神经脉冲连续不断通过神经系统。这三项和common currency 无关。
3. A. 受刺激的大脑部位影响感觉神经脉冲所显示的认知感受。在其次
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