1、科技英语翻译技巧科技英语翻译技巧张乐福张乐福上海交通大学核科学与工程学院上海交通大学核科学与工程学院第1页翻译标准:信、达、雅翻译标准:信、达、雅n了解了解q了解语言现象(词汇含义、惯使用方法、句法结构);了解语言现象(词汇含义、惯使用方法、句法结构);q了解逻辑关系,经过逻辑关系决定其确切译法;了解逻辑关系,经过逻辑关系决定其确切译法;q了解原文所包括事物,搞清一些特有事物、历史背景、典故或专门了解原文所包括事物,搞清一些特有事物、历史背景、典故或专门术语。术语。n表示表示q把自己了解用本民族语言重新表示出来。把自己了解用本民族语言重新表示出来。ne.g.He wanted to send
2、them more aid,more weapons and a few more men.n忠实原文,可译为:忠实原文,可译为:“他想给他们更多援助,更多武器,更多一些他想给他们更多援助,更多武器,更多一些人员人员”;到达语言流畅:他想给他们增加些援助,增添些武器,增;到达语言流畅:他想给他们增加些援助,增添些武器,增派些人员。派些人员。n校核:对译文语言深入推敲校核:对译文语言深入推敲q校核译文中人名、地名、日期、数字有没有错漏;校核译文中人名、地名、日期、数字有没有错漏;q校核译文中段、句或主要词有没有错漏;校核译文中段、句或主要词有没有错漏;q修改译文中错译与不妥之处。修改译文中错译与
3、不妥之处。第2页科技英语特点与翻译基本方法科技英语特点与翻译基本方法n科技文章特点是:科技文章特点是:清楚、准确、精练、严密清楚、准确、精练、严密q大量使用名词化结构大量使用名词化结构nIf you use firebricks around the walls of the boiler,the heat loss can be considerably reduced.q广泛使用被动语句广泛使用被动语句nElectrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.Such a d
4、evice is called a capacitor,or a condenset,and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance.It is measured in farads.q非限定动词非限定动词nMaterials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.nA direct current is a current flowing
5、always in the same direction.q后置定语后置定语nThe forces due to friction are called frictional forces.第3页定语从句定语从句限定性限定性非限定性非限定性n与先行词之间关系非与先行词之间关系非常亲密(删掉后影响常亲密(删掉后影响全句意义)全句意义)n与先行词之间关系不亲密与先行词之间关系不亲密(是一个补充说明,删掉后(是一个补充说明,删掉后不影响整个句子基本意思。)不影响整个句子基本意思。)不用逗号分开不用逗号分开n通惯用逗号分开通惯用逗号分开可用关系代词可用关系代词that不可用关系代词不可用关系代词tha
6、tn能够省略(能够省略(that,who,which在从句中担任宾在从句中担任宾语时能够省略)语时能够省略)n不能够省略不能够省略n能够替换(能够替换(whom担任担任宾语时可用宾语时可用who或或that替换)替换)n不能够替换不能够替换读时不停顿读时不停顿读时停顿,用降调读时停顿,用降调n只能够修饰先行词,只能够修饰先行词,不能够修饰主句或主不能够修饰主句或主句一部分。句一部分。n修饰整个主句或主句一部分,修饰整个主句或主句一部分,此时定有逗号分开,只能由此时定有逗号分开,只能由which或或as引导。引导。第4页定语从句定语从句1.The atoms of all elements,wh
7、ich at one time were thought to be the fundamental particles of nature,consist of numbers of three more fundamental particles-protons,neutrons and electrons.q翻译翻译1:曾经被认为是自然界中基础粒子原子是由多个更基础粒曾经被认为是自然界中基础粒子原子是由多个更基础粒子组成质子、中子和电子。子组成质子、中子和电子。q翻译翻译2:全部元素原子,全部元素原子,(即使即使)它们曾经被认为是自然界中基础它们曾经被认为是自然界中基础粒子,粒子,(却却
8、)是由若干个三种更基础粒子组成质子、中子和电是由若干个三种更基础粒子组成质子、中子和电子。子。2.The atom consists of nucleus in which all the positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons are closely grouped together,and a number of negatively charged electrons moving in orbital paths around the nucleus.q翻译翻译1:原子包含一个原子核,其中带正电质子和不带电中子紧原子包含一个原
9、子核,其中带正电质子和不带电中子紧密聚集在一起,一定数量带负电电子沿着轨道绕核运动。密聚集在一起,一定数量带负电电子沿着轨道绕核运动。q翻译翻译2:原子是由原子核和一定数量带负电电子组成,其中原子原子是由原子核和一定数量带负电电子组成,其中原子核由全部带正电质子和不带电中子聚集在一起组成,电子沿着核由全部带正电质子和不带电中子聚集在一起组成,电子沿着轨道绕核运动。轨道绕核运动。第5页3.Different isotopes of an element behave identically as far as their chemistry is concerned,which is not s
10、urprising as chemical bonds exist between electrons.q仅考虑化学性质,一个元素不一样同位素都有相同性质,仅考虑化学性质,一个元素不一样同位素都有相同性质,这一点这一点并不奇怪并不奇怪,因为因为化学键仅存在于电子之间。化学键仅存在于电子之间。4.Isotopes differ from one another physically in that the masses and other characteristics of their nuclei are different,which is to be expected as it is
11、in the nuclei that the difference between two isotopes lies.q同位素之间在物理特征上区分在于其原子核质量及其它一同位素之间在物理特征上区分在于其原子核质量及其它一些原子核特征,些原子核特征,这一点这一点能够能够(轻易地轻易地)被想到,因为两个同被想到,因为两个同位素之间差异仅仅在于其原子核不一样。位素之间差异仅仅在于其原子核不一样。5.The force of electrostatic repulsion between like charges,which varies inversely as the square of the
12、ir separation,would be expected to be so large that nuclei could not be formed.q同种带电同种带电粒粒子之间静电斥力,其大小与它们之间距离平方子之间静电斥力,其大小与它们之间距离平方成反比,这种斥力如此之大以至于原子核无法形成。成反比,这种斥力如此之大以至于原子核无法形成。第6页Grammarn分词做定语分词做定语q现在分词,类似主谓结构:现在分词,类似主谓结构:Particles bearing like charges tend to repel one another,whereas particles bea
13、ring unlike charges tend to attract one another.带有相同电荷粒子相互排带有相同电荷粒子相互排斥,而带有不一样电荷粒子则相互吸引。斥,而带有不一样电荷粒子则相互吸引。q过去分词,类似谓宾结构:过去分词,类似谓宾结构:Energy stored in fuel is chemical energy.储存在燃料中能量是化学能。储存在燃料中能量是化学能。n同位语句同位语句qWater,a compound,can be decomposed into the gaseous elements,hydrogen and oxygen.水是一个化合物,它能分
14、解为水是一个化合物,它能分解为气体元素氢和氧。气体元素氢和氧。(a compound是是water同位语同位语;hydrogen and oxygen 是是element同位语。同位语。)n让步状语从句让步状语从句qThe word“radiation”will be taken to embrace all particles,whether they are of material or electromagnetic origin.“辐辐射射”一词含义包含全部粒子,不论它们性质是属于物质还是电磁。一词含义包含全部粒子,不论它们性质是属于物质还是电磁。第7页Grammarn现在分词做状语现
15、在分词做状语qThe electron gains energy and moves away with high speed v and total mass-energy mc2,leaving the atom ionized.电子电子取得能量并带着总质能取得能量并带着总质能mc2高速离开原子核,从而使原子电离。高速离开原子核,从而使原子电离。qElectrons also flow in a television tube,where they are made to hit the screen,causing a flash of light.电子也能在电视显像电子也能在电视显像管
16、中流动,显像管中电子冲击荧光屏,因而引发闪光。管中流动,显像管中电子冲击荧光屏,因而引发闪光。qIf its energy is larger,it may impart energy to atomic electrons as described by the Bohr theory,causing excitation of electrons to higher energy states or producing ionization,with subsequent emission of light.假如其能量更大,假如其能量更大,它能够按照波尔理论把能量传递给原子电子,使电子激发
17、到高能态它能够按照波尔理论把能量传递给原子电子,使电子激发到高能态或电离,并伴随发光现象。或电离,并伴随发光现象。qAn incident photon of high enough energy dislodges(移出移出)an electron from the atom,leaving a positively charged ion.第8页It be 句型翻译技巧句型翻译技巧n把把“it”作为形式主语被动结构译成主动形式,省掉主语,作为形式主语被动结构译成主动形式,省掉主语,或添加或添加“人们人们”、“有些人有些人”、“大家大家”等。如:等。如:qIt is said that 听说
18、听说;qIt is supposed that 据推测据推测;qIt is hoped that 希望希望;qIt must be pointed out that 必须指出必须指出;qIt has been proved that 已经证实已经证实;qIt is considered that 人们认为人们认为;qIt is believed that 有些人相信有些人相信;qIt is well known that 大家知道大家知道;qIt was told that 有些人曾经说有些人曾经说第9页长句子翻译化整为零,分译法长句子翻译化整为零,分译法n英文原句可包含多层意思,而汉语习惯为
19、一个小句表示一层意思。为了使行文英文原句可包含多层意思,而汉语习惯为一个小句表示一层意思。为了使行文简练,应将整个长句译成几个独立句子,次序基本不变,保持前后连贯。简练,应将整个长句译成几个独立句子,次序基本不变,保持前后连贯。nSteel is usually made where the iron is smelted,so that the modern steelworks forms a complete unity,taking in raw materials and producing all types of cast iron and steel,both for send
20、ing to other works for further treatment,and as finished products such as joist and other consumers.n初译初译 通常在炼铁地方就炼钢,所以当代炼钢厂从运进原材料到生产供送往其通常在炼铁地方就炼钢,所以当代炼钢厂从运进原材料到生产供送往其它工厂深入加工处理并制成如工字钢及其它商品钢材成品而形成一整套联合企它工厂深入加工处理并制成如工字钢及其它商品钢材成品而形成一整套联合企业。业。n这种译文读起来绕口,看起来,概念不清。其原因是囿于英语结构形式,忽略这种译文读起来绕口,看起来,概念不清。其原因是囿于
21、英语结构形式,忽略汉语本身规律。可依据表示意思将原文拆散为三个独立小句译成汉语。汉语本身规律。可依据表示意思将原文拆散为三个独立小句译成汉语。steel is smelted为第一小句;为第一小句;so that.steel为第二小句;为第二小句;both for consumers为第三小句。经过为第三小句。经过bothand连接两个介词短语在译文中可扩展成连接两个介词短语在译文中可扩展成句子。句子。n改译改译 通常炼铁地方也炼钢。所以,当代炼钢厂是一个配套整体,从运进原料通常炼铁地方也炼钢。所以,当代炼钢厂是一个配套整体,从运进原料到生产各种类型铸铁与钢材,有送往其它工厂深入加工处理,有就
22、制成成品,到生产各种类型铸铁与钢材,有送往其它工厂深入加工处理,有就制成成品,如工字钢及其它一些成材。如工字钢及其它一些成材。第10页长句子翻译纲举目张,变序法长句子翻译纲举目张,变序法n原句结构复杂,可按汉语由远及近次序从中间断句,层层展开,最终画原句结构复杂,可按汉语由远及近次序从中间断句,层层展开,最终画龙点睛,突出主题。龙点睛,突出主题。nThe reason that a neutral body is attracted by a charged body is that,although the neutral body is neutral within itself,it i
23、s not neutral with respect to the charged body,and the two bodies act as if oppositely charged when brought near each other.n初译初译 中性物体被带电物体吸引原因在于,即使中性物体本身是不带电,中性物体被带电物体吸引原因在于,即使中性物体本身是不带电,但对带电体来说,它不是中性。当这两个物体彼此靠近时,就会产生带但对带电体来说,它不是中性。当这两个物体彼此靠近时,就会产生带有相反电荷作用。有相反电荷作用。n上述译文不恰当地采取了次序分译法,以致译文内部衔接松弛,破坏了上述
24、译文不恰当地采取了次序分译法,以致译文内部衔接松弛,破坏了作者所提出概念完整性。从作者所提出概念完整性。从although到句尾,都是说明到句尾,都是说明“中性物体被中性物体被带电体吸引原因带电体吸引原因”,这一整体不容分割。可从,这一整体不容分割。可从although引导让步状语从引导让步状语从句入手,将原文中前置主要信息在译文中后置,画龙点睛。句入手,将原文中前置主要信息在译文中后置,画龙点睛。n改译改译 即使中性物体本身是不带电,但对于带电体来说,它并非中性;即使中性物体本身是不带电,但对于带电体来说,它并非中性;当这两个物体彼此靠近时,就会产生极性相反电荷作用。这就是中性物当这两个物体
25、彼此靠近时,就会产生极性相反电荷作用。这就是中性物体被带电体吸引原因。体被带电体吸引原因。第11页长句子翻译逆流而上,逆序法长句子翻译逆流而上,逆序法n英语惯用前置性陈说,先果后因;而汉语相反,普通先因后果,层层递进,最英语惯用前置性陈说,先果后因;而汉语相反,普通先因后果,层层递进,最终综合,点出主题。处理这类句子,宜先译全句后部,再依次向前,逆序译出。终综合,点出主题。处理这类句子,宜先译全句后部,再依次向前,逆序译出。nThe construction of such a satellite is now believed to be quite realizable,its reali
26、zation being supported with all the achievements of contemporary science,which being not only materials capable of withstanding severe stresses involved and high temperatures developed,but new technological processes as well.n初译初译 制造这么人造卫星确信是可能,因为能够依靠当代科学一切成就。这制造这么人造卫星确信是可能,因为能够依靠当代科学一切成就。这些成就不但提供了能
27、够承受高温高压材料,而且也提供了新工艺过程。些成就不但提供了能够承受高温高压材料,而且也提供了新工艺过程。n原文由三部分组成:主句,作原因状语分词独立结构,修饰独立结构定语从句。原文由三部分组成:主句,作原因状语分词独立结构,修饰独立结构定语从句。依据汉语词序,状语尤其是原因状语在先,定语前置,故从依据汉语词序,状语尤其是原因状语在先,定语前置,故从which入手,再入手,再译出译出its realization,最终才译出,最终才译出The construction.realizable.n改译改译 当代科学一切成就不但提供了能够承受高温高压材料,而且也提供了当代科学一切成就不但提供了能够承
28、受高温高压材料,而且也提供了新工艺过程。依靠这些当代科学成就,我们相信完全能够制造出这么人造卫星。新工艺过程。依靠这些当代科学成就,我们相信完全能够制造出这么人造卫星。第12页长句子翻译长句子翻译4.次序法次序法n英语原句结构次序与汉语相同,层次分明,翻译成汉语时能够次序英语原句结构次序与汉语相同,层次分明,翻译成汉语时能够次序推进,一气呵成。推进,一气呵成。nAll commercial iron and steel contains iron as chief constituent,but the percentages of carbon and other elements and
29、the methods by which iron and steel is produced,as well as the processes to which they may be subjected,so change the characteristic properties that there are many distinct forms of iron and steel,some of which have properties so different as to appear like different metal.n 译文译文 全部钢铁产品都以其含铁为主要成份,但因
30、为碳和其它元全部钢铁产品都以其含铁为主要成份,但因为碳和其它元素含量不一样,钢铁冶炼方法不一样以及加工过程不一样,从而改变素含量不一样,钢铁冶炼方法不一样以及加工过程不一样,从而改变了它们特征,以致于有各种不一样钢铁,其中有些钢铁特征极不相同,了它们特征,以致于有各种不一样钢铁,其中有些钢铁特征极不相同,看上去就象不一样金属一样。看上去就象不一样金属一样。第13页科学表示式读法科学表示式读法nUnit of atomic mass is defined as one twelfth of the mass of carbon 12 atom.1u=1.6604 10-27 kg,nAvogad
31、ros Number(阿佛伽德罗常数阿佛伽德罗常数)6.0231026 atoms/kg-molnElectronic chargeMagnitude:1.60210-19 coulomb 5ku:lRm5ku:lRm(库仑库仑)Energy:1eV=1.60210-19 joule dVu:ldVu:l(焦耳焦耳)第14页Reading Scientific Expressions 1/2nxn,x to the nth power/x to the nth/x to the power n n105,ten to the 5th powern2.0 x 1011,two point zer
32、o times ten to the eleventhnThe Second Power:32-may be read as either Three to the second power,or Three squared.nThe Third Power:103-may be read as either Ten to the third power,or 10 cubed.10nexponentbaseSubscript,下标下标superscript,上标上标第15页Reading Scientific Expressions 2/2n(square)root x/the square
33、 root of x ncube root(of)x nfourth root(of)x nnth root(of)x nx plus y all squarednx over y all squarednn factorial nxi/x subscript i/x suffix i/x sub i nX primen!xix第16页长句子翻译练习数字和单位长句子翻译练习数字和单位nIn order to provide additional margin to the containment recirculation screens of AP1000 design,metal refl
34、ective insulation is used on lines that are subject to jet impingement during loss-of-coolant accidents and that are not shielded from blowdown jets.As a result,fibrous debris is not generated by loss-of-coolant accidents.Insulation located in a spherical region with in a distance equal to 20 inside
35、 diameters of the LOCA pipe break is assumed to be affected by the LOCA when there are intervening components,supports,structures,or other objects.In the absence of intervening components,supports,structures,or other objects,insulation in a cylindrical area extending out a distance equal to 45 inside diameters from the break along an axis that is a continuation of the pipe axis and up to 5 inside diameters in the radial direction from the axis is assumed to be affected by the LOCA第17页