专四情态动词省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

SpecialVerbsAuxiliaries&ModalWords情态动词第1页HomeCONTENTReview:AuxiliariesReview:AuxiliariesDifferences among modalsDifferences among modalsDifficult PointsDifficult PointsModals Expressing Modals Expressing Prediction and Prediction and predictabilitypredictabilityModals+have+-en Modals+have+-en participleparticipleGrammatical FeaturesGrammatical Features：Grammar第2页HomeReview:Review:AuxiliariesAuxiliariesvThe grammatical function of auxiliaries is The grammatical function of auxiliaries is to help main verbs.to help main verbs.vAuxiliaries fall into three categories:Auxiliaries fall into three categories:primary auxiliariesprimary auxiliaries,modal auxiliariesmodal auxiliaries and and semi-auxiliariessemi-auxiliaries.v助动词助动词语法功效是帮助主动词表示不一样语法意语法功效是帮助主动词表示不一样语法意义或情态意义义或情态意义,比如表示某一动作正在进行或已经比如表示某一动作正在进行或已经完成，完成，“应该应该”做某事或做某事或“不应该不应该”做某事。助做某事。助动词分为三类：动词分为三类：基本助动词基本助动词、情态助动词情态助动词和和半助半助动词动词。Grammar第3页HomePrimary AuxiliaryPrimary AuxiliaryvThere are three There are three primary auxiliariesprimary auxiliaries:be,be,do,havedo,have.With no lexical meanings of their.With no lexical meanings of their own,these auxiliaries have only own,these auxiliaries have only grammatical functions or grammatical grammatical functions or grammatical meanings.meanings.v 基本助动词只有三个：基本助动词只有三个：be,do,havebe,do,have。作为助动。作为助动词，词，be,do,havebe,do,have本身没有词汇意义，只在动词本身没有词汇意义，只在动词词组中起语法作用或者说只表示语法意义。比如词组中起语法作用或者说只表示语法意义。比如助动词助动词bebe经惯用来帮助主动词组成进行体或被动经惯用来帮助主动词组成进行体或被动态。态。Grammar第4页HomeModal AuxiliariesModal AuxiliariesvThere are thirteen modal auxiliaries There are thirteen modal auxiliaries including some past tense forms.including some past tense forms.vThey are:They are:can/could,may/might,will/can/could,may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,ought to,dare,would,shall/should,must,ought to,dare,need,used toneed,used to.v情态助动词情态助动词一共有一共有1313个，其中包含一些过去时形个，其中包含一些过去时形式。它们是：式。它们是：can/could,may/might,will/can/could,may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,ought to,dare,would,shall/should,must,ought to,dare,need,used toneed,used to.情态动词表示情态意义，其过去情态动词表示情态意义，其过去时形式并不一定就表示过去时间。情态动词不能时形式并不一定就表示过去时间。情态动词不能重合使用；随即主动词无一例外地是不带重合使用；随即主动词无一例外地是不带toto不定不定式即动词原形。式即动词原形。Grammar第5页Home情态助动词情态助动词“时时”形式和意义形式和意义v如前所述，情态助动词共有九个，或者说总共有十三个。如前所述，情态助动词共有九个，或者说总共有十三个。其中四个各有现在时和过去时两种形式其中四个各有现在时和过去时两种形式（即即may/might,may/might,can/couldcan/could，will/would,shall/should will/would,shall/should），其余或者只），其余或者只有现在时形式而无过去时形式（即有现在时形式而无过去时形式（即must,ought to,must,ought to,need,dareneed,dare），或者只有过去时形式而无现在时形式（即），或者只有过去时形式而无现在时形式（即used toused to）。）。v在上述情态助动词中，在上述情态助动词中，daredare（敢）和（敢）和needneed（需要）也能作（需要）也能作主动词用主动词用。比较：。比较：vHe He dare notdare not come.(come.(作情态动词用作情态动词用)He doesnHe doesnt t dare to comedare to come.(.(作主动词用作主动词用)vNeedNeed he study?(he study?(作情态动词用作情态动词用)Does he Does he need toneed to study?(study?(作主动词用作主动词用)Grammar第6页Homev另有一个另有一个used toused to（过去经常）即使不能作主动词（过去经常）即使不能作主动词用，但其否定形式既能够是用，但其否定形式既能够是 used not to used not to，也能，也能够是够是 did not use to did not use to等。所以，有语法学家把上等。所以，有语法学家把上述三个情态助动词称为述三个情态助动词称为“边际情态助动词边际情态助动词”（Marginal Modal AuxiliaryMarginal Modal Auxiliary）。）。情态助动词情态助动词“时时”形式和意义形式和意义Grammar第7页Home情态助动词情态助动词“时时”形式和意义形式和意义v如前所述，情态助动词如前所述，情态助动词“时时”形式并不是时间区分主要标形式并不是时间区分主要标志，就是说，现在时或过去时形式有时是时间区分标志，志，就是说，现在时或过去时形式有时是时间区分标志，有时却又不是，而且能够说多半不是。比如：有时却又不是，而且能够说多半不是。比如：vCanCan you lift that table you lift that table？你能举起那张桌子吗？你能举起那张桌子吗？CouldCould you lift that table when you were younger you lift that table when you were younger？你年轻一些时候能举起那张桌子吗？你年轻一些时候能举起那张桌子吗？vCan/couldCan/could在这两例中时间区分是显而易见，前者指现在在这两例中时间区分是显而易见，前者指现在时间，后者指过去时间。不过，时间，后者指过去时间。不过，can/couldcan/could在以下两例中在以下两例中并不表示时间区分，而只有语气上差异并不表示时间区分，而只有语气上差异：vCanCan you help me,please you help me,please？请你帮帮我好吗？请你帮帮我好吗？vCouldCould you help me,please you help me,please？请你帮帮我好吗？请你帮帮我好吗？Grammar第8页Home情态助动词情态助动词“时时”形式和意义形式和意义v以上是就直接引语（以上是就直接引语（Direct SpeechDirect Speech）通常情况而言。）通常情况而言。在在间接引语（间接引语（Indirect SpeechIndirect Speech）中，假如引述动词为过去中，假如引述动词为过去时形式，通常情况是：时形式，通常情况是：v第一，假如所用情态助动词有过去时形式，依据时间向过第一，假如所用情态助动词有过去时形式，依据时间向过去推移标准，需将现在时形式改为过去时形式。去推移标准，需将现在时形式改为过去时形式。比如：比如：v“It may rain“It may rain”可能会下雨。可能会下雨。vWe were afraid it might rainWe were afraid it might rainv“You can help me carry the cases“You can help me carry the cases”你们能够帮我你们能够帮我携带这些箱子。携带这些箱子。vHe said that we could help him carry the casesHe said that we could help him carry the casesv“The plan will fail“The plan will fail”这计划不会成功。这计划不会成功。vI warned them that the plan would failI warned them that the plan would failv“Shall I open the window“Shall I open the window？”我能够把窗打开吗？我能够把窗打开吗？vHe wondered whether he should open the windowHe wondered whether he should open the windowGrammar第9页Home情态助动词情态助动词“时时”形式和意义形式和意义v假如在直接引语中已经用了情态助动词过去时形假如在直接引语中已经用了情态助动词过去时形式，间接引语中情态助动词形式不变，不过，时式，间接引语中情态助动词形式不变，不过，时间关系应了解为是向过去作了推移。间关系应了解为是向过去作了推移。比如：比如：v“Would you like a cup of tea“Would you like a cup of tea？”来杯茶好吗来杯茶好吗？vHe asked if I would like a cup of teaHe asked if I would like a cup of teaGrammar第10页Home情态助动词情态助动词“时时”形式和意义形式和意义v第二，假如所用情态助动词无过去时形式，在间接引语中第二，假如所用情态助动词无过去时形式，在间接引语中则仍采取现在时形式，不过，时间关系应了解为是向过去则仍采取现在时形式，不过，时间关系应了解为是向过去作了推移。作了推移。比如：比如：v“You must reach camp by ten“You must reach camp by ten”你们必须你们必须1010点钟以前点钟以前抵达营地。抵达营地。vThey were told they must reach camp by tenThey were told they must reach camp by tenv“You ought to be ashamed of yourself“You ought to be ashamed of yourself”你应该为你应该为自己感到害臊。自己感到害臊。vHe told me I ought to be ashamed of myselfHe told me I ought to be ashamed of myselfGrammar第11页Home情态助动词情态助动词“时时”形式和意义形式和意义vmustmust和和needneed这两个情态助动词，依据所用人称以及是否用这两个情态助动词，依据所用人称以及是否用于必定陈说句、否定陈说句、疑问句等情况，在变为间接于必定陈说句、否定陈说句、疑问句等情况，在变为间接引语时也可作其它变动引语时也可作其它变动。通常是：。通常是：v（I I）must must/had to/would have to must must/had to/would have tov（I I）must not must not must not must notv Must Must（I I）had to had tov（YouYouHeHe）mustmustmustmustv（YouYouHeHe）must notmust not/werent to must notmust not/werent to，wasnt wasnt totovMustMust（youyouhehe）had to had tov（I Iyouyouhe he）neednt neednt/didnt have toneednt neednt/didnt have towouldnt have towouldnt have tovNeedNeed（I Iyouyouhehe）need needhad tohad toGrammar第12页Home情态动词语法特征情态动词语法特征v1 1）情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生事情，情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生事情，只表示期待或预计某事发生。只表示期待或预计某事发生。v2 2）情态动词情态动词 除除ought ought 和和have have 外，后面只能接外，后面只能接不带不带to to 不定式。不定式。v3 3）情态动词没有些人称，数改变，即情态动词情态动词没有些人称，数改变，即情态动词第三人称单数不加第三人称单数不加-s-s。v4 4）情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式分词，等形式Grammar第13页Home比较can 和be able to(P.238)(P.238)v1 1）cancancould could 表示能力；可能表示能力；可能(过去时用过去时用could),could),只用于现在式和过去式只用于现在式和过去式(could),be able to(could),be able to能够用于各能够用于各种时态。种时态。They will They will be able tobe able to tell you the news soon.tell you the news soon.他他很快就能告诉你消息了。很快就能告诉你消息了。2 2）只用）只用be able to be able to a.a.位于助动词后。位于助动词后。b.b.情态动词后。情态动词后。c.c.表示过去某时刻动作时。表示过去某时刻动作时。d.d.用于句首表示条件。用于句首表示条件。e.e.表示成功地做了某事时，只能用表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able towas/were able to，不能用不能用couldcouldGrammar第14页Home比较can 和be able to(P.238)(P.238)vHe He was able towas able to flee Europe before the war broke flee Europe before the war broke out.out.=He managed to flee Europe before the war broke=He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.out.注意：注意：couldcould不表示时态不表示时态1 1）提出委婉请求，（注意在回答中不可用）提出委婉请求，（注意在回答中不可用couldcould）。）。-CouldCould I have the television on?I have the television on?-Yes,you -Yes,you cancan./No,you./No,you cantcant.2 2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。He He couldnt becouldnt be a bad man.a bad man.他不大可能是坏人。他不大可能是坏人。Grammar第15页Home比较can 和be able to(P.238)(P.238)be able to be able to 表示在特定情景中努力做成某事。表示在特定情景中努力做成某事。The first spread through the building very The first spread through the building very quickly,but luckily everyone quickly,but luckily everyone was able towas able to escape.escape.大火在楼里蔓延，幸好大家都及时撤离了。（在此不能用大火在楼里蔓延，幸好大家都及时撤离了。（在此不能用could could）They didn They didnt want to come with us at first,but in t want to come with us at first,but in the end we the end we were able towere able to persuade them.persuade them.起初他们不想与我们一起来，不过最终我们还是说服了他起初他们不想与我们一起来，不过最终我们还是说服了他们。（在此不能用们。（在此不能用couldcould）Grammar第16页Home比较比较maymay和和might(P242)might(P242)v1 1）表示允许或请求；表示没有把握推测；表示允许或请求；表示没有把握推测；may may 放在句首，放在句首，表示祝福。表示祝福。MayMay God bless you!God bless you!He He mightmight be at home.be at home.注意：注意：might might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may may 小。小。2 2）成语：成语：may/might as well may/might as well，后面接不带，后面接不带to to 不定式，不定式，意为意为“不妨不妨”。If that is the case,we If that is the case,we may as wellmay as well try.try.经典例题经典例题Peter _come with us tonight,but he isnPeter _come with us tonight,but he isnt very t very sure yet.sure yet.A.must A.mustB.mayB.may C.can C.can D.will D.will答案答案B.B.表可能性只能用表可能性只能用may.may.此句意可从后半句推出。此句意可从后半句推出。Grammar第17页Home比较比较have tohave to和和must(P244)must(P244)v1)1)两词都是两词都是 必须必须 意思，意思，have to have to 表示客观需要，表示客观需要，must must 表示说话人主观上看法，既主观上必要。表示说话人主观上看法，既主观上必要。My brother was very ill,so I My brother was very ill,so I had tohad to call the call the doctor in the middle of the night.doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉我弟弟病得很厉害，我只好午夜里把医生请来。害，我只好午夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事客观上需要做这件事)He said that they He said that they mustmust work hard.work hard.他说他们必须努力他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）工作。（主观上要做这件事）2)2)have tohave to有些人称、数、时态改变，而有些人称、数、时态改变，而mustmust只有一个只有一个形式。但形式。但must must 可用于间接引语中表示过去必要或义务。可用于间接引语中表示过去必要或义务。He He had tohad to look after his sister yesterday.look after his sister yesterday.Grammar第18页Homev3 3）在否定结构中：在否定结构中：vDonDont have tot have to 表示表示“无须无须”mustnmustnt t表示表示“禁止禁止”，You You dondont have tot have to tell him about it.tell him about it.你你不一定要把此事告诉他。不一定要把此事告诉他。You You mustnmustnt t tell him about it.tell him about it.你一你一定不要把这件事告诉他。定不要把这件事告诉他。Grammar第19页Homemustmust表示推测表示推测(P248)(P248)1)1)mustmust用在必定句中表示较有把握推测，意为用在必定句中表示较有把握推测，意为“一定一定”。2)2)mustmust表对现在状态或现在正发生事情推测时，表对现在状态或现在正发生事情推测时，must must 后后面通常接系动词面通常接系动词be be 原形或行为动词进行式原形或行为动词进行式3)3)You have worked hard all day.You You have worked hard all day.You must bemust be tired.tired.你辛劳干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况推测判断）你辛劳干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况推测判断）He He must be workingmust be working in his office.in his office.他一定在办公室他一定在办公室工作呢。工作呢。比较：比较：He He must be stayingmust be staying there.there.他现在必定呆在那里。他现在必定呆在那里。He He must staymust stay there.there.他必须呆在那。他必须呆在那。Grammar第20页Homemustmust表示推测表示推测(P248)(P248)3)must 3)must 表示对已发生事情推测时，表示对已发生事情推测时，must must 要接完成式。要接完成式。I didnI didnt hear the phone.I t hear the phone.I must have beenmust have been asleep.asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。4)must4)must表示对过去某时正发生事情推测，表示对过去某时正发生事情推测，must must 后面要接不后面要接不定式完成进行式。定式完成进行式。-Why didnt you answer my phone call?-Why didnt you answer my phone call?-Well,I-Well,I must have been sleepingmust have been sleeping,so I didnt,so I didnt hear it.hear it.5)5)否定推测用否定推测用cantcant。If Tom didnt leave here until five oclock,he If Tom didnt leave here until five oclock,he cant becant be home yet.home yet.假如汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时假如汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。一定还未到家。Grammar第21页Homewouldwould与与 used to used to 区分区分(P248)(P248)vwould would 可表示重复发生动作或某种倾向。可表示重复发生动作或某种倾向。vused toused to表示过去习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在。表示过去习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在。比如：比如：vShe She used toused to work into the night.work into the night.过去她常工作到深过去她常工作到深夜。（现在不了）夜。（现在不了）vShe She would workwould work into the might.into the might.以前她常工作到深夜。以前她常工作到深夜。（不表示现在不了）（不表示现在不了）vPeople People used toused to think that the sun went round the think that the sun went round the earth.earth.以前人们总认为太阳是围绕地球转。（现在不这以前人们总认为太阳是围绕地球转。（现在不这么认为了）么认为了）vI I used toused to smoke quite a lot,but I have given it smoke quite a lot,but I have given it up.up.我过去抽烟很凶，现在戒了。我过去抽烟很凶，现在戒了。Grammar第22页Home比较need和dare(p246)v这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，二者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。动词，二者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。need need 作实义动词时后面不定式必须带作实义动词时后面不定式必须带toto，而，而daredare作实义动词用作实义动词用时时,后面后面to to 时常能够被省略。时常能够被省略。1)1)实义动词：实义动词：need need（需要（需要,要求）要求）need+n./to do sthneed+n./to do sth2)2)情态动词情态动词：need need，只用原形，只用原形needneed后加后加dodo，否定形式为，否定形式为need notneed not。Need you go yet?Need you go yet?Yes,I must./No,I neednt.Yes,I must./No,I neednt.3)need 3)need 被动含义被动含义：need,want,require,worthneed,want,require,worth（形容（形容词）后面接词）后面接doingdoing也能够表示被动：也能够表示被动：need doing=need to be doneneed doing=need to be doneGrammar第23页Homewill和would(P235)(P235)v注意：注意：1 1）would likewould like；Would like to do=want to Would like to do=want to 想要，想要，为固定搭配。为固定搭配。Would you like to go with me?Would you like to go with me?2 2）Will youWill you?Would you likeWould you like?表示必定含义请表示必定含义请求劝说时，疑问句中普通用求劝说时，疑问句中普通用some,some,而不是而不是anyany。Would you like some cake?Would you like some cake?3 3）否定结构中用）否定结构中用willwill，普通不用，普通不用would,wont youwould,wont you是是一个委婉语气。一个委婉语气。Wont you sit down?Wont you sit down?Grammar第24页Homewould rather表示宁愿 would rather do would rather dowould rather not dowould rather not dowould ratherwould rather than than 宁愿宁愿而不愿。而不愿。还有还有would sooner,had rather,had soonerwould sooner,had rather,had sooner都表示都表示“宁愿宁愿”、“宁可宁可”意思。意思。If I have a choice,I If I have a choice,I had sooner nothad sooner not continuecontinue my my studies at this school.studies at this school.I I would rather staywould rather stay here than go home.=I would here than go home.=I would stay here rather than go home.stay here rather than go home.Grammar第25页Home经典例题经典例题-Shall we go skating or stay at home?-Shall we go skating or stay at home?-Which _ do?-Which _ do?A.do you ratherA.do you ratherB.would you ratherB.would you rather C.will you ratherC.will you rather D.should you rather D.should you rather答案答案B B。本题考查情态动词。本题考查情态动词ratherrather使用方法，使用方法，would would rather+do sth rather+do sth 意为意为 宁愿宁愿，本题为疑问句，本题为疑问句，would would 提前，所以选提前，所以选B BGrammar第26页Homehad better表示“最好”had better had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一个形式相当于一个助动词，它只有一个形式它后面要跟动词原形。它后面要跟动词原形。had better do sth had better do sth had better not do sthhad better not do sthIt is pretty cold.Youd better put on my It is pretty cold.Youd better put on my coat.coat.Shed better not play with the dog.Shed better not play with the dog.had better have done sth had better have done sth 表示与事实相反结果，表示与事实相反结果，意为意为 原来最好原来最好。You had better have come earlierYou had better have come earlierGrammar第27页Homeshould 和ought to should should 和和ought to ought to 都为都为 应该应该 意思，可用于各意思，可用于各种人称。种人称。-Ought he to go?-Ought he to go?-Yes.I think he-Yes.I think he ought toought to.表示要求，命令时，语气由表示要求，命令时，语气由 should should（应该）、（应该）、had betterhad better最好）、最好）、mustmust（必须）渐强。（必须）渐强。Grammar第28页Home带to 情态动词 带带to to 情态动词有四个：情态动词有四个：ought to,have to,used to,ought to,have to,used to,be tobe to,如加上如加上have got tohave got to,(=must),(=must),be able tobe able to，为，为六个。它们疑问，否定形式应给予注意：六个。它们疑问，否定形式应给予注意：Do they Do they have tohave to pay their bill before the end of pay their bill before the end of the month?the month?She didnt She didnt use touse to play tennis before she was play tennis before she was fourteen.fourteen.You You oughtought not not toto have told her all about it.have told her all about it.OughtOught he he toto see a heart specialist at once.?see a heart specialist at once.?Grammar第29页Home ought to ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其它词作为实义动词本身作为情态动词使用。其它词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do do 等助动词帮助。等助动词帮助。经典例题经典例题Tom ought not to _ me your secret,but he Tom ought not to _ me your secret,but he meant no harm.meant