英语基础写作省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

Writing第1页Writing第一部分第一部分 基础写作基础写作第一章第一章 句子句子 1.1 英语句子英语句子1.1.1 句子定义及成份句子定义及成份句子（句子（sentence）是语言交际活动基本单位，人们经）是语言交际活动基本单位，人们经过它来表示思想，传递信息。句子是由单词组成，但过它来表示思想，传递信息。句子是由单词组成，但在组成句子时必须遵照一定语法规则。比如：句子第在组成句子时必须遵照一定语法规则。比如：句子第一个字母必须大写，并以句号（一个字母必须大写，并以句号（.）、问号（）、问号（?）或感）或感叹号（叹号（!）结尾。）结尾。普通来讲，英语句子主要由两部分组成，即主语普通来讲，英语句子主要由两部分组成，即主语（subject）与谓语（）与谓语（predicate）。除了这两部分以外，）。除了这两部分以外，还有宾语（还有宾语（object）、表语（）、表语（predicative）、定语）、定语（attributive）和补语（）和补语（complement）等。）等。第2页1.1.2 句子种类句子种类句子按说话目标能够分为陈说句句子按说话目标能够分为陈说句,疑问句疑问句,祈使句和感叹句四类：祈使句和感叹句四类：陈说句（陈说句（statements）用来叙述一个事情或陈说一个事实，在英语里是最常见句子。比）用来叙述一个事情或陈说一个事实，在英语里是最常见句子。比如：如：He once lived and worked here.疑问句（疑问句（questions）用来提出疑问或问题。写作者经常利用疑问句引出问题，方便在）用来提出疑问或问题。写作者经常利用疑问句引出问题，方便在下文中深入叙述。疑问句有下文中深入叙述。疑问句有4种：种：普通疑问句：普通疑问句：Are you Chinese?Can you speak English?特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句：What subjects did you study at middle school?Where are you going?选择疑问句：选择疑问句：Do you want coffee or tea?Are you a teacher or a worker?反意疑问句：反意疑问句：He teaches English,doesnt he?He doesnt teach English,does he?祈使句（祈使句（imperatives）通惯用来表示一个请求）通惯用来表示一个请求,命令或提议。比如：命令或提议。比如：Come along with me!Do remember to say hello to your parents for me.感叹句（感叹句（exclamations）用于表示作者喜怒哀乐等强烈感情）用于表示作者喜怒哀乐等强烈感情.假如使用恰当，能够使文假如使用恰当，能够使文章更生动，更有特色。章更生动，更有特色。How hard she works!What inspiring news it is!第3页1.1.3 句子类型句子类型句子按结构能够分为简单句、并列句和复合句。句子按结构能够分为简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句（简单句（The simple sentence）简单句是人们为自己辩护或陈说自己观点时经常简单句是人们为自己辩护或陈说自己观点时经常使用句式。从语法上讲，简单句只有一套主谓结使用句式。从语法上讲，简单句只有一套主谓结构，一个或几个并列主语和谓语。它特点是简练构，一个或几个并列主语和谓语。它特点是简练明了。比如：明了。比如：All roads lead to Rome.This little boy is always asking the teacher all sorts of questions.要想学好英语，首先要掌握好简单句这要想学好英语，首先要掌握好简单句这5种基本种基本句型，因为全部英语句子都是经过这句型，因为全部英语句子都是经过这5种句型扩种句型扩展而成，这是提升英语写作水平基础。展而成，这是提升英语写作水平基础。第4页1）主语）主语+系动词系动词+表语（表语（S+V+P）3）主语）主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语（宾语（S+V+O）2）主语）主语+不及物动词（不及物动词（S+V）4）主语）主语+动词动词+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语 （S+V+OI+OD）5）主语）主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+补语（补语（S+V+O+C）注意：注意：假如简单句使用过多，文章会显得单调乏味,结构涣散。第5页2.并列句（并列句（The compound sentence）将两个或更多独立句子用并列连词连接起来就能够组成并列句。将两个或更多独立句子用并列连词连接起来就能够组成并列句。在列举中最少有两套平行简单主谓结构。在列举中最少有两套平行简单主谓结构。但不论有几套主谓结构但不论有几套主谓结构,各分句必须对等各分句必须对等,以保持整个句子平衡。能够引导并列句连词有以保持整个句子平衡。能够引导并列句连词有and,but,or,nor,for,so,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also等。等。比如比如:I like milk,but I dont like cheese.Either you improve your work or I shall dismiss you.还有连接副词还有连接副词,如：如：however,therefore,moreover,nevertheless,besides,furthermore,then,consequently等也以帮助组成并列句。等也以帮助组成并列句。比如：比如：There was no news；nevertheless,he went on hoping.当两个独立简单句关系很亲密时当两个独立简单句关系很亲密时,能够用分号把它们隔开。如能够用分号把它们隔开。如:John made meals;his wife did the laundry.假如用并列连词连接两个句子假如用并列连词连接两个句子,连词前用逗号。连词前用逗号。如如:We must hurry,or well be late.假如用连接副词假如用连接副词,两句之间应该用分号两句之间应该用分号,连接词后面还要加逗号连接词后面还要加逗号,这一点与并列连词不一样。这一点与并列连词不一样。如如:All figures have been checked;however,the totals are still wrong.第6页并列句主要用于并列句主要用于:1）列举事实）列举事实,如如:Jane is a manager,her brother is a doctor and her sister is a famous actress.2）表明先后次序表明先后次序,如如:At first,the students dont know what to do,but soon they learned and started to work fast.3）表示对比或对照）表示对比或对照,如如:He is active,while his younger brother is quiet.4）说明原因说明原因,如如:She must have sat up all night,for she looked tired and sleepy.5）二者取一二者取一,如如:Either you do it at once or Ill ask someone else to take your place.注意：假如并列句使用过多，句子就会显得又长又单调注意：假如并列句使用过多，句子就会显得又长又单调,文章也会文章也会显得层次不清显得层次不清,失去重点。失去重点。尤其是有学生过多使用尤其是有学生过多使用and和和but，造，造成作文有时读起来让人不知所云。成作文有时读起来让人不知所云。所以所以,要有目标地练习使用不要有目标地练习使用不一样句型。一样句型。第7页3.复合句（复合句（The complex sentence）复合句包含一个主句和一个或多个从句，即主从复合句，其中主复合句包含一个主句和一个或多个从句，即主从复合句，其中主句为句子主体。复合句中包含名词性从句句为句子主体。复合句中包含名词性从句,即主语即主语,宾语，表语和宾语，表语和同位语从句，还有定语和状语从句。使用主从复合句时要注意选同位语从句，还有定语和状语从句。使用主从复合句时要注意选择好主句，并注意主句与从句之间关系择好主句，并注意主句与从句之间关系,尤其是注意各种关联词尤其是注意各种关联词使用方法。比如使用方法。比如:What he said made me angry.(从句作主语从句作主语)The students said that they needed loan.(从句作宾语从句作宾语)The fact was that he needed a car.(从句作表语从句作表语)He denied the fact that he needed a car.(从句作同位语从句作同位语)He is the person(whom)Im looking for.(从句作定语从句作定语)When I pressed the bottom,the lift stopped.(从句作状语从句作状语)复合句不但能够用于陈说多个事情复合句不但能够用于陈说多个事情,而且能够表明事情之间先后而且能够表明事情之间先后次序次序,逻辑关系和主要性。逻辑关系和主要性。这么作文就会显得层次分明这么作文就会显得层次分明,条理清楚条理清楚,重点突出重点突出,富有改变。不过我们也要防止走向另一个极端富有改变。不过我们也要防止走向另一个极端,即将句即将句子写得太长子写得太长,从句过多。从句过多。第8页还有句子最少包含两个主句和一个或一个以上从还有句子最少包含两个主句和一个或一个以上从句，有些人将这类句子称为并列复合句。这类句句，有些人将这类句子称为并列复合句。这类句子灵活性最大子灵活性最大,结构也趋于复杂结构也趋于复杂,写作时轻易出现写作时轻易出现问题问题,故需要尤其注意。比如故需要尤其注意。比如:She was a bit dizzy at first and then lost consciousness because she hadnt had enough sleep.Before you decide to buy a new camera,please read the directions carefully and then pay for it.在使用并列复合句时在使用并列复合句时,要尤其注意句子之间逻辑要尤其注意句子之间逻辑关系关系,分清哪些概念是平行关系分清哪些概念是平行关系,需要并列起来需要并列起来;哪些概念是隶属关系哪些概念是隶属关系,需要用从句表示。只有这需要用从句表示。只有这么才能使你写出语言紧凑、表示生动句子来，也么才能使你写出语言紧凑、表示生动句子来，也会给你作文争光添彩。会给你作文争光添彩。第9页1.2 英语句子转换与扩展英语句子转换与扩展在复杂语言交流中，仅仅使用简单句或是在复杂语言交流中，仅仅使用简单句或是掌握一个表示方法是极难满足交流需要。掌握一个表示方法是极难满足交流需要。所以我们有必要了解英语句式种类，即：所以我们有必要了解英语句式种类，即：简单句、并列句和复合句，并能依据思想简单句、并列句和复合句，并能依据思想表示需要，掌握一些句型转换方式，将简表示需要，掌握一些句型转换方式，将简单句扩展为其它几个句式种类，使各种句单句扩展为其它几个句式种类，使各种句式交替使用，这么能够丰富我们语言表示式交替使用，这么能够丰富我们语言表示能力，使我们写出句子更灵活、更准确、能力，使我们写出句子更灵活、更准确、更地道。更地道。第10页1.2.1简单句转换与扩展简单句转换与扩展1.句型转换句型转换对于同一句话，我们能够经过词汇伎俩或语法伎对于同一句话，我们能够经过词汇伎俩或语法伎俩，采取不一样表示方法，以到达句子多样性目俩，采取不一样表示方法，以到达句子多样性目标。比如：标。比如：“她法语很好她法语很好”，我们能够译成：，我们能够译成：She knows French very well.She has a good command of French.She has a good knowledge of French.Her French is perfect/wonderful.再比如：再比如：“他这么做是正确他这么做是正确”，我们能够译成：我们能够译成：He is right to do that.He is right in doing that.Its right for him to do that.第11页2.添加排比结构添加排比结构将两个或两个以上平等词、词组或句子用将两个或两个以上平等词、词组或句子用连接词连接起来就能够组成排比结构。此连接词连接起来就能够组成排比结构。此等结构是扩展简单句一个主要方法，也是等结构是扩展简单句一个主要方法，也是写好对称句式基础。能够用来连接平行结写好对称句式基础。能够用来连接平行结构词很多，如：构词很多，如：and,but,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also,not.but等。等。Either you must improve your work or I shall fire you.He neither has a car,nor does he have a bike.第12页1.2.2 简单句变成并列句简单句变成并列句Tom may be young.He is not immature.我们最好将这句话变为并列句：我们最好将这句话变为并列句：Tom may be young,but he is not immature.再比如：再比如：Im a boy.Im nineteen.Now Im studying at a college.应变为：应变为：Im a nineteenyearold boy and Im now studying at a college.在学生作文里，我们经常能够看到，有学生写出在学生作文里，我们经常能够看到，有学生写出句子绝大多数是简单句。即使简单句轻易写，错句子绝大多数是简单句。即使简单句轻易写，错误少，但假如简单句用过多，会使语言显得幼稚，误少，但假如简单句用过多，会使语言显得幼稚，缺乏深度，不能表示复杂思想活动。缺乏深度，不能表示复杂思想活动。第13页1.2.3 简单句变成复合句简单句变成复合句我们能够在简单句基础上添加从句使其变为复合句。从句我们能够在简单句基础上添加从句使其变为复合句。从句能够分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。它们能够分能够分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。它们能够分别在句子中做主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。别在句子中做主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。1）名词性从句名词性从句 名词性从句起名词作用，在句子中做主语或宾语。它普通可由连词名词性从句起名词作用，在句子中做主语或宾语。它普通可由连词that、特殊疑问词和关系代词引导。如：特殊疑问词和关系代词引导。如：That he needed a car was obvious.How he manages to get the ticket is beyond us.He bought her what she needed.2）定语从句定语从句定语从句作用主要用来修饰名词或代词。它通常由关系代词引导。如：定语从句作用主要用来修饰名词或代词。它通常由关系代词引导。如：He is the person(whom/who)I m looking for.Ive never taken anything that doesnt belong to me.3）状语从句状语从句状语从句能够修饰动词、形容词或副词状语从句能够修饰动词、形容词或副词,在句子中能够表示时间、地点、方式、在句子中能够表示时间、地点、方式、条件、让步等。如：条件、让步等。如：When he woke up,he found everybody had gone.If you study hard,youll pass the exam.第14页1.3 中国学生英语作文句子常见错误中国学生英语作文句子常见错误1.3.1 主谓不一致主谓不一致主谓不一致指主语与谓语在人称和数上没有保持一致。这个看似主谓不一致指主语与谓语在人称和数上没有保持一致。这个看似简单问题经常被忽略，尤其是在学生作文中。简单问题经常被忽略，尤其是在学生作文中。比如：比如：This building have just been painted.(应改为应改为has)John always take No.1 bus.(应改为应改为takes)There was a few books on the shelves.(应改为应改为were)那么，主语与谓语人称和数应该怎样确定呢？请注意以下几点基那么，主语与谓语人称和数应该怎样确定呢？请注意以下几点基本使用方法：本使用方法：1.用用“and”连接两个或两个以上名词做主语时，谓语动词通惯连接两个或两个以上名词做主语时，谓语动词通惯用复数形式，例：用复数形式，例：The door and the desk need repairing.2.由由“not onlybut also”,“eitheror”,“neithernor”,“nor”等连接并列名词，其谓语动词单复数应依据最靠近谓语主语来决等连接并列名词，其谓语动词单复数应依据最靠近谓语主语来决定。定。例：例：Neither the head leader nor other teachers have a better way to help the poor boy.Either you or he is wholly right.第15页3.当主语后面插入当主语后面插入 “as well as”,“alone with”，“together with”,“with”，“except”，“rather than”等词组时，主语数不受插入部分影响，谓语动等词组时，主语数不受插入部分影响，谓语动词数取决于主语。词数取决于主语。比如：比如：Tom,as well as his friends,is playing football happily.4.由由“both,few,many+of+名词名词”组成主语需复数形式谓语动词；由组成主语需复数形式谓语动词；由“all,most,none,some，half,any+of+名词名词”等组成主语，其谓语动词数取决于最等组成主语，其谓语动词数取决于最靠近名词数。靠近名词数。比如：比如：Both of them are right.None of the ink is brown.Half of his holidays are spent in the country.5.主语为主语为army,class,crowd,family,group,public,team等集合名词时，若强调等集合名词时，若强调整体，谓语动词需要用单数；若强调组成该整体独立个体时，用复数。整体，谓语动词需要用单数；若强调组成该整体独立个体时，用复数。比如：比如：The family goes out for a walk every afternoon.The family are all music lovers.但但people,police,cattle,clergy,poultry,militia,livestock等集合名词意义上是等集合名词意义上是复数概念，其谓语动词总要用复数。复数概念，其谓语动词总要用复数。比如：比如：Cattle were not allowed to go into that piece of land.Have the poultry beeen fed?Many old people live alone.第16页6.表示时间、钱、度量等名词量被看成整体时，谓语用表示时间、钱、度量等名词量被看成整体时，谓语用单数；这个量若被看成单个个体时，谓语用复数：单数；这个量若被看成单个个体时，谓语用复数：Six miles is nothing for him,a famous runner.It was said that the past two months were very cold.7.关系代词关系代词“who”,“that”,“which”做主语时，谓做主语时，谓语动词取决于它们所指代先行词：语动词取决于它们所指代先行词：He is the person who is going to be rewarded.Air is a mixture,which consists of oxygen,nitrogen and other gases.8.由由there或或here引发句子中谓语通常要与最邻近主语保引发句子中谓语通常要与最邻近主语保持一致。持一致。There are two boys and a girl in the classroom.Here is a pen and a few pencils for you.There was a desk and two chairs in the room.第17页9.普通情况下，从句做主语时被看做是单数，故谓语动普通情况下，从句做主语时被看做是单数，故谓语动词应用单数形式。词应用单数形式。Whether he will come or not is uncertain.That we need more equipment is quite obvious.不过以不过以what引导从句做主语时，有时表示单数意义，引导从句做主语时，有时表示单数意义，有时表示复数意义。故谓语动词形式应依有时表示复数意义。故谓语动词形式应依what从句意义从句意义而定。而定。比如：比如：What I want to do is to help you.What they want are promises.10.由由and连接两个单数名词作主语时，假如指是同一个连接两个单数名词作主语时，假如指是同一个人，同一个事物，或同一个概念，谓语动词应用单数形人，同一个事物，或同一个概念，谓语动词应用单数形式。式。比如：比如：A cart and horse was seen in the distance.War and peace is always a topic in the world.第18页1.3.2 指代不一致指代不一致代词必须与它所指代名词在人称、性、数、格方面保持一致。指代不明在学生作文中屡见不鲜，主要原因在于中、英文在代词使用方面有所不一样。比如：If anyone wants to leave the classroom,youd better leave now.。这句话应改成：If anyone wants to leave the classroom,he/shed better leave now.因为在英语里泛指任何人，必须用第三人称作代词。同理，everyone,someone,somebody,nobody等不定代词也要求用第三人称单数代词来指代。另外，指代不明往往轻易造成误解：例：When I went into the classroom,I was told that your homework must be handed in right now.（这句话应将“your”改成“my”）第19页以下是使用代词需要注意几点：1.单数名词要用单数代词；复数名词用复数代词：After reading his novels,I found I was deeply moved by them.2.集体名词代词由其意义而定：The team took their pictures excitedly after the match.3.由“and”连接并列名词时，代词用复数形式：Every morning,when my sister and I get up,we always find our breakfast has been there.4.由“eitheror”“neithernor”等连接单数名词用单数代词，复数名词用复数代词，若两名词一为单数，一为复数，代词与靠近名词一致：Either Jack or Tom will lend you his book.Either the employer or the employees will win their victory.5.有些不定代词被看成单数，如：everyone,anyone,no one等；但有些不定代词既能够被看成是单数，又能够被看成是复数，这需由句子意义来决定，如：all,some,most等。All of the food has gone bad.All her friends are music fans.第20页1.3.3 指代不明确指代不明确指代不明确是另一个比较常见错误。指代不明会造成句子缺乏连贯性，轻易引发读者误解。尤其是中国学生写作时，经常先想好汉字句子，然后再将其译成英语。写作者很清楚自己思维过程，而读者却需要经过上、下文及句子中指代关系理清条理，了解意思。所以，指代关系混乱会影响读者对句子了解。比如：Anne told my sister that she really should buy that skirt yesterday.这个句子意义不明确，是谁要买裙子？安还是姐姐？When Mick met the professor at the beginning of the term,he didnt know he would leave the college soon.这句话中主语部分有两个“he”，是指一个人还是两个人？假如是两个人又是指谁？第21页 这两句话应经过以下方法加以修改：1.改变句子结构：Anne told my sister“I really should buy that skirt yesterday.”或Anne said to my sister“You really should buy that skirt yesterday.”2.经过重复名词方法：When Mick met the professor at the beginning of the term,he didnt know the professor would leave the college soon.第22页除指代不明外，还有一个人们通常所说“暗指代”，即代词实际上指是句子中没有出现一层意思或一个名词。比如：In the company,they can retire at an early age.句中“they”指是谁？因为没有名词做“they”“先行词”，还是极难判断。为了防止暗指代，此句能够改成：People in the company can retire at an early age.很多学生经常在写作时乱用“it”，认为“it”能够指任何事。其实“it”必须有所指，不然轻易混同。比如：I got very confused and asked her to write it out.假如上文未表明“it”所指，那么这个句子就要改成：I got very confused and asked her to write out what she said.第23页1.3.4 修饰语位置不正确修饰语位置不正确修饰语位置经常决定句子确实切含义。假如修饰语位置不正确，句子就可能含混不清，不合乎逻辑。要防止这种错误，写作时最好让修饰语尽可能靠近所修饰词。试比较以下句子，注意句子意思怎样伴随修饰词改变而改变：Just he suggested that we go home early.He just suggested that we go home early.He suggested just that we go home early.He suggested that just we go home early.He suggested that we just go home early.从上面例子能够看出，副词“just”都是修饰它后面最靠近一个词或句子。除了“just”以外，还有“only”,“nearly”,“almost”等副词使用方法也相同。假如位置不妥，就会轻易引发歧义。第24页比如：On New Years Eve,he nearly ate 50 dumplings.这是一句经典中国式英语，nearly实际上是修饰数词“50”，故英语则要说：On New Years Eve,he ate nearly 50 dumplings.在使用主从复合句时，更要注意修饰成份靠近所修饰成份。比较下面两个句子：She explained why we had to take part in the meeting on Sunday.On Sunday she explained why we had to take part in the meeting.显然，修饰语位置改变引发了句子意思改变。再比如：Workers who work hard often get more money.终究“often”是修饰前面“work hard”，还是后面“get”，我们无法判断。为了防止这种歧义现象，应将此句写成：Workers who often work hard get more money.Workers who work hard get more money often.第25页1.3.5 悬垂修饰悬垂修饰悬垂修饰是指三种非谓语动词分词、动名词和不定式短语在句子中作状语时，它们逻辑主语和主句主语应同为一人或一物。假如出现不一致（分词独立结构除外），非谓语动词短语和谓语动词之间修饰关系出现断裂，失去修饰对象而呈游离或悬垂状态。比如：Walking into the room,his steps woke me up.要纠正悬垂修饰，需将主句主语同非谓语动词逻辑主语一致起来。这么，上面句子可改成：Walking into the room,he woke me up with steps.或改成：When he walked into the room,his steps woke me up.第26页轻易出现悬垂错误成份有四种：悬垂分词；悬垂动名词；悬垂不定式；悬垂省略句。纠正上述错误方法：将主句主语换成非谓语动词短语暗含逻辑主语；或将非谓语动词暗含逻辑主语写出来；假如非谓语动词暗含逻辑主语是被动句结构中介词“by”宾语，则应将被动句改为主动句，使句子主语和非谓语动词逻辑主语一致起来。以下各句都有悬垂修饰错误：1.On entering the room,the door closed with a bang.2.To save time,the railway lines were crossed by many people 3.When only several years old,my parents took me to an English class.4.Burned to the ground,they had to build a new house.第27页如上所述，只要给上面各句中非谓语动词短语加上逻辑主语，句子就能成立。上面各句可改成：1.On entering the room,he closed the door with a bang.2.To save time,many people crossed the railway lines.3.When I was only several years old,my parents took me to an English class.4.Since their old house was burned to the ground,they had to build a new house.第28页1.3.6 结构不对称结构不对称结构对称是指两个或两个以上同等成份在句中应起到一样语法作用。对称结构能够使表示更突出、更清楚，不然句子会显得别扭，不通顺。也有些人将这种不对称称为结构不平行。比如：（误）My sister is bright,pretty and a person who has consideration for others.（正）My sister is bright,pretty and considerate.假如不能使用并列形容词，能够将修饰成份变成并列从句。例：（误）Bob,clever and hard-working,and who is my best friend,has been elected monitor of my class.（正）Bob,who is clever and hard-working and who is my best friend,has been elected monitor of my class.第29页另外，为使句子清楚，逻辑关系明确，请不要将句子中保持结构平行词省略掉。比如：（误）Tom worked hard and earned much money just for his family,his friends,but not himself.（正）Tom worked hard and earned much money just for his family,for his friends,but not for himself.假如这个平行结构两个部分使用不一样时态或数，则要将两个结构都写出来，不能省略。比如：（误）China has never and will never be a superpower.（正）China has never been and will never be a superpower.再有，连接各平行成份词词性应保持一致。例：（误）I wonder whether I should call her or to visit her at her convenience.（正）I wonder whether to call her or to visit her at her convenience.（正）I wonder whether I should call her or I should visit her at her convenience.第30页1.3.7 残缺句（不完整句子）残缺句（不完整句子）这类错误属于复合句中从句使用方面错误，在学生作文里尤其常见。比如：（误）Before I finished my homework.I had to see her.（正）Before I finished my homework,I had to see her.（误）I wont leave your home.Until I see your father.（正）I wont leave your home until I see your father.（误）I didnt go to see the film last night.Because I had no money to buy the ticket.（正）I didnt go to see the film last night becau