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AVIATIONBASICENGLISH航空基础英语航空基础英语08281447353715248第1页ModuleITerminologyProjectIAviationTermsUnit1AircraftsTypeUnit2AircraftsStructureUnit3AircraftsSystem第2页1.Avehiclewhichcanflyisclassifiedasfollows:aircraft飞行器(1)lighter-than-airaircraft轻于空气飞行器lballoon气球lairship飞船第3页(2)rotorcraft旋翼式飞行器lhelicopter直升机lgyroplane旋翼机(3)glider滑翔机(4)airplane飞机第4页2.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothetypesofaircraftsengine.(1)propeller-drivenaircraft螺旋桨式飞机lpistonpropeller-drivenaircraft活塞螺旋桨式飞机第5页lturbopropaircraft涡轮螺旋桨式飞机(2)jetaircraft喷气式飞机lturbojetaircraft涡轮喷气式飞机lturbofanjetaircraft涡轮风扇喷气式飞机第6页3.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtotheaircraftsflightvelocity.(1)supersonicaircraft超音速飞机Supersonicaircrafttravelsfasterthanthespeedofsound.(2)hypersonicaircraft高超音速飞机Hypersonicaircrafttravelsmuchfasterthanthespeedofsound.第7页(3)transonicaircraft跨音速飞机Transonicaircrafttravelsapproximatelyequaltothespeedofsound.(4)subsonicaircraft亚音速飞机Subsonicaircrafttravelsslowerthanthespeedofsoundbutalsoveryfast.第8页4.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtotheaircraftsairrange.(1)short-rangeaircraft/short-haulaircraft近程飞机Theairrangeisshorterthan2400kilometers.(2)medium-haulaircraft中程飞机 Theairrangeislongerthan2400kilometersbutshorterthan4800kilometers.(3)long-rangeaircraft/long-haulaircraft远程飞机 Theairrangeislongerthan4800kilometers.第9页5.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothetypesoflandinggears.(1)landplane陆上飞机Alandplaneisanairplanethatcantakeofffromorlandonland.(2)seaplane/hydroplane水上飞机Aseaplaneorhydroplaneisatypeofairplanethatcantakeofffromorlandonwater.(3)amphibianmfbn水陆两用飞机Anamphibianisanairplanewhichcanlandonbothlandandwater.第10页6.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothenumberofwings.(1)monoplane单翼飞机Amonoplaneisanairplanewithasinglepairofwings.(2)biplane双翼飞机 Abiplaneisanold-fashionedtypeofairplanewithtwopairsofwings,oneabovetheother.(3)multiplane多翼飞机Amultiplaneisanairplanewithmorethantwopairsofwings,say,threeorfourpairs.第11页7.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothepositionsofthewingrelativetothefuselage.(1)lowwingairplane下单翼飞机Alowwingairplaneisanairplanewhosewingisbelowthecabin.(2)midwingairplane中单翼飞机Amidwingairplaneisanairplanewhosewingisanywherebetweenthefuselage.(3)highwingairplane上单翼飞机 Ahighwingairplaneisanairplanewhosewingisabovethecabin.第12页8.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtoitsmission.(1)militaryaircraft军用飞机(2)civilaircraft民用机第13页ModuleITerminologyProjectIAviationTermsUnit1AircraftsTypeUnit2AircraftsStructureUnit3AircraftsSystem第14页1.Airframe(1)fuselage机身Thefuselage(orbody)oftheairplaneholdsallofthepartstogetherandcarriesthepassengersorcargo.(2)wing/airfoil机翼Thewingsgeneratemostoftheliftnecessaryforflight.第15页aileron副翼Aileronsarepartsofthewingwhichareusedtorolltheaircraft.Atthetrailingedge,itsanaileron.leadingedgeslat前缘缝翼trailingedgeflap后缘襟翼Flapsandslatsarepartsofthewingwhichareusedduringtakeoffandlandingtoincreaseliftanddrag.第16页spoiler扰流板Spoilersarepartsofthewingwhichareusedtorolltheaircraftandtodecreaseliftandincreasedragduringlandings.Betweentheleadingandtrailingedges,itsaspoiler.(3)empennage/thetailassembly尾翼verticalstabilizer垂直安定面、垂直尾翼第17页rudder方向舵Arudderisacontrolsurfaceconnectedtotheverticalstabilizerandisusedtoyawtheaircraft.horizontalstabilizer水平安定面、水平尾翼elevator升降舵Elevatorsarecontrolsurfacesconnectedtothehorizontalstabilizerandareusedtopitchtheaircraft.stabilator全动式水平尾翼Stabilatorsarecontrolsurfaceswhichprovidebothhorizontalstabilityandpitchcontrolfortheaircraft.第18页(4)landinggear/undercarriage起落架Airplanesrequirelandinggearfortaxiing,takeoffandlanding.(5)powerplant动力装置Mostmodernaircraftarepoweredbygasturbine,orjetengines.第19页第20页第21页2.FourForcesontheAircraft(1)lift升力，浮力Liftisamechanicalforcegeneratedbyasolidobjectmovingthroughafluid.(2)gravity/weight重力Weightisaforcethatisalwaysdirectedtowardthecenteroftheearth.第22页(3)thrust推力，拉力Thrustisamechanicalforcegeneratedbytheenginestomovetheaircraftthroughtheair.(4)drag阻力Dragisamechanicalforcegeneratedbyasolidobjectmovingthroughafluid.第23页第24页3.FuselageConstructioncabin/passengercabin客舱cargo/cargocompartment货舱cockpit/flightcompartment驾驶舱bulkhead隔板former隔框wingattachmentpoints机翼安装处firewall防火墙stringer长桁stressedskin耐压蒙皮semi-monocoque半硬壳式结构第25页第26页4.WingComponentswingtip翼梢rib翼肋spar翼梁fueltank油箱stringer长桁skin蒙皮aileron副翼第27页第28页5.EmpennageComponentsverticalstabilizer垂直安定面rudder方向舵horizontalstabilizer水平安定面elevator升降舵stabilator全动式水平尾翼trimtab配平调整片第29页第30页6.LandingGearComponentsnoselandinggear前起落架mainlandinggear主起落架wheel(起落架)轮conventionallandinggear传统起落架tailwheel机尾(起落架)轮tricyclelandinggear三轮式起落架nosewheel机头(起落架)轮第31页第32页7.PowerPlantCompartmentengine发动机，引擎propeller螺旋桨cowlingkal引擎罩，整流罩firewall防火墙第33页8.Fastener紧固件紧固件structuraljoint结构缝shank轴cotter开口销washer垫圈hinge铰链wrench扳钳bearing轴承bolt螺栓，螺钉rivet铆钉swage接头锁紧螺母nut螺母，螺帽pin销钉screw螺丝第34页9.Implement工具工具millingmachine铣床boringmachine镗床punchingmachine冲床turningmachine车床sawingmachine锯床routingmachine特形铣床第35页ModuleITerminologyProjectIAviationTermsUnit1AircraftsTypeUnit2AircraftsStructureUnit3AircraftsSystem第36页HydraulicSystem液液压系系统FuelSystem燃油系燃油系统FlightControlSystem飞行操行操纵系系统LandingGearSystem起落架系起落架系统AirConditioningSystem空空调系系统OxygenSystem供氧系供氧系统IceandRainProtection防冰和防雨防冰和防雨FireProtectionsystem防火系防火系统PneumaticSystem气源系气源系统ElectricalSystem电气系气系统Powerplant动力装置力装置AircraftsSystem第37页1.HydraulicSystem液压系统液压系统Amongtheunitscommonlyoperatedbyhydraulicsystemsarelandinggear,wingflaps,speedandwheelbrakes,fixed-wingandrotary-wingfoldingmechanismsandflightcontrolsurfaces.第38页Therearethreetypesofhydraulicfluidscurrentlybeingusedincivilaircraft：vegetablebasehydraulicfluid植物液压油mineralbasehydraulicfluid矿物液压油phosphateesterbasefluids磷酸酯液压油Thephosphateesterbasefluidsareusedinhighperformancepistonenginesandturbopropaircraft.第39页reservoir液压油箱液压油箱filter过滤器过滤器accumulator蓄压器蓄压器checkvalve单向阀单向阀handpump手动泵手动泵power-drivenpump动力驱动泵动力驱动泵pressureregulator压力调整器压力调整器pressuregage压力表压力表reliefvalve减压阀，安全阀减压阀，安全阀actuatingunit动力传动装置动力传动装置piston活塞活塞cylinder汽缸汽缸actuatingcylinder作动筒作动筒Abasichydraulicsystemincludes:第40页1.reservoir2.power-drivenpump3.filter4.pressureregulator5.accumulator6.checkvalve7.handpump8.pressuregage9.reliefvalve10.actuatingunit11.cylinder第41页2.FuelSystem燃油系统燃油系统Theaircraftfuelsystemstoresfuelanddeliverstheproperamountofcleanfuelattherightpressuretomeetthedemandsoftheengine.Awelldesignedfuelsystemensurespositiveandreliablefuelflowthroughoutallphasesofflight,whichincludechangesinattitude,violentmaneuversandsuddenaccelerationanddeceleration.第42页Theindicatorssuchasfuelpressuregages,warningsignalsandtankquantitygagesareprovidedtogivecontinuousindicationsofhowthesystemisfunctioning.Gasoline（汽油）andkerosene（煤油）arethetwomostwidelyusedaviationfuels（航空燃料）.第43页Twotypesofjetturbineengine（涡轮喷气发动机）fuelincommonusetodayare:lkerosenegradeturbinefuel煤油涡轮燃料la blend of gasoline and kerosenefractions汽煤混合馏分燃料第44页Theintegralfueltank（整体油箱）inajetairlinerhas：fueltank油箱maintank主油箱reservetank/auxiliarytank贮备油箱centertank中央油箱trimtank重心调整油箱ventsurgetank通风(防震动)油箱horizontalstabilizertank(onsomeaircraft)第45页第46页Twotypesoffuelfeedsystemareusedtosupplythefueltotheengines.Theyare:lgravityfeedsystem重力式供给系统lpressurefeedsystem 压力式供给系统Thegravityfeedsystemisthesimplesttypewhichisstillinuseonmanylow-poweredairplane,whilethepressurefeedsystemismuchcomplexinconstructionandoperation.第47页manifoldcross-feedsystem总管交输系统firewallshut-offvalve防火墙关断活门tank油箱filter过滤器manifoldvalve总管阀auxiliarytank贮备油箱fuelmanifold燃油总管refuelingreceptacle燃油加注接头booster/boostpump增压泵tankshut-offvalve油箱关断活门engine-drivenfuelpump发动机驱动燃油泵第48页第49页3.FlightControlSystem飞行操纵系统飞行操纵系统Flightcontrolistheactiontakentomaketheaircraftfollowanydesiredflightpath.Whenanaircraftissaidtobecontrollable,itmeansthattheaircraftrespondseasilyandpromptlytothemovementofthecontrols.Movingthecontrolsurfacesonanaircraftchangestheairflowovertheaircraftssurface.第50页Theflightcontrolsurfacesarehingedormovableairfoilsdesignedtochangetheattitudeoftheaircraftduringflight.Thesesurfacesmaybedividedintothreegroups,usuallyreferredtoastheprimarygroupandauxiliarygroup.第51页Theprimarygroupincludestheailerons,elevatorsandrudder.Theyareusedformovingtheaircraftaboutitsthreeaxes.Theaileronsandelevatorsaregenerallyoperatedfromthecockpitbyacontrolstickonsingle-engineaircraftandbyawheelandyokeassemblyonmulti-engineaircraft.Therudderisoperatedbyfootpedalsonalltypesofaircraft.第52页Theauxiliarygroupincludesspoilers,speedbrakes,slatsandflaps.Theauxiliarygroupmaybedividedintotwosub-groups:theliftaugmentingdevicesandtheliftdecreasingdevices.Theliftaugmentingdevicesaretrailingedgeflapsandleadingedgeslats.Theliftdecreasingdevicesarespeedbrakesandspoilers.第53页Theflightcontrolsystemsmaybedividedintotwomajorparts:theprimarycontrolsystemsandtheauxiliarycontrolsystems.Theprimarycontrolsystemsareusedtocontroltheprimarygroupofcontrolsurfaces,whiletheauxiliarycontrolsystemsareusedtocontroltheauxiliarygroupsofcontrolsurfaces.第54页(1)controlsurface操纵面primarycontrolsurface主操纵面aileron副翼rudder方向舵elevator升降舵auxiliarycontrolsurface辅助操纵面trim调整片flap襟翼speedbrake减速板horizontalstabilizer水平安定面第55页(2)primarycontrolsystem主操纵系统(3)auxiliarycontrolsystem辅助操纵系统(4)controlstick操纵杆(5)footpedal脚蹬(6)controlcolumn驾驶杆(7)controlwheel驾驶盘(8)push-pullrod推拉杆第56页Differentcontrolsurfacesareusedtocontroltheaircraftabouteachofthethreeaxes.(1)verticalaxis/yawaxis垂直轴yaw偏航Thenoseoftheaircraftswingsfromsidetoside.(2)lateralaxis/pitchaxis横轴pitch俯仰Thenoseoftheaircraftmovesupanddown.(3)longitudinalaxis/rollaxis纵轴roll滚转Thewingsoftheaircraftmoveupanddown.第57页PrimarycontrolsurfaceAirplanemovementAxesrotationTypeofstabilityAileronRollLongitudinalLateralElevator/stabilatorPitchLateralLongitudinalRudderYawVerticalDirectional第58页4.LandingGearSystem起落架系统起落架系统Thelandinggearofafixed-wingaircraftconsistsofmainandauxiliaryunits,eitherofwhichmayormaynotberetractable.Theauxiliarylandinggearconsistsoftailornosewheelinstallations,outboardpontoons（浮筒）,skids（刹车）,etc.,withnecessarycowlingandreinforcement.第59页Themainlandinggearformstheprinciplesupportoftheaircraftonlandorwaterandmayincludeanycombinationofwheels,floats,skids,shock-absorbingequipment,brakes,retractingmechanismwithcontrolsandwarningdevices,cowling,fairing（整流罩）andstructuralmembersnecessarytoattachanyoftheforegoingtotheprimarystructure.第60页uinboardretractingmaingear向内收起式主起落架uforwardretractingnosegear向前收起式前起落架utailwheelgear后三点式起落架utricyclegear前三点式起落架ulandinggearbay起落架舱ulandingstrut起落架支柱第61页gearretraction起落架收起handcrank手动式摇柄nosewheelsteering前轮转向操纵downlockactuator下锁位作动器downlocksprings下锁位弹簧shockabsorber减震器safetypin安全销第62页llockstay锁紧撑杆lretractionactuator收起作动器lnoselandinggear/NLG前起落架lmainlandinggear/MLG主起落架lactuatingcylinder作动筒ldownlockcylinder下位锁汽缸llandinggearselectorvalvel起落架换向阀第63页第64页pdooranddoorlatchcylinders舱盖及门闩汽缸puplockcylinder上位锁汽缸pretractingcylinder收起汽缸phydrauliclandinggearretractionsystem液压式起落架收起系统pselectorvalve选择阀/换向阀porificecheckvalve小孔单向阀第65页gear(actuating)cylinder起落架作动筒sequencecheckvalve(A,B,C,D)序列单向阀up-lock上位锁down-lock下位锁door(actuating)cylinder舱盖作动筒nosegear(actuating)cylinder前起落架作动筒multiple-diskrotortypebrakes多盘转子型刹车pressureplate压力板第66页rotor转子stator定子piston活塞adjuster调整器brakemountflange刹车架凸缘wearindicator磨耗指示器brakehoseconnection/hydraulicbleedport 刹车软管接头/液压放气口第67页5.AirConditioningSystem空调系统空调系统Thecabinairconditioningandpressurizationsystemsuppliesconditionedairforheatingandcoolingthecockpitandcabinspaces.Anairconditioningsystemisdesignedtoperformanyorallofthefollowingfunctions:supplyventilationair,supplyheatedairandsupplycoolingair.第68页第69页第70页
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