重要的跨文化.doc

案例思考题(1) 从这篇文章来看，中国的传统文化是什么，而今天中国的文化又是什么样的？Chinese traditional culture 中国传统文化Confucius having lived around the 5th Century BC had an enormous and enduring influence on China. Confucian values stress ethics and obligation to others such as duty, loyalty, filial piety, respect for elders and seniority and sincerity. Within Confucianism, everyone has a place in the right order of things with duties and obligations to the ruler, to elders, to family and to authority. In Confucianism there is an element of circular nature. Confucian ethics hold that it is collectively everyones responsibility to promote a harmonious state. As nature is harmonious so must society be. 在公元前第五世纪，孔子有着巨大而持久的影响。儒家的价值观强调道德和义务，如责任、忠诚、孝道、尊重他人或长者，资历和诚意。在儒家思想中，每个人都有一个对统治者、对长辈、对家庭、对权威的义务和义务的权利。在儒家主义有循环自然元素。儒家伦理认为它是集体所有人的责任，以促进一个和谐的国家。因为自然是和谐的，所以必须社会。Another aspect of Chinese thinking is influenced by Taoist philosophy developed around the same time as Confucius. Taoism emphasizes the principle of Wu-wei (action through nonaction), naturalness, simplicity, and spontaneity coupled with compassion, moderation, and humility. Often symbolized by yin and yang the concept that everything depends on opposing forces and the need to keep them in harmony and balance.中国思想的另一个方面是受道家哲学的影响，大约和孔子是同一时间发展起来的。道教强调“无为”的原则(通过行动行动),自然,简单,和自发性再加上同情,温和,谦卑。通常象征着阴阳的概念,一切都取决于反对力量和需要保持和谐与平衡。Summary: Chinas traditional culture is the combination of Confuciuss Confucianism and Lao Tzus Taoist thought.小结：中国的传统文化是孔子的儒家思想和老子的道家思想的的结合。Todays Chinese culture今天的中国文化Todays China is a complex blend of traditional Chinese culture (characterized by Confucianism and Taoism), communism, with a growing influence of Western culture. With the advent of Communism in the 20th Century, Confucian values were themselves under threat and suffered relegation to the shadows of Communism, even though some elements of Confucianism actually worked in synergy with Communist philosophy. In todays modern China Confucianism is less threatened by Communism as it is from the enticements of capitalism. 今天的中国是一个复杂的中国传统文化(以儒教和道教),共产主义,西方文化的影响越来越大。随着共产主义在20世纪,儒家价值观本身受到威胁,遭受降级共产主义的阴影,虽然儒家的一些元素实际上在协同工作与共产主义哲学。在今天的现代中国儒学更少受到共产主义的威胁,因为它是来自资本主义的诱惑。Though China has embraced a partially capitalist agenda hungrily grasping many Western business concepts and ways of operating, it has spurned becoming a western clone. Its long and proud history, rising global status and emerging sense of self confidence post the 2008 Olympic Games is more likely to see China reshaping its own cultural values for the foreseeable future rather than assimilating or converging with other leading cultures.虽然中国已经接受了部分资本主义议程，抓住许多西方商业操作的概念和方法,它拒绝成为西方的克隆。它的悠久而自豪的历史,不断上升的全球地位和新兴的自信2008年奥运会后更有可能看到中国重塑自己的文化价值观在可预见的未来而不是同化或与其他领先的文化融合。Summary: now the Chinese traditional culture has been greatly influenced by the western capitalist culture, but the Chinese culture can gradually shape their own cultural value and strive to achieve cultural integration.小结：现在的中国传统文化受到了西方资本主义文化的很大影响，但中国文化可逐渐在塑造自己的文化价值，并且努力地实现文化融合。 (2) 从这篇文章来看，中国和西方文化的差别表现在哪些方面？Question Thinking 问题思考chinese culture 中国文化In Confucianism there is an element of circular nature. Time is a good example wherec the same things happen again and again.History to the Chinese is circular and non-linear as it is often perceived in the West.在儒家思想中，有一个元素的循环性质。时间是一个很好的例子，同样的事情发生在一次又一次，历史的中国人是循环的，非线性的，因为它通常被认为在西方。Western culture 西方文化In Western thinking problems are often tackled in a more linear, rational, and direct manner. And selecting options of instances may be very specific based on objective considerations. 在西方的思想问题往往以更为线性、合理、直接的方式来解决。选择的实例可能是非常具体的基于客观的考虑。Summary: the Confucian thought that thinking about the problem of recycling, western thinking that the problem is linear.小结：儒家思想认为思考问题时循环的，西方思想认为问题是线性的。Communication 传播chinese culture 中国文化Communication in China can be more like a chess game, often subtle and indirect. In China a yes could in fact mean no. Chinese will rarely be blunt on the basis it may offend and cause loss of face. Chinese may see their Western counter parts as sometimes rude, blunt, or uncaring .在中国的传播更像是一个国际象棋游戏，往往是含蓄和间接的。在中国，“是”实际上意味着“不”。中国很少会生硬的基础上，它可能冒犯和造成丢脸。中国可能会看到他们的西方人有时粗鲁,钝,或冷漠。Western culture 西方文化In Western culture yes generally means yes and no means just that. Westerners perceiving Chinese as indecisive, less confident and not proactive.在西方文化中，“是”通常意味着“是”，“不”就意味着。西方人认为中国人优柔寡断，缺乏自信，不积极的。Summary: as a result of the situation is not the same, easy to cause mutual misunderstanding, due to the lack of awareness of cultural thinking and sensitive or wrong stereotypes.小结：由于情况的不一样，容易造成相互误解，由于缺乏意识的文化思考和敏感或错误的刻板印象。Human relations 人的关系chinese culture 中国文化Confucian ethics hold that it is collectively everyones responsibility to promote a harmonious state. As nature is harmonious so must society be.So, I think its more like a kind of collectivism.Collectivism is the tendency of people to belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty儒家伦理认为它是集体所有人的责任，以促进一个和谐的国家。因为自然是和谐的，所以必须社会。所以，我认为这更像是种集体主义。集体主义倾向的人属于团体或集体,相互照顾,以换取忠诚Western cultyre 西方文化The idea of doing something for somebody else in exchange for nothing is less common than in the West. The reason is that any favor has a circular affect and should return eventually to the person who did the favor. Therefore, individualism is more in line with western culture.Individualism is the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only.为别人做一些事的想法,以换取没有什么比在西方不太常见。原因在于,任何支持循环影响,应该返回最终的人青睐。所以，个人主义更符合西方文化。个人主义是人们照顾自己和他们的直系亲属的倾向。(3) 从这篇文章来看，目前随着中国的现代化，中国特有的什么文化减弱了，取而代之地更依赖于什么？为什么？Chinas unique culture of Confucianism，Taoism,and communism has weakened, instead, it is more dependent on capitalism, that is, the western culture.中国特有的儒家和道家思想及共产主义的文化减弱了，取而代之地更依赖于资本主义，也就是说西方文化。The reasons are as follows 原因如下Though the younger generation in China today may not have quite the traditional understanding of Confuciuss Analects or Taoists Daodejing the principles of these philosophies still pervade. 虽然年轻的一代在今天的中国可能没有传统的认识相当的孔子论语或道家的道德经这些哲学的原则仍然弥漫。About thinking problem，in Western thinking problems are often tackled in a more linear, rational, and direct manner. And selecting options of instances may be very specific based on objective considerations. 关于思考问题，在西方的思维问题往往是以一种更为线性、合理、直接的方式来解决的。而选择的选项的情况下，可能是非常具体的基础上客观考虑标准。Particularly since the 1990s there has been a growing trend to take on a lot more Western influences, notably pop music culture, western cinema, brand clothing, night clubs, and aspirations by young people to study and work overseas. 尤其是上世纪90年代以来，越来越多的西方影响，尤其是流行音乐文化，西方电影，品牌服装，夜总会，和年轻人的愿望人们到海外工作的研究。For Chinas Generation Y (those under 35), particularly in urban centers, getting ahead and making money are often more important than traditional considerations or influences, or worries about building guanxi or even saving face (Fox 2008). Their agenda is focused on developing their careers and nuclear families. As a result of the one-child policy, most members of this generation are under the singular focus of their parents. They have an underlying pressure to succeed and do well economically. They will have more likely read books on business success than Confuciuss Analects or Lao Tzus Tao Te Ching.Therefore, they need to rely on Western culture to help them get economic development, ignoring the traditional culture of China.中国的“Y一代”（35岁以下），特别是在城市中心，在赚钱往往比传统的考虑或影响更重要，或者担心建筑丁关系甚至面子（Fox 2008）。他们的议程重点是发展他们的事业和核家庭。由于独生子女政策，这一代的大多数成员都在他们父母的奇异焦点。他们有一个潜在的成功的压力，经济上做得很好。他们将有更多的阅读书籍的业务上的成功比孔子的或陶德。所以，他们需要依赖西方文化的思想来帮助他们得到经济上的发展，忽视了中国传统文化。(4) 从这篇文章来看，跨文化竞争力重要吗？为什么？对于在中国做生意的公司来说要注意什么？From the point of this article, intercultural competence mainly.从这篇文章来看，跨文化竞争力主要。Reason 原因Cross-cultural competence is a necessary requirement in conducting international business to improve the likelihood of success.lack of cross-cultural competence can cause organizations to be weaker, less prosperous and fail in their objectives.Above said the cross culture ability of importance, but I think competitive ability important part. Cross cultural competence is different from competitors and the unique advantages of. Only with intercultural competence, will in the international market gain a firm foothold. 跨文化能力是进行国际业务的必然要求，是提高成功的可能性，缺乏跨文化能力会导致组织更弱，他们的目标不那么繁荣和失败。以上说了跨文化的能力重要性，但我认为竞争力是能力中重要的一个部分。跨文化竞争力是区别于和竞争对手的独特优势。只有具备跨文化的竞争力，才会在国际市场上站稳脚跟。The problem of doing business in China在中国做生意需要注意的问题Many of these business leaders seek business opportunities in China hoping to tap into its dream economic growth rates and growing middle class. Like miners to the gold rush, they see the low cost of manufacturing and the massive market size as being richly attractive, but competition is intense, bureaucracy is pervasive, and effective communication for building successful business relationships depends heavily on having culturally wise approaches. 很多商业领袖中有很多是在中国寻找商机，希望能进入中国梦的经济增长率和中产阶级的成长。像矿工淘金热，他们看到的低成本制造业和巨大的市场规模是有吸引力的，但竞争激烈，官僚机构是普遍的，有效的沟通，建立成功的业务关系在很大程度上与具有文化智慧的方法。Knowledge of how people from different cultures think, feel and behave gives valuable insights into business practices and decision making. Such knowledge coupled with cultural sensitivity promote better mutual respect, effective international negotiations, more rapid conflict resolution, and promote alignment for achieving shared goals and visions. In view of this, in China do business will need to fully understand the Chinese culture, and in middle schools competition will be through the combination of local culture and its culture, continuous cultivation of cross cultural ability. There is on the Chinese market retained enough.China will continue to be a most interesting work in progress watched by the world as it develops and changes. Its economic scale, social diversity, and global industrial manufacturing linkages all now inextricably connected like never before to just about every country in the world.知识来自不同文化背景的人们如何思考，感受和行为给商业行为和决策提供有价值的见解。这样的知识，加上文化的敏感性，促进赌注在相互尊重、有效的国际谈判，更快速的解决冲突，推动实现共同的目标和愿景对齐。由此看来，在中国做生意的公司必定需要充分了解中国的文化，并能够在竞争中学会将本土文化与自身的文化进行融合，不断的培养跨文化能力。还有就是对中国市场保留足够的重视.中国将继续成为世界上最有意思的工作，因为它的发展和变化。其经济规模，社会多样性，以及全球工业制造业的联系现在，世界上每个国家都有着千丝万缕的联系。 （5）对于这篇文章所说的中国文化和西方文化，你是如何理解和看待的？I think that the Chinese culture and western culture each have advantages and disadvantages. For example, the emphasis on moral and obligation in the Chinese culture, such as responsibility, loyalty, filial piety, respect for others elder, seniority, and sincerity. Compared with the western individualism, I think the Chinese culture of collectivism more can promote the process of social harmony, from a macro perspective, is conducive to human progress and development. But we also have to admit that western culture also has advanced and redeeming feature. The capitalism in favor of the development of the economy of western culture, can help us improve the quality of life.我认为，中国文化和西方文化各有利弊。比如，中国文化中的强调道德和义务，如对他人的责任、忠诚、孝顺、尊敬长辈、资历和诚意。相较于西方的个人主义，我认为中国文化的集体主义更加能促进社会的和谐进程，从宏观角度来说，有利于人类的进步与发展。但是我们也不得不承认西方文化也有先进、可取之处。西方文化的资本主义更利于经济的发展，能够帮助我们提高生活质量。Based on book knowledge, I think western culture more focused to universalism, that thought and practice can be used in any place and does not need to be modified. And Chinese are more likely to particularism.结合书本所学知识，我觉得西方文化更加侧重于普遍主义，认为思想和实践可以运用于任何地方，且不需要修改。而中国文则更倾向于特殊主义。This article mainly describes the western culture for the far-reaching influence of Chinese culture. But there is no mention of actually, Chinese culture also in exert a subtle influence on the Western influence. In terms of material civilization, Chinese silk, porcelain to Europe the influence of universally acknowledged. In spirit civilization, ancient Chinese philosophy and art of Western has a subtle influence. For example, in the west, a lot of places opened the Confucius Institute, which is sufficient to explain Confucianism in the west is gradually accepted and recognized.这篇文章主要说明了西方文化对于中国文化的深远影响。但没有提及实际上，中国文化也在潜移默化的对西方产生影响。在物质文明方面，中国的的丝绸、瓷器对欧洲的影响举世公认。在精神文明方面，中国古代哲学和艺术对西方有着潜移默化的的影响。譬如，在西方，很多地方开设了孔子学院，这足以说明儒家思想在西方逐渐被接受与认同。The article mentioned China young generation pay more attention to money and ignore the cultural value, also mentioned Chinas generation Y (under 35 years old), especially in the center of the city, in the money often than traditional consider or affect more important. 文章中提及了中国年轻一代更加注重赚钱而忽视了文化的价值，同时也提及中国的“Y一代”（35岁以下），特别是在城市中心，在赚钱往往比传统的考虑或影响更重要。Personally, I think this argument has some one-sided, as a college student, I was able to constantly China traditional culture the influence of the US. For example, by organizing a poetry contest. Calligraphy shows like. I can feel the culture in which the value of, and enhance the cultural pride. So, I think this part of content is sweeping.我个人觉得这样的说法有些片面，作为一名大学生，我还是能够无时无刻中国传统文化对于我们的熏陶的。比如举办诗歌大赛，书法展示之类的。我能够在其中感受到文化的价值，并提升了文化自豪感。所以，我觉得这部分内容有点以偏概全了。Finally, I want to say, Im from this article or harvest a lot of understanding of Chinese culture and western culture. Through a clear, clear thinking, shows the readers the changes of the Chinese culture and the western culture. Help me in my head shaped a complete system. Article about cross-cultural part for an extension and supplement of the books.最后，我想说，我从这篇文章中还是收获了许多中国文化和西方文化的认识。文章通过一个清晰、明确的思路，向读者展示了中国文化的变迁及与西方文化的联系。帮助我在脑海中塑造了一个完整的体系。文章中关于跨文化的部分也是对于书本的一个扩展与补充。In a word, I hope the Chinese culture in absorbing and using for reference of western culture at the same time, do not forget to carry forward the excellent traditional culture, make culture get more and blend. As a Chinese cultural heritage, always remember the Chinese culture.总之，我希望中国文化在吸收和借鉴西方文化的同时，不忘发扬自己优秀的传统文化，使得文化得到更和的交融。作为一名中国文化传承者，永远铭记中国文化。案例思考题(1) 从这两篇文章来看，沃尔玛企业和松下企业的跨文化经营之路走得都顺畅吗？为什么？Wal-mart enterprise cross-cultural management of the road is not smooth, and matsushitas cross-cultural management road to go more smoothly.沃尔玛企业的跨文化经营之路走得并不顺畅，而松下的跨文化经营之路走较为顺畅。WAL-MART is not smooth because of its failure in the German market.Despite some successes and good intentions and numerous attempts to improve the German stores, the Walmart culture proved to be a poor fit for the German market, and Walmart vacated Germany in 2006.沃尔玛不顺畅的原因是其在德国市场的失败。尽管有一些成功和良好意愿和多次尝试提高德国的商店，沃尔玛文化证明是德国市场不适合，最终沃尔玛于2006退出德国。From the perspective of the development of matsushitas enterprise in Malaysia, matsushitas cross cultural road is relatively smooth. Matsushita has erected 23 subsidiaries in Malaysia which collectively consist of about 30,000 employees. Less than 1 percent of the employee population, however, is Japanese. From there Malaysian operations. Matsushita has been producin