英语科技论文写作方法结果讨论市公开课一等奖百校联赛获奖课件.pptx

英语科技论文写作方法，结果和讨论第1页正文正文_ _试验方法试验方法包含：试验目标；试验研究对象、样本或材料：测试仪器仪表及测试系统(可用附图)；试验步骤；试验结果搜集方式和分析结果方法。第2页正文正文_ _试验方法试验方法时态应用时态应用：普通现在时态：句子内容是普遍、不受时间影响事实。如：标准试验设备设备原理和功效标准试验程序第3页正文正文_ _试验方法试验方法u普通过去时态：句子内容是特定、过去行为或事件。如：l试验目标l为满足试验工作要求自行设计、制造或改造设备l试验步骤第4页正文正文_ _试验方法试验方法语态使用语态使用：描述试验方法和步骤句子通常使用被动语态被动语态。描述试验设备句子通常使用主动语态主动语态。第5页正文正文_ _试验方法试验方法例:Experimental apparatus and procedure（实验目）The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of flowing ice water slurry in a straight pipe,and thus provide fundamental information for the new ice thermal energy storage system.第6页正文正文_ _试验方法试验方法（试验装置）The schematic diagram of experimental apparatus is shown in Fig.1.The apparatus consisted of a test section,an ice water slurry tank,a hot water circulating loop,and associated measuring instruments.The test section was a horizontal double tube heat exchanger of 2,000mm in length with an entrance section of 800mm in length.Ice water slurry flowed in an inside tube of the heat exchanger and hot water circulated in an annular gap between the inside and outside tubes.In this study,two kinds of heat exchanger were used.One was and the other was.第7页正文正文_ _试验方法试验方法（测试伎俩）In this study,ice packing factor(IPF=volume of ice/volume of ice water slurry)of ice water slurry is a very important factor,so an IPF controller and an IPF measuring device were used.IPF controller,which was a double tube,is shown in Fig.2.For measuring IPF of ice water slurry,the electric conductivity method was chosen in this experiment.It is a method using a principle that .Fig.3 shows the detail of the IPF measuring device.The velocity of ice water slurry in the test section was controlled by a vortex pump with an inverter.Thermocouples were set in the test section to measure both the inlet and outlet temperature of the ice water slurry and the hot water.第8页正文正文_ _试验方法试验方法（试验步骤）The experiments were performed using the following procedure.Ice particle were mixed with water in the ice water slurry tank.After controlled IPF and velocity of ice water slurry,is was passed through the test section and heated by hot water.The amount of melting heat transferred from hot water to ice water slurry was calculated with the difference between the inlet and outlet temperature of hot water.In addition,the behavior of the ice particles passed through the test section was recorded by a video camera for flow visualization.第9页正文正文_ _试验方法试验方法（试验条件）For the present experiment,the ice water slurry velocity,ui,ranged from 0.15 to 0.6 m/s,the IPF of ice water slurry at the test section inlet,IPFin,between 0 and 15%,the hot water temperature,Thin,between 20 and 30,and the hot water velocity,uh=0.35m/s.第10页Discussion Discuss with your classmates about what methods or theories are usually used in your specialties.第11页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果 普通而言，结果部分内容包含以下三个主要项目：介绍研究结果，而且往往以一个句子一个句子指出反应完整研究结果图表。概述最主要研究结果。对研究结果作出评论或概括由这些结果得到推论。以上三个项目可能含在几个段落中屡次出现。而且每个段落通常由这三个项目组成，段落第一句为第一个项目，第二个项目是段落主要部分，第三个项目则是由段落最终一、两个句子表示。第12页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果例Results（介绍研究结果）Table 1 shows that the measured drop Texh caused in the temperature of exhaust gases between the inlet to the heat exchanger and the exit from it is considerably more than what was predicted by modeling studies.（叙述最主要结果）Thus,referring to Table 1,it is observed that the Texh values measured on the actual setup are considerably above the predicted values.This occurrence is especially striking at the tower inlet temperature.（推论）These observations signal that the modeling was on the conservative side.第13页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果u介绍研究结果句子：介绍研究结果句子：l时态应用时态应用：使用普通现在时态，而且其动词惯用show、present、display、summarize、及illustrate。注意：当图表用于作某种总结时，才可使用summarize,而illustrate只有在指图形时才可使用。第14页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果l语态使用语态使用：能够采取被动语态或主动语态。前者把结果内容作为主语，后者则把图表名称看成主语。介绍研究结果句子究竞采取被动语态还是主动语态，取决于句子强调内容及主语部分长度。因为结果部分焦点是结果本身，所以在介绍研究结果时，最好把名词短语作为主语，此时句子采取被动语态。不过，名词短语作为主语很长时，会使整个句子出现不平衡、不自然结构，此时宜把图表名称作为主语，句子采取主动语态。第15页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果第一类句型：lFig.5 shows the influences of secondary fragmentation on char loading.lData in Table 3 show that operating and capital costs of DiCTT technology are significantly lower.lThe effect of having higher turbine inlet temperature on the cycle thermal efficiency is shown in Fig.4.第16页正文正文_研究结果研究结果第二类句型:直接陈说结果，并在句子中插人一个短语或括号中说明，以告诉读者这些结果在哪个图表中示出。第17页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果lAt night the average hourly release from storage is massive(see Fig.3).lAt night the average hourly release from storage is massive(Fig.3).lAt night the average hourly release from storage is massive,as shown in Fig.3.lAt night the average hourly release from storage is massive,as Fig.3 shows.lAs shown in Fig.3,at night the average hourly release from storage is massive.lAs Fig.3 shows,at night the average hourly release from storage is massive.第18页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果u叙述研究结果句子：叙述研究结果句子：在叙述研究结果或对结果作总结时，因为所述内容是过去事件事实，所以通常采取普通过去时态通常采取普通过去时态。表示研究过程中得到含有普遍性结果，可用普通现在可用普通现在时时。由数学模型和理论推到得到结果，往往用普通现在时往往用普通现在时。第19页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果科技论文中，作者经常必须叙述研究结果为：某个参数或变量在某段时间内改变情况。在这种句子中，被研究参数或变量常作为主语，而表示时间段短语通常位于句末。第20页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果第21页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果 不一样试样、方法或研究对象之间比较:在进行比较时句子中常出现形容词、副词比较级、最高级。第22页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果不一样参数或变量之间关系或影响。惯用句型包含含有如correlated、related等动词句子以及包含描述其中一个参数或变量改变从句复合句。简单句：第23页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果复合句：第24页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果u说明或评论研究结果：说明或评论研究结果：作者对研究结果评论或说明通常包含以下内容之一:依据本人研究结果作出推论。如：The results suggest that 作者解释研究结果或说明产生研究结果原因。如:These findings are understandable because 作者对此次研究结果与其它研究者曾发生结果作比较。比如提出自己结果是否与其它研究者结果一致。These results agree with Gerners analysis,in that 第25页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果作者对自己研究方法或技术性能与其它研究者方法或技术性能进行比较，这种比较常出现在工程类研究论文中。比如：The recognition rate of our system is significantly higher than that reported for Tokens system.作者指出自己理论模型是否与试验数据符合。如:The measured temperatures along the heat pipe were all highly consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model.第26页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果在对结果进行评论或说明句子中，正确动词时态应该依据评论或说明内容而定。当评论内容为据研究结果作出推论时，句子主要动词通常使用普通现在时态，且惯用appear、suggest、seem推测动词或情态动词may。The contact angles may have effect on the time required for the heat pipe to reach steady state.It appears that heat transfer coefficients are more dependent on heat flux in regions of lower quality.第27页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果当评论内容为对研究结果可能证实时，句子主要动词之前通常加上may或can这些普通现在时态情态动词。The results can be explained by a giant magnetic entropy change.The layer structural or some other mixed complex material may be the most suitable refrigerants for the Ericsson magnetic refrigerator.第28页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果惯用句型还有：A possible explanation for this is that the Hank visual programming language can avoid some of the syntactic problems associated with textual programming languages.This may have occurred because the calculation did not consider the initial requirements to precool the semi-trailer body and the solar radiation load.第29页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果另外，在对结果提出可能解释和说明时，可使用普通现在时态推测动词，见下表。第30页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果在上面所表示例句中，说明详细内容往往出现在以that开头名词性(主语，表语，宾语)从句或以because开始原因状语从句中。依据情况不一样，从句中动词可能会使用普通现在时态、情态动词may加动词原形或普通过去时态。第31页作者认为对结果说明含有普遍有效性，则在从句中使用普通现在时态。It seems that ash deposition of Coal P accelerates It seems that ash deposition of Coal P accelerates mainly through thermophoresis.mainly through thermophoresis.若作者比较不确定此说明是否含有普遍有效性时，则使用may加动词原形形式；It seems that ash deposition of Coal P may It seems that ash deposition of Coal P may accelerate mainly through thermophoresis.accelerate mainly through thermophoresis.第32页正文正文_研究结果研究结果若作者认为说明范围只限在自己研究特定情况，则使用普通过去时态。It seems that ash deposition of Coal P accelerated It seems that ash deposition of Coal P accelerated mainly through thermophoresis.mainly through thermophoresis.注意：为了使句子愈加简练，能够将先行主语it开头句子改写成简单句。此时原复合句中从句主语变成简单句中主语，而改写句中动词用普通现在时态。比如，上例句子可改写为：The ash deposition of Coal P seems to accelerate mainly through thermophoresis.第33页正文正文_研究结果研究结果当评论内容为比较作者研究结果与其它学者研究结果时，应该使用普通现在时态，因为不论两组结果之间是不是一致，这个比较是一个不受时间影响逻辑上关系。这类句子中假如存在以that引发从句，那么，从句中动词也用普通现在时态。These results agree well with the findings of Casadio,et al.These data are consistent with earlier findings showing that the best alloying addition is trivalent Ga.第34页正文正文_研究结果研究结果当评论内容是对作者本身采取方法或技术性能与其它作者曾提出方法或技术性能进行比较时可采取普通现在时态或普通过去时态。若在评论中使用普通现在时态，则意味着作者认定句子内容含有普遍有效性，如：The recognition rate of our system is significantly higher than that reported for Tokens system.若使用普通过去时态，则说明作者认为评论范围仅在特定情况下才有效，如：The values predicted our model had a smaller degree of error than the values generated by Bakers model did.第35页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果 看成者指出由自己理论模型所得到预测与试验数据之间吻合程度时,通常得使用普通现在时态，说明模型预测与试验数据是不是一致不受时间影响。若这类句子中出现以that开头从句，则从句中亦使用普通现在时态。如：The data confirm closely the prediction of the model.The data indicate that the model is reliable and accurate.The theoretical model agrees well with the experimental data.第36页正文正文_ _研究结果研究结果lThe experimental measurements are very close to the predicted values.lThere is a high level of agreement between the theoretical predictions and the experimental data.不过，也有作者把推测和试验数据之间比较视为一个过去行为，因而在句中采取普通过去时态。第37页Read the following section of Results to find out what hypothesis this paper must have proposed.Note the tenses of the words underlined.Translate the passage.第38页Demographic and travel characteristics of the backpacker sample indicate a relatively even gender split,with 53%of the respondents females and the remaining 47%males.All respondents were aged between 18 and 35 years,with 71.5%between 18 and 24 years.While 21 different nationalities were identified in this study,the majority of backpacker respondents(53.8%)were of British or Irish nationality.Education levels were found to vary between secondary school completion and the attainment of a university bachelors degree or higher qualification.Median backpacker trip length was found to be 40 weeks,with 33.2%of backpackers planning on travelling for 52 weeks(one year).The majority of respondents(60.8%)stated that this current backpacking trip was the first that they had undertaken.Backpacker interest in volunteer tourism was determined to exist,with the majority(57%)of respondents stating that they were motivated to participate in volunteer tourism.Backpacker respondents can therefore be grouped into two separate categories:Group 1 respondents(those respondents motivated only to backpack)and Group 2 respondents(those respondents motivated to participate in both backpacking and volunteer tourism).Key motivations for backpacker participation in volunteer tourism(Group 2 respondents)are shown in Table 1.第39页正文正文_ _结果讨论结果讨论经典讨论部分通常由以下六个项目组成：研究目标 再次概述自己研究主要目标或假设。研究结果 筒述最主要结果，并指出这些结果能否支持原先假设或是否与其它研究者结果相互一致。有时还会再次强调个别主要结果。对结果说明 对自己研究结果提出说明、解释或猜测。第40页正文正文_ _结果讨论结果讨论推论或结论 指出依据自己研究结果所得出结论或推论。研究方法或结果限制 指出自己研究限制以及这些限制对研究结果可能产生影响。研究结果实际应用或提议新研究题目 指出自己研究结果可能实际应用及其价值，对深入研究方向或新课题提出提议。第41页正文正文_ _结果讨论结果讨论第42页正文正文_ _结果讨论结果讨论第43页正文正文_ _结果讨论结果讨论第44页正文正文_ _结果讨论结果讨论第45页正文正文_ _结果讨论结果讨论u推论或结论惯用句型第46页正文正文_ _结果讨论结果讨论u研究方法或结果限制l在指出自己研究方法或结果限制时，作者应该视句子内容来决定使用何种时态。若指出作者已完成研究工作受限，则句子应该使用普通过去时。The number of tourists surveyed was quite small.Only three sets of samples were tested.第47页正文正文_ _结果讨论结果讨论l若作者需指出自己研究方法、模型或分析限制，则应该使用普通现在时态。The proposed model is based on three simplifying assumptions.Our analysis neglects several potentially important conditions.The method presented here is accurate,but cannot be implemented in real time applications.第48页正文正文_ _结果讨论结果讨论l假如作者想表述其它可能条件与情况会对研究总结果可能产生何种影响，则在句中应该使用普通现在时态，且在句中动词之前加上情态动词may或might。Tests with other kinds of lubricates might yield different results.An experiment using different absorber plate material and thickness might produce different results.第49页正文正文_ _结果讨论结果讨论u指出实际应用或新研究范围：l在指出自己研究结果实际应用时，作者应该使用普通现在时态，且在句子动词之前加上may、might或should等情态动词。若用should，则表示作者对自己研究应用价值相当必定。Different of these properties between liquid and vapor phase may be useful for various control means such as oil level or liquid level controls,measurements of oil contents.第50页正文正文_ _结果讨论结果讨论The results of this study may lead to the development of effective methods for measuring the air velocity in various shapes of ducts.The results of this research may help managers make more informed procurement decision.The technique presented here should be useful in producing ethanol from corn kernels.第51页正文正文_ _结果讨论结果讨论l看成者对深入研究方向或新研究题目做出提议时，常可在句中使用普通现在时态，并在动词之前加上情态动词Would、could或should。若用should，则表示比较强烈提议。下面是惯用句型：An important direction for further work might be to study the chunking process as it operates in programming tasks.It would be interesting to learn why oxygen is depleted during this type of sputtering.第52页正文正文_ _结果讨论结果讨论Another interesting topic would be to examine how learning outcomes are related to concept attainment.The generality of the gender moderated affect could be assessed in studies using other types of music and different exposure durations.Future research could explore the possibility to apply in chaos theory analysis.第53页正文正文_ _结果讨论结果讨论A further experiment should be conducted with a more sophisticated measuring system.Further research should focus on doubling or tripling the conversion efficiency of commercial plants,reducing costs further,and resolving issues related to biomass residual ash.第54页homeworkTranslate the following“Discussion”第55页Our results explain the spatial variation in buffalo population recovery across the protected area and elaborate on the work of Hilborn et al.(),which confined itself to the timetrends of the whole buffalo population.Buffalo population changes are best explained largely by hunting but model fit was improved with the addition of predation mortality.Food supply was only a factor in areas where hunting was least,namely the east and south.In addition,our spatial results are consistent with the trends in the elephant population(Sinclair et al.,).Elephants behave more as one cohesive population,which moves away from disturbed areas and finds sanctuary in more peaceful areas,so that densities are a reflection of movements.Buffalo on the other hand are extremely philopatric and remain within their home range irrespective of the disturbance(Sinclair 1977).Therefore,buffalo numbers reflect the local dynamics of an area.The buffalo populations in close proximity to areas with higher rates of human settlement had low or negative intrinsic rates of population increases and,therefore,were either slowest to recover or failing to recover at all.Areas of slow buffalo recovery are consistent with the previous analysis by Campbell and Hofer(1995),which identified similar areas of high human exploitation on a different suite of species,namely the resident antelopes.Hunter populations reside along the western and north-western boundaries of the protected area,and incursions are made into the park from the west.第56页正文正文_ _结论结论 论文结论部分通常应包含以下内容：概述主要研究工作(此项内容可有可无)。陈说研究主要结论，包含简略地重复最主要发觉或结果，指出这些发觉或结论主要内涵，对发觉或结果提出可能说明。本研究结果可能应用前景以及深入深入研究方向或详细课题(此项内容可有可无)。第57页正文正文_ _结论结论ConclusionThus,the different constituents of sunlight are treated in different ways as they struggle through the earths atmosphere.A wave of blue light may be scattered by a dust particle,and turned out of its course,and so on.Until finally it enters our eyes by a path as zigzag as that of a flash lightening.Consequently the blue waves of the sunlight enter our