新编简明英语语言学教程市公开课一等奖百校联赛特等奖课件.pptx

A Course on Linguistics for Students of English-Cheng Zhenquan School of Foreign Studies,SCNU第1页TheGoalsforthisCoursen nTogetascientificviewonlanguage;n nTounderstandsomebasictheoriesonlinguistics;n nTounderstandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheories,especiallyinthefieldsoflanguageteaching&learning(SLAorTEFL),cross-culturalcommunication;n nToprepareforthefutureresearchwork.第2页TheRequirementsforthiscoursen nClassattendancen nClassroomdiscussionn nFulfillmentoftheassignmentn nExamination第3页ReferenceBooksn n戴炜栋，何兆熊，戴炜栋，何兆熊，()()，新编简明英语语言学教程，上海外，新编简明英语语言学教程，上海外语教育出版社。语教育出版社。n n胡壮麟，胡壮麟，()()，语言学教程，北京大学出版社。，语言学教程，北京大学出版社。n n刘润清，刘润清，(1995)(1995)，西方语言学流派，外语教学与研究出版，西方语言学流派，外语教学与研究出版社。社。n nFromkin,V.&R.Rodman,(1998),Fromkin,V.&R.Rodman,(1998),AnIntroductiontoLanguageAnIntroductiontoLanguagethethesixthedition,Orlando,Florida:Holt,Ranehart&Winston,Inc.sixthedition,Orlando,Florida:Holt,Ranehart&Winston,Inc.第4页Chapter1.Introduction第5页1.Whatislanguage?第6页Languagecanmeann nwhatapersonsayswhatapersonsays(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)n nthewayofspeakingorwritingthewayofspeakingorwriting(e.g.Shakespeares(e.g.Shakespeareslanguage,Luxunslanguage)language,Luxunslanguage)n naparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwritingaparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting(e.g.(e.g.languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage)languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage)n ntheabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthetheabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunityspeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity(e.g.Chinese(e.g.Chineselanguage,firstlanguage)language,firstlanguage)n nthecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguagesthecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguages(e.g.He(e.g.Hestudieslanguage)studieslanguage)n natoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)atoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)n nasetofrules.asetofrules.(rule-governed)(rule-governed)第7页Sapirsdefinition(1921)n n“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”第8页Hallsdefinition(1968)n nLanguageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”第9页Chomskysdefinition(1957)n n“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetof(finiteorinfinite)sentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”第10页Languagecanbegenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.第11页Languageisasystemn nSystematic-rule-governed,elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules;cantbecombinedatwill.e.g.*bkli,*Iappleeat.第12页Languageisarbitraryn nArbitrary-nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.第13页Languageissymbolicinnaturen nSymbolic-wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actionsideasbyconvention.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”-Shakespeare第14页Languageisprimarilyvocaln nVocal-theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.第15页Languageishuman-specificn nHuman-specific-differentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,e.g.birdsongs,beedance,animalcries.第16页Thedesign/definingfeaturesofhumanlanguage(CharlesHockett)ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCulturaltransmission第17页Arbitrariness-Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)connectionbetween-Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.soundsandmeanings.n nOnomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)areOnomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)aresomewhatmotivated(English:rumble,crackle,bang,.somewhatmotivated(English:rumble,crackle,bang,.Chinese:putong,shasha,dingdang)Chinese:putong,shasha,dingdang)n nSomecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopytype-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopy第18页Productivity/creativity-Peculiartohumanlanguages-Peculiartohumanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandusersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelikeunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthe“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”hotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeninginthe,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.world.n nAgibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheirAgibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganycallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.noveltyimpossible.n nThebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtoThebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcescommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeearetheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letdance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesiresaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesires第19页Duality(doublearticulation)n nLowerlevel-sounds(meaningless)Lowerlevel-sounds(meaningless)n nHigherlevel-meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)Higherlevel-meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)n nAcommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreAcommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofmessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbemessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofgroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedmeaning(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.andrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.(we(wemakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeamakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeadictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.dictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.第20页Displacement-Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:real-Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.places.n nAgibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheatelastyearAgibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheatelastyearn nThereissomethingspecialaboutthebeedancethough.BeesThereissomethingspecialaboutthebeedancethough.Beescommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcestheyhavefoundcommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcestheyhavefoundwhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,thewhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,thebeedancehasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentisbeedancehasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentisveryinsignificant.Forthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodveryinsignificant.Forthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodimmediatelyonreturningtothehive.Theydonotdanceabouttheimmediatelyonreturningtothehive.Theydonotdanceaboutthefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturediscoveries.discoveries.第21页Culturaltransmission-Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearning;-Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearning;ratherthanbyinstinct).ratherthanbyinstinct).n nAnimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandAnimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,beeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,gibbonsandbees.gibbonsandbees.n nAChinesespeakerandanEnglishspeakerarenotmutuallyAChinesespeakerandanEnglishspeakerarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Thatis,intelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Thatis,itispassonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,itispassonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.ratherthanbyinstinct.n nThestoryofawolfchild,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingThestoryofawolfchild,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirehumanlanguage.broughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirehumanlanguage.第22页Functionsoflanguage n nPhatic:establishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialPhatic:establishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontact.contact.n nDirective:getthehearertodosomething.Directive:getthehearertodosomething.n nInformative:giveinformationaboutfacts.Informative:giveinformationaboutfacts.n nInterrogative:getinformationfromothers.Interrogative:getinformationfromothers.n nExpressive:expressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.Expressive:expressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.n nEvocative:createcertainfeelingsinthehearer(amuse,Evocative:createcertainfeelingsinthehearer(amuse,startle,soothe,worryorplease)startle,soothe,worryorplease)n nPerformative:languageisusedtodothings,toperformPerformative:languageisusedtodothings,toperformactions.actions.第23页Theoriginoflanguage n nThedivine-origintheory-LanguageisagiftofGodThedivine-origintheory-LanguageisagiftofGodtomankind.tomankind.n nTheinventiontheory-imitative,criesofnature,theTheinventiontheory-imitative,criesofnature,thegruntsofmenworkingtogether.gruntsofmenworkingtogether.n nTheevolutionarytheory-theresultofphysicalandTheevolutionarytheory-theresultofphysicalandpsychologicaldevelopment.psychologicaldevelopment.第24页许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学,最少不够严谨最少不够严谨.他对语言定义做了以下概括他对语言定义做了以下概括:语言是一个符号系统语言是一个符号系统.n n当它作用于人与人之间关系时候当它作用于人与人之间关系时候,它是表示相它是表示相互反应中介互反应中介;n n当它作用于人与客观世界关系时候当它作用于人与客观世界关系时候,它是认知它是认知事物工具事物工具;n n当它作用于文化时候当它作用于文化时候,它是文化载体它是文化载体.第25页2.Whatislinguistics?-Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.-Apersonwhostudieslinguisticsisknownasalinguist.第26页Fourprinciplesoflinguisticstudiesn nExhaustiveness/adequacyn nConsistencyn nEconomyn nObjectivity第27页Thescopeormajorbranchesoflinguisticsn nTheoreticallinguisticsTheoreticallinguistics1.1.PhoneticsPhonetics2.2.PhonologyPhonology3.3.MorphologyMorphology4.4.SyntaxSyntax5.5.SemanticsSemanticsn nUseoflinguisticsUseoflinguistics1.1.AppliedlinguisticsAppliedlinguistics2.2.SociolinguisticsSociolinguistics3.3.PsycholinguisticsPsycholinguistics第28页Theoreticallinguisticsn nPhonetics-speechsound(description,classification,Phonetics-speechsound(description,classification,transcription):articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,transcription):articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,auditoryphonetics.auditoryphonetics.n nPhonology-soundpatternsoflanguagesPhonology-soundpatternsoflanguagesn nMorphology-theformofwordsMorphology-theformofwordsn nSyntax-therulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintoSyntax-therulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentence.sentence.n nSemantics-themeaningoflanguage(whenthemeaningSemantics-themeaningoflanguage(whenthemeaningoflanguageisconductedinthecontextoflanguageuse-oflanguageisconductedinthecontextoflanguageuse-Pragmatics)Pragmatics)第29页Useoflinguisticsn nAppliedlinguistics-linguisticsandlanguageAppliedlinguistics-linguisticsandlanguageteachingteachingn nSociolinguistics-socialfactors(e.g.class,Sociolinguistics-socialfactors(e.g.class,education)affectlanguageuseeducation)affectlanguageusen nPsycholinguistics-linguisticbehaviorandPsycholinguistics-linguisticbehaviorandpsychologicalprocesspsychologicalprocessn nStylistics-linguisticandliteratureStylistics-linguisticandliterature第30页Someotherapplicationsn nAnthropologicallinguisticsn nNeurolinguisticsn nComputationallinguistics(e.g.machinetranslation)第31页Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics第32页Descriptivevsprescriptiven nDescriptive-describe/analyzelinguisticfactsobservedorlanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)n nPrescriptive-laydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar)第33页Synchronicvsdiachronicn nSynchronicstudy-Synchronicstudy-descriptionofadescriptionofalanguageatsomepointlanguageatsomepointoftime(modernoftime(modernlinguistics)linguistics)n nDiachronicstudy-Diachronicstudy-descriptionofadescriptionofalanguagethroughtimelanguagethroughtime(historicaldevelopment(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)periodoftime)第34页Speechvswritingn nSpeech-primarymediumoflanguagen nWriting-laterdeveloped第35页Languevsparole(F.deSaussure)n nLangue-theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallLangue-theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofthespeechcommunity.membersofthespeechcommunity.n nParole-therealizationoflangueinactualuse.Parole-therealizationoflangueinactualuse.n nSaussuretakesasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisSaussuretakesasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.notionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.第36页Competenceandperformance(Chomsky)n nCompetence-theidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagen nPerformance-theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunicationn nChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.第37页Traditionalgrammarvsmodernlinguisticsn nTraditionalgrammar-prescriptive,written,Latin-basedframeworkn nModernlinguistics-descriptive,spoken,notnecessarilyLatin-basedframework第38页Chapter2Phonology n nLanguageisprimarilyvocal.Theprimarymediumofhumanlanguageissound.Linguistsarenotinterestedinallsounds,butinspeechsounds-soundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.第39页Phonetics -Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription,e.g.pbilabial,stop.第40页Threebranchesofphoneticsn nArticulatoryphonetics-fromthespeakerspointofview,Articulatoryphonetics-fromthespeakerspointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”n nAuditoryphonetics-fromthehearerspointofview,“howAuditoryphonetics-fromthehearerspointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”soundsareperceived”n nAcousticphonetics-fromthephysicalwayormeansbyAcousticphonetics-fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.whichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.第41页Articulatoryphonetics第42页Speechorgans:threeimportantareasPharyngeal cavity the throat;The oral cavity the mouth;Nasal cavity the nose.第43页Thediagramofspeechorgans1.1.LipsLips2.2.TeethTeeth3.3.Teethridge(alveolar)Teethridge(alveolar)4.4.HardpalateHardpalate5.5.Softpalate(velum)Softpalate(velum)6.6.UvulaUvula7.7.TipoftongueTipoftongue8.8.BladeoftongueBladeoftongue9.9.BackoftongueBackoftongue10.10.VocalcordsVocalcords11.11.PharyngealcavityPharyngealcavity12.12.NasalcavityNasalcavity第44页Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds-Astandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetic-AstandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.principleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.n nBroadtranscription-usedindictionaryandtextbookforgeneralBroadtranscription-usedindictionaryandtextbookforgeneralpurpose,withoutdiacritics,e.g.clearpurpose,withoutdiacr