四级写作专题培训市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件.pptx

四级写作四级写作 第1页第1页主要内容主要内容l1.大学英语四级考试写作要求大学英语四级考试写作要求l2.四级考试总体改动（计分体制变动，考试内四级考试总体改动（计分体制变动，考试内容变动）容变动）l3.四级写作评分原则及原则四级写作评分原则及原则l4.四级作文命题规律四级作文命题规律l历年四级作文题目历年四级作文题目l命题形式命题形式l命题规律命题规律l四级作文也许会出现题目四级作文也许会出现题目第2页第2页.l5四级作文中常见错误四级作文中常见错误l词层面词层面l句子层面句子层面l语篇层面语篇层面l语法方面语法方面l标点使用办法标点使用办法l拼写错误拼写错误l6如何写好四级作文如何写好四级作文l如何开头如何开头l如何结尾如何结尾l行文中间行文中间l7四级作文范例四级作文范例l8如何提升写作能力如何提升写作能力第3页第3页1.大学英语四级考试写作要求l当前指导大学英语教学大学英语教学要求中要求，普通要求（普通要求是高等院校非英语专业本科毕业生应达到基本要求，也就是四级要达到水平）英语书面表示能力为：能用常见应用文体完毕普通写作任务，能描述个人经历、事件、观感、情感等，能就普通性话题或提纲在半小时内写出120词短文，内容基本完整、用词恰当，语篇连贯。能在普通或应用写作中使用恰当写作技能。第4页第4页2.四级考试总体改动第5页第5页3.四级写作评分原则及原则l3.1.评分原则：评分原则：lCET作文题采用总体评分办法。阅卷人员就总印象给出奖励分,而不是按语言点错误数目扣分。l从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表示题目所要求内容，而内容要通过语言来表示。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充足表示思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表示思想，也就是要考虑语言上错误是否造成理解上障碍。l避免趋中倾向。该给高分给高分，包括满分；该给低分给低分，包括0分，一名阅卷人员在所阅所有作文卷中不应只给中间几种分数。第6页第6页3.2.评分原则 l本题满分为15分.共分五等：2-4分、5-7分、8-10分、11-13分及14-15分。l2-4分 条理不清，思绪紊乱，语言支离破碎或在部分句子都有错误，且多数严重错误。l5-7分基本切题。表示思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多严重语言错误。l8-10分基本切题。有些地方表示思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相称多，其中有一些是严重错误。l11-13分 切题。表示思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少许语言错误。l14-15分 切题。表示思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。l注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几种孤立词而无法表示思想，则给0分。l注：1.如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数2.只写一段者：04分；只写两段者：09分（指要求三段作文）第7页第7页4.四级作文命题规律第8页第8页4.1.历年四级作文题目l1995.1 Can Money Buy Happiness?l1995.6 Advantages of a Job Interviewl1996.1 The TwoDay Weekendl1996.6 Global Shortage of Fresh Waterl1997.1 Practice Makes Perfectl1997.6 Getting to Know the World Outside Campusl1998.1 Harmfulness of Fake Commoditiesl1998.6 Do“Lucky Numbers”Really Bring Good Luck?第9页第9页.l1999.1 Dont Hesitate to Say“No”l1999.6 Reading Selectively or Extensively?l.1 How I Finance My College Educationl.6 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?l.1 How to Succeed in a Job Interviewl.6 A Letter to a Schoolmatel.1 A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campusl.6 Students Use of Computersl.1 It Pays to Be Honestl.6 An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident第10页第10页.l.9 The Day My Classmate Fell Ill(or Got Injured)l.12 A Letter in Reply to a Friendl.6 An Introduction for Touristsl.1 A campaign speechl.6 In honor of Teachers On the Occasion of Teachers Dayl.12 Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?l.6 An Announcement for a Voluntary Program第11页第11页4.2.命题形式l4.2.1.提纲作文 l提纲作文实质上是议论文，其下可分为四种类型：l现象阐释型:1月四级作文考题 Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest.You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.l 1.当前社会上存在许多不诚实现象；l 2.诚实利人利已，做人应当诚实。第12页第12页.l问题对策型：分析问题，找出成因，提出处理办法，题目实比如下：l1997年6月四级英语作文真题lDirections:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus.You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:l 1.大学生理解社会必要性；l 2.理解社会路径（大众媒介、社会服务等）；l 3.我打算怎么做。第13页第13页.l观点对比型：辨析两种对立观点，题目实比如下：l1995年1月四级作文真题lDirections:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Can Money Buy Happiness?You should write no less than 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:l1.有些人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happiness）l2.也有些人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of all evil）l3.我见解第14页第14页.l论说反驳型：支持或驳斥一种观点，题目实比如下：l1998年6月四级作文真题lDirections:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do“Lucky Numbers”Really Bring Good Luck?You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:l1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运；l2.我认为数字和运气无关，第15页第15页4.2.2.图表作文l近十年来图表作文只考过一次柱状图l4.2.3.情景作文实质是记叙文，主要考过这几种类型：lA.书信l（1）告知信/提议信:1月 四级作文真题lDirections:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friends inquiry about applying for admission to your college or university.You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:l1.提议报考专业及理由；l2.报考该专业基本条件；l3.应当如何备考。第16页第16页.l（2）综合信l1月四级作文真题lDirections:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic:A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus You should write at least 120 words,and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:l假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂情况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，能够是表彰，能够是批评提议，也能够兼而有之。第17页第17页.lB.演讲致辞l1月四级作文真题lDirections:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a campaign speech in support of your election to the post of chairman of the student union.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.lA Campaign Speechl1.你认为自己具备是什么条件(能力，性格，兴趣)能够胜任学生会主席工作，l2.假如当选你将会为本校同窗做什么？第18页第18页.l议论文（共14题）l现象阐释型：l 1995年6月，1996年1月，1997年1月，1998年1月，1999年1月,201月l问题对策型：l 1996年6月，1997年6月，1月，年1月，l观点对比型：1995年1月，1999年6月，6月l论证反驳型：1998年6月l图表作文（共1题）l 柱状图：206月l记叙文（共7题）l 告知信/提议信：年6月，201月l 综合信：201月l 综合叙事：206月，209月l 演讲致辞：206月，201月，206月第19页第19页4.3.命题规律l1）新：对老式三段论式作文提出挑战，新题型层出不穷。尤其是以来，先后考过交通事故目击证词、导游词等初次出现题目，因此仅仅依托背诵套句变得越来越行不通。需要同窗们注重提升自己真正写作水平，以不变应万变。l2）综合能力考核：纯正记叙、阐明或议论文考核被同时考核三种能力综合性题目所代替，如9月份考题，就要求考生在第一段叙述你classmate生病或受伤过程，第二段要求阐明一下各方面对他关怀，第三段要求你对这个事件展开讨论。这要求我们要全面发展自己写作能力，不可偏废。l3）实用：实用文体写作出现得越来越多，书信作文一再出现，年6月还考了一篇导游词。这表达了四级作文对学生实际利用英语能力关注，也是四级作文备考训练重点之一。第20页第20页4.4.四级作文也许会出现题目l1）考试命题作文大都是议论文结构，普通来说题目内容应当是考生所熟悉，能够有话可说，如那些社会热点问题就是经常出题目。l2）但不是所有热点问题都会成为考试题目。考试题目还要和考试对象文化背景，年龄特点相一致，因此相关大学生生活，学习，抱负等题目经常出现。l3）作文题目会考虑到考生语言水平，也就是说学生要求掌握词汇和结构能否足够表示所考题目。第21页第21页.l总来说，依据学生要求掌握词汇，依据学生知识结构，年龄特点和文化背景，出题范围可大体下列：l科学技术：计算机，克隆，电视，小汽车等对社会和生活影响l社会问题：如住房，交通，就业，犯罪，婚姻，环境，能源和广告等l校园生活：如学习方式，考试，课余活动，体育锻炼，人际交往和兴趣兴趣等l青少年问题：如父子代沟，抽烟吸毒，个人思想，职业选择，文化教育和成功失败等l文化教育：阅读，道德修养，出国留学，学生减负，教育与成长等第22页第22页5.四级作文中常见错误l5.1.词层面词层面l5.1.1.用词搭配不恰当用词搭配不恰当lHowever,the speed of a car is much faster than that of a bicycle.lHowever,the speed of a car is much higher than that of a bicycle.lIn the past the price of milk was so expensive that most families could not afford it.lIn the past the price of milk was so high that most families could not afford it.lThe opportunity to be promoted in a joint venture will be smaller if one cannot speak English.lThe opportunity to be promoted in a joint venture will be poorer if one cannot speak English.第23页第23页.lIn recent one and two years,people who take TOEFL have decreased.lIn recent one and two years,the number of people who take TOEFL test has decreased.lIn the past few years,grain has decreased by nearly 20%.lIn the past few years,the consumption of grain has decreased by nearly 20%.lNowadays,the traffic in big city is getting more and more crowded.lNowadays,the traffic in big city is getting heavier and heavier.第24页第24页.l5.1.2.修饰语不妥修饰语不妥lHe neither speaks English nor Chinese.lHe speaks neither English nor Chinese.lWithout television,people cannot get information which comes from other parts of the world immediately.lWithout television,people cannot immediately get information which comes from other parts of the world.第25页第25页.lAt the age of six,my father began to give me English lessons.lWhen I was six years old,my father began to give me English lessons.lHaving carried out economic reforms in our country,peoples living standard has greatly improved.lSince economic reforms have been carried out in our country,peoples living standard has greatly improved.lTo improve ones writing skill,regular practice is essential.lTo improve ones writing skill,one must make a regular practice.第26页第26页5.1.3.把形容词和介词误作动词lThis term well very busy.lThis term well be very busy.lThe cave like a room very much.lThe cave looked very much like a room.lI very like this novel.lI like this novel very much.第27页第27页5.1.4.少用连词lI started to play table-tennis in middle school,still play it now.lI started to play table-tennis in middle school,and I still play it now.lTV becomes an important part in out daily life.Because we cannot live without it.lTV becomes an important part in out daily life,because we cannot live without it.第28页第28页.5.1.5.指代不妥指代不妥lPeople have been fighting against the influences of TV commercials,but it often proves useless.lPeople have been fighting against the influences of TV commercials,but this effort often proves useless.lTelevision provides us with a vivid,colorful world,which enables us to enjoy life thoroughly.lBy providing us with a vivid,colorful world,television enables us to enjoy life thoroughly.第29页第29页.l5.1.6.一致方面错误一致方面错误lStudy hard now so that we can cope with the change and challenge of the twenty-first century.lStudy hard now so that you can cope with the change and challenge of the twenty-first century.lOne serious problem human beings are faced with are how to use our natural resources economically.lOne serious problem human beings are faced with is how to use our natural resources economically.lNow fruit and vegetables can be seen everywhere when it is in season.lNow fruit and vegetables can be seen everywhere when they are in season.第30页第30页.l5.1.7.词误用词误用lWith the industrious development,there is a great need for different kinds of energy.lWith the industrial development,there is a great need for different kinds of energy.lTV commercials have a profound influence on our every day life.lTV commercials have a profound influence on our everyday life.lFirst we should use our natural resources in an economic way.lFirst we should use our natural resources in an economical way.第31页第31页5.2.句子层面5.2.1.中国式英语lHave money can do many things.有钱能够做好多事情。lThere are many people do morning exercise in the park.有诸多人在公园里面晨练。lHis joke made me laugh to death.lI was quite amused by the joke he just told.lChinese people are devoting themselves to the physical exercise.Why?Because they think it is very important to their health.lMore and more people are spending part of their free time on physical exercise because they realize the importance of regular physical exercise.第32页第32页.lThe price of the dictionary is too expensive.lThe price of the dictionary is too high.lSmoking cigars will do harm to our body.lSmoking cigars will do harm to our health.lReading books can acquire knowledge.lThrough reading one can acquire knowledge.lNow people go abroad is not easy.lIt is not easy for people to go abroad now.lNowadays young people who seek to go abroad are becoming more and more.lNowadays more and more young people seek to go abroad.lThe chief reasons for the change have five points.lThere are five main reasons for the change.第33页第33页.l5.2.2.句子结构不完整，不平衡句子结构不完整，不平衡lTV becomes an important part in our daily life.Because we cannot live without it.lTV becomes an important part in our daily life because we cannot live without it.lA park is a place where everyone can have a good time or just to be sitting around doing nothing.lA park is a place where everyone can have a good time or just sit around doing nothing.l5.2.3.悬垂修饰语悬垂修饰语lWhile reading the paper last night,an article on solar energy attracted my attention.lWhile reading the paper,I became interested in an article on solar energy.第34页第34页.l5.2.4.主谓不一致主谓不一致l集合名词（army,audience,cabinet,class,company,committee,crew,crowd,family,government,group,party,population,public,staff,team等）作主语，假如指整体，则谓语动词用单数；假如指详细组员，则谓语动词用复数。表示时间、距离、价格等复数名词或短语，假如强调整体，谓语动词用单数；假如强调详细数量，则谓语动词用复数。单数名词假如跟着along with,as well as,besides,but,combined with,except,in addition to,rather than等时，谓语动词用单数。但用eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also,or等连接名词作主语时，谓语动词需要与最近那个主语保持一致。lTom is one of the students who does not take applied mathematics.lTom is one of the students who do not take applied mathematics.第35页第35页.l5.2.5.赘言问题赘言问题lIn my opinion,I believe the free medical system needs a reform.lIn my opinion,the free medical system needs a reform.lIn general,young people in these days tend to remain single.lYoung people in these days tend to remain single.lThe reason why people choose to live in the country is because there is no pollution nor noise there.lThe reason why people choose to live in the country is that there is no pollution nor noise there.lWe must cooperate together to make our cities greener and cleaner.lWe must work together to make our cities greener and cleaner.第36页第36页.l5.3 语篇层面语篇层面 偏离主题偏离主题 段落缺乏统一性段落缺乏统一性 缺乏连贯性缺乏连贯性l5.4.语法方面语法方面 语态，比较级，非谓语形式，冠词使用办法，语态，比较级，非谓语形式，冠词使用办法，可数不可数名词，不定代词单复数，时态可数不可数名词，不定代词单复数，时态l5.5.标点使用办法标点使用办法第37页第37页5.6.拼写错误lenvironment（环境，容易写成enviroment）lgovernment（政府，容易误拼成goverment）lmodern（当代，容易拼成morden）respectable（受人尊敬），respectful（尊敬别人），respective（各自）leconomic（相关经济），economical（节俭）ldelighted（感到高兴），delightful（使人高兴）第38页第38页.lhistoric（有历史意义），historical（关于历史）lconsiderate（关怀别人），considerable（相称大，相称多）lsensible（合理，可感知），sensitive（敏感）lcredible（可信），credulous（容易轻信）lcontinual（连续，中间有间隔），continuous（连续，中间没有间隔）lsatisfied（满意），satisfactory（令人满意）lfarther（更远，表示距离），further（更进一步，表示程度）limaginary（虚构，想象中），imaginative（想象力丰富），imaginable（能够想象）第39页第39页6如何写好四级作文第40页第40页6.1.如何开头l(1)主题句法主题句法 The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive effects.l(2)问题法问题法 Do you know how many people die from traffic accidents every 23 minutes?Why does cream go bad faster than butter?(3)对比法对比法 When asked.,most of college students say that.But I think quite differently.I would prefer a career that will help realize my potentials.第41页第41页.l(4)数据法数据法lAccording to a recent survey,about 78.9%of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.(5)故事法故事法lSix oclock yesterday(June 20th,Friday)afternoon when I was walking along the riverbank of our school,an unbelievable scene caught my eyes.(6)引语法引语法lAs the proverb goes,“You are only young once.”(适合用于记住名言)第42页第42页.lThere is an increasing awareness/popularity among people that.第43页第43页如何结尾l1重复中心思想重复中心思想 回到文章开头阐明中心思想或主题句上，达到再次必定和强调效果。With all these benefits,it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever.l 2作出结论作出结论 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步必定文章中心思想或作者观点。In conclusion/to sum up,in conclusion,in brief,a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial.The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably,and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.第44页第44页.l3应用引语应用引语 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文用格言、谚语或习语总结全文!，既言简意赅又有更强说服力。If you have anything to do,try to do it yourself,for that is the safest way to permanent success.Remember the famous saying.“God helps those who help themselves.l4用反问结尾用反问结尾 即使形式是问句，但意义却是必定，含有明显强调作用，引起读者思考。Therefore,listening skills must be consciously improved.Since it is such an important means of learning and communication,why shouldnt we develop this ability as far as possible?第45页第45页.l5提出展望或盼望提出展望或盼望 表示对未来展望或期待读者投入行动。I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century.As China will open further to the outside world，the language is sure to be spread world widely.第46页第46页.lFrom the discussion above,we may safely arrive at/come to/reach the conclusion that第47页第47页6.3.行文中间 l6.3.1.用词多样丰富用词多样丰富lthink vs.hold the view that/maintain thatlso vs.consequently lbecause vs.resulting from,on account of the fact that and so on第48页第48页.l6.3.2.长短句交错使用长短句交错使用lWhen it comes to,I hold the view thatlI am for/against the view thatlThere is no denying the fact tha