四级英语技巧市公开课一等奖百校联赛特等奖课件.pptx

CET4第1页I.评分标准n作文满分15分，阅卷标准共分五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。II.审题n明确体裁记叙文描写文说明文n说明文惯用于说明事实、情况和传达消息。写作目标重在解释、说明。在四、六级写作考题中，像HowIOvercameDifficultiesInLearningEnglish,MyIdealJob,MakeOurCitiesGreener,TheSuccessfulInterview以及一些图表作文题目等等，都能够看作是说明文文体。第2页议论文n议论文用以陈说各种理由，但与说明文又有所不一样，说明文着重于客观陈说，而议论文着重于发表自己看法；说明文着重于解释，而议论文着重于“劝说”。这种“劝说”往往依靠推理和论证来阐述自己观点，力图说服读者，使人相信某种道理或某种假设。所以，议论文要求论点明确，不要空洞或泛泛而谈；论据充分、有力；论证严密。n依据不一样体裁确定写作方法n四、六级作文往往不是单一体裁，而是几个体裁混合体。请看：第3页nDirections:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Trying to Be a Good University Student.You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:n做合格大学生必要性n做合格大学生必要条件（能够从德、智、体等方面谈）n第一步是写主题句。主题句是作者思维起点，切题准绳，阐述对象，而段落主题句则统领段落中心内容。好段落主题句不但切题，便于围绕主题句进行扩展，而且经常给读者一个一针见血感觉，所以，确切主题句是确保不偏题或跑题前提，只有不偏题不跑题才有可能得及格分8分。写主题句最保险方法就是把汉字提要各句译成英文。n比如上述作文三段主题句分别为：nItisnecessarytobeagooduniversitystudent.(议论文主题句)nThereareseveralrespectsofnecessitiestobeagooduniversitystudent.(说明文主题句)nWhatIwilldointhefutureisasfollows.（描写文主题句)n假如给出提要是英语，就能够把它扩充成主题句，比如以下这篇作文：第4页nGoodHealthnImportanceofgoodhealthnWaystokeepfitnMyownpracticesn扩展后主题句分别为：nItisveryimportanttohaveagoodhealth.（将名词importance变成形容词important）nTherearefourwaysformetokeepfit.（用therebe句型）nMyownpracticesareasfollows.（采取原句）n另外，应选取语法结构完整、内容概括、用词简练明了单句来做段落主题句。比如：MaketheMostofSchoolDaysn为何上学n在校时应与老师接触n在校时只钻书本或置学习于不顾都不好n第一段，主题句当然能够用“Whydowegotoschool？”这种以问句开头方式。不过为了使文章结构更清楚，说服力更强，拟一个立意明确主题句更加好。比如：Wepupilsgotoschooltolearnandtoprepareourselvesforthefuture.就是一个很不错主题句。第二段可用带提议语气祈使句作主题句。比如：Contactyourteachersasmuchasyoucan.第三段一样可使用一个祈使句来做主题句，比如：Dontgotoextremes.第5页n三段十二句作文法n四级作文体裁大多是论说文，而论说文写作方法通常采取“三段论”法n1、开头段n常言道：好开始是成功二分之一，文章开篇出众是给评卷者留下好印象关键。请看下面开头段：nTodaysTVprogramsaremuchtooviolent.AsurveyhasrecentlyshownthatinoneweekofeveningsspentbeforeaTVset,apersonmaywitnesseighty-fivekillings.n四级写作开头段惯用方法有以下几个：第6页n（1）引使用方法：如：nAsthesayinggoes,“Howtimeflies!”howtospendonestimeproperlyisbecomingincreasinglyimportant.n（2）提问法：提出一个或一连串问题，以激起读者兴趣，从而引出主题。如关于“交朋友”一文开头段：Doyouhavemanyfriends?Aretheysimilartoyouordifferentfromyou?Whichkindoffriendsdoyouprefer?n（3）定义法：对题目中关键词做一些简单（正面或反面）解释，限定其范围，引出主题。如：nWhatisdecisiveness?Itdoesntmeanactrushly.(反面定义)nWhatisadvertisement?Itisthewordsorpicturesusedonmedia,TVforexample,topublicizeacertainproductorgiveawarningtopeople.(正面定义)n（4）数字法：以针对某一问题客观报道数字作为文章开头，可引发读者注意，且含有说服力。这种方法尤其适合用于图表作文。如：nThepopulationofUSisgrowingrapidlyfrom1800untilnow.In1800thepopulationwaslessthan1,000,000,butin1999theUSreachesapopulationof250,000,000.Thisrapidpopulationgrowthhasseriouseffectsonthelivingenvironmentsofwildlife.第7页n(5)故事法：nMostofusmayhavesuchexperiences:whenyougotosomeplacefarawayfromthecitywhereyouliveandthinkyouknownobodythere,youaresurprisedtofindthatyourunintooneofyouroldclassmatesonthestreet,perhapsbothofyouwouldcryout;“Whatasmallworld!”n（6）开门见山法：在文章开头就把自己观点提出来，然后展开叙述。nAsahumanbeing,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.Societyismadeupofindividuals,andmakingfriendsisaveryimportantpartinourlife.n（7）间接开头法：以叙述他人观点开始，引出自己看法。如：nPeopleoftensaythatmoneycanbuyallthings,butIdontthinkitistrue.nSomepeoplesaythatlovemakestheworldgoround.Othersofalessromanticandmorepracticalturnofmindsaythatitistheenergythatmakestheworldgoround.n（8）概括法：先概括总结文章内容包括现实状况，然后引出主题。如：nInrecentyears,whileourindustriesandbusinesseshavedevelopedquickly,thenumberoftreesinmanybigcitieshasdramaticallyreduced.Effortsarebeingmadetopreventpeoplefromcuttingmoretrees,buttorealizethesignificanceofmakingcitiesgreenerisofgreatimportance.第8页n2、中间段（支持段）n中间段是发展、拓宽开头段中所提文章主题段落。中间段和文章主题紧密相关：主题限制着中间段内容，中间段必须支持主题，即中间段内容必须从不一样角度说明、阐述、论证文章主题，中间段惯用表示方法主要有例证法、比较与对比法、因果法等。试看：nAsanEnglishlearner,Ifinditverydifficulttoformalanguagesense.ItisbecauseIalwaystrytotranslateeverywordorsentenceintoChinese.WheneverIwanttoexpressmyselfeitherinwritingorinspeaking,IoftenthinkinChinesefirst,andthenputitintoEnglish.Asaresult,ImakelittleprogressinmyEnglishstudy.n此中间段用因果法展开段落，说明产生问题原因：alwaystranslateEnglishintoChinese.nThediscriminationagainstwomenisveryobviousinreality.Inthefactoryoroffice,itisfemaleworkerorclerknotmaleonewhoislaidofffirst.Inpoorfamily,itisgirlnotboywhohastodropputofschool.n此中间段用了例证法（inthefactory,inthepoorfamily）和对比法（itisnot）来展开段落，段中使用了两个平行句详细说明现实中男女不平等现象。第9页n3、结尾段n结尾段是文章总结和主题思想升华，它应起到再次必定和强调主题作用，好结尾段应简短有力、言简意概、意味深长。总之，文章结尾应该遵照两条标准：一是照应开头；二是总结全文，给读者一个完整印象。常见方法有以下几个：n总结法或重述法：在结尾段概括、重述全文中心思想，但不简单重复主题句，而在思想上保持一致，在句式和措词上有所改变。比如在叙述电视优劣时，文章能够这么结尾：nOn the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages intheuseofTV.Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV.But we must realize thattelevisionin itself is neither good nor bad.Its value to people depends on how we look at it.n提议法：就前文提到问题进行分析比较之后，提出一些处理问题方法或提议，此法尤其适合用于有争议问题或说理性文章。如：nIn fact,we should adopt both solutions because each has its advantages as mentioned above.Only in this way can we give full play to their strong points and avoid their weak ones.nIt is high time for governments of developing countries to do something to encourage their people to eat the right kinds of food so as to help them improve their health conditions.第10页n评价法：比如考题要求考生写出保持健康方法，并说明自己健身路径，那么文章能够这么结尾：nAstomypractices,Ijogforhalfanhourinthemorningeveryday,playbasketballintheafternoonandgoswimmingonweekends.Theregularphysicalexercisesmakemestrongandhealthy.n引语法：用格言、谚语或习语来总结全文。所引用名言一定要与前面观点相符，以让读者接收论点。比如关于books一文结尾：nInparticular,IenjoywhatFrancisBaconsaid“studiesservefordelight,foeornamentandforability.”n预测法：依据上文提出论点，预测该问题未来发展，或对读者提出警告或希望。如：nThedecreaseoftobaccoproductionandthenon-smokingcampaignsaregoodsignsforustopredictthattobaccoconsumptionshouldbegoingdownwitheverypassingdaywhilepeopleshealthbegettingbetterdaily.nAs far as theroleofinformationinthefuture is concerned,I believe that informationwill play a more and more important part in ourdecision-making.Withoutinformationonewouldhavetogropeinthedarkandfindithardtomoveevenonestepforward.第11页n展开或期望法：表示对未来展望或倡议读者投入行动。如：nIamsurethatChinesewillbecomeoneofthemostimportantlanguagesintheworldinthenextcentury.AsChinawillopenfurthertotheoutsideworldthelanguageissuretobespreadworldwide.nIfeveryonehasdevelopedgoodmanners,peoplewillformamoreharmoniousrelation.Ifeveryonebehavesconsideratelytowardsothers,peoplewillliveinabetterworld.Withthegeneralmoodofsocietyimproved,therewillbeaprogressofcivilization.n反问法：即使形式是问句，但意义却是必定，含有显著强调作用，引发读者思索。如：nTherefore,listeningskillsmustbeconsideratelyimproved.Sinceitissuchanimportantmeansoflearningandcommunication,whyshouldwenotdevelopthisabilitytoitsfullextent?nSo,whatcanwebenefitfromhealthifwedonthavehealth?n如前所述，四、六级作文大多是三段式，依此推断，假如每段中写四句话，即主题句加两三个扩展句和一个结论句，这么全篇在12句左右，每句十几个词，这么就到达要求120-150词了。既要注意字数要求，又要注意不要写得太多，言多必失。同时要注意分层次来展开主题，而不要写成流水帐。假如词数不够，能够给每一句或一些句子添加词语。比如，能够这么来加词：第12页n主题句：nTherearefourwaystokeepfit.Therearefourormorewaystokeepfitforeveryoneofus.n从几方面说明：nFirst,weshouldhavebreakfastinthemorning.(Firstly,weshouldhaveourbreakfast,withmilk,eggs,breadandsoon,inthemorning.)Second,weshouldhaveanapatnoon.(Secondly,weshouldhaveashortnap,even30minutes,atnoon.)Third,sportsexercisesarenecessaryintheafternoon.(Thirdly,sportsexercisesarenecessaryandwecandosomeexercisesintheafternoon.)Andfourth,wecouldhaveapleasantfeelingintheeveningbylisteningtomusic.(Andfourthly,wecouldhaveapleasantfeelingintheeveningbylisteningtosomelightmusic.)第13页n(2)n怎样写图表式作文n图表作文就是命题者向考生提供图画、图表信息，然后要求考生完整、准确地表示图画图表信息大意。这类作文既考查写作能力，又考查想象力和观察力。他需要考生结合图表前标题对所给图表进行分析、研究，阅读其中文字和说明，搞清图表所包含各种信息以及信息之间关系；然后将这些信息进行比较、概括和归纳；最终提炼和归纳文章中心思想。n在完成看图作文，把图表信息转换成文字信息写作过程中因注意以下几点：第14页n要充分了解和反应图表中信息。既然是看图表作文，首先要看懂图表，搞清图表中各个数据之间关系，分清主次，明确主题，这么才能着手写作。分析图表要合乎逻辑，不要牵强附会，任意发挥。n注意图表参考时间和图表所使用单位。n注意时态选择。普通来说，没有参考时间图表或表格通惯用普通现在时；有参考时间表格，参考时间用过去时；但假如叙述是现在情况则采取普通现在时。n看图作文普通分三段写，第一段说明该图表反应总情况，第二段对数据进行仔细分析比较，归纳出增减速率，第三段写读图表后想法或评论。第15页n对于图表类文章开头我们能够套用以下句型：nItcanbeseenfromthe(Wecanseefromthe/Ithasbeenshownfromthe)chart(diagram/table/graph/figures/statistics)thatnThechart(graph/table/diagram/graph/figure/pie)shows(indicates/presents)a/an(very)minimal(small/slight/dramatic/slow/gradual/marked/large/rapid/sudden/upward/downward/sharp/uncertain)rise(increasedecrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop/fluctuation/growth/trend)nAccordingtothechart(graph/table)nAsisshowninthechartnTherefore/thus/fromthetable(graph/diagram)wecanconclude/see/infernFromthetable/graphitcanbeseen/concluded/inferred/shownthat第16页n6种展开段落方法n1、列举法n列举法（也叫罗列法），是经过列举一系列论据对主题句中提出论点进行发泛、全方面陈说或解释。列举次序能够按照各内容相对主要性、时间、空间排列。用列举法展开段落，能增强文章说服力，使文章显得条理清楚。比如：nPeoplewelcomeprivateschoolsformanyreasons.Firstofall,thosepeoplearewillingtosendtheironlychildtobetterschoolsevenifcostsmore.Andhavingmoremoneythanthegovernment-fundedpubicschools,thoseprivateschoolscanattractbetterteachers.Theycanalsoofferbetterenvironments,includingsuperiorlivingfacilitiesandmoreadvancedequipment.n如，假如提要是“社会实践好处”，就能够先列出主题句和一级扩展句，然后进行整理和充实：n主题句:Thereisnodoubtthatsocialpracticehasmanyadvantages.n一级扩展句:n(1)Studentscanapplywhattheylearnedinclasstopracticalwork,whichwillmakethemknowthemselvesmoreclearly.n(2)Somesocialpracticecanbringyousomeprofitandmakeyoumoreindependentofyourparents.n(3)Socialpracticecanofferthestudentsachancecontactandgetsomeideaofit.第17页n扩展句列举次序普通按照各扩展句主要性，从最主要到较次要，从大方面到小方面排列。上面三个扩展句能够这么排列：nFirstly,Socialpracticecanofferthestudentsachancetocontactthesocietyandgetsomeideaofit.Secondly,thestudentscanapplywhattheyhavelearnedinclasstopracticalwork,whichwillmakethemknowthemselvesmoreclearly.Thirdly,somesocialpracticecanbringyousomeprofitanditcanmakeyoumoreindependentofyourparents.n列举中惯用衔接词（组）有：nFirst,firstofall,tobeginwith,tostartwith,firstandforemost,inthefirstplace,mostimportantofall,moreover,besides,secondly,second,then,furthermore,next,thirdly,fourthly,last,inaddition,finally,lastly等。第18页n2、举例法n举例中惯用衔接词（组）有：nForexample,takeforexample,thiscanbeillustratedby,anotherexampleis,like,forinstance,acaseinpointis,asanillustration,suchas等。n3、比较法与对比法n经过指出事物之间相同或共同之处来展开段落方法叫比较法。比如：nLearningEnglishislikebuildingahouse.Layingasolidfoundationisthefiresandmostimportantstep.Inotherwords,youshouldreadandspeakEnglisheveryday.Memorizingnewwordsandphrasesisalsohelpful.Likebuildingahouse,learningEnglishtakestime.Sobepatient.Remember,Romewasntbuiltinaday.n比较中惯用衔接词（组）有：nAtthesametime,accordingly,showadegreeofsimilarity,(somewhat/verymuch)like,(exactly/almost)thesameas,inthesameway,similarto,both,similarly,andso,andtoo,inalikemanner等。n对比法是将两件事物进行对照，经过区分其差异而指出其各自特征和本质。主题句指出事物之间不一样之处，扩展句进行详细说明。比如：第19页nThegrowthofvideoviewershasmeantadeclineincinemaaudience.Theattractionofcinemacannotcompetewiththatofwatchingavideoathome.Peoplefinditmuchcheaperandmorecomfortabletohireavideofilmtowatchathomethantogoouttothecinema.Oneortwoyuanforavideofilmisnothingcomparedwiththecostofcinematicketsandbusfares.Besides,videoofferspeopletheflexibilitythatcinemacannotprovide.Peoplearenolongerlimitedtoparticulartimeandplaces,andtheyareabletowatchavideofilmwheneverandwhatevertheylike.n对比中惯用衔接词（组）有：nHowever,yet,whereas,ontheonehandontheotherhand,onthecontrary,incontrast,insteadof,bedifferentfrom,differfrominthat,butnevertheless,conversely,though,bycontrastwith/to,eventhough,unlike,inspiteof等。第20页n4.因果法n用因果法展开段落有两种形式：一个是原因在前，结果在后，另一个是结果在前，原因在后。比如：nItisdifficultforworkerstofindemploymentthisyear.Asaresult,manyrecentcollegegraduatesareunemploymentoraretakingpart-timejobstomeetexpenses.Unemploymentamonghighschoolgraduateshasmeantthatlargenumbersofteenagersareseekingemploymentbenefits.Theunemploymentfiguresarethehighestindecades.Finally,theFederalgovernmentmustcontributelargeamountsofmoneytosupportthegrowingnumbersofpeoplewhoarereceivingwelfareassistance.n再看下面例子：第21页nTherearemanyreasonswhylanguageschange.Tostartwith,variouslanguagesthatfromthesameparentdevelopedtheirownuniquenessafterspeakerdriftedawayfromonetoestablishisolated,independentcommunities.Languagechangeisalsoduetotheinfluenceofandinteractionwithforeigncultures,oftenasaresultofmilitaryconquest.Anothercauseforlanguagechangeisrapidlyexpandingtechnologyandnewsystemofcommunication.Theybringallcultureandlanguageintoclosercontactandborrowingbetweenlanguageshasbecomeacommonphenomenoninthecontemporaryworld.Alllanguageschangeastheexperiencesoftheirspeakerschange.n在该段主题句中，作者首先说到“languagechange”这个结果是由很多原因造成。接着，作者列举了三点原因，该段是按“结果原因”次序展开。n因果法惯用衔接词（组）有：nBecause(of),owingto,becauseby,asaresultof,therefore,becauseofthefactthat,beaconsequenceof,so,thus,onthegroundof/that,resultfrom,hence,consequently,forthisreason等。第22页n5.定义法n如：Whatshonesty?honestymeansspeakingthetruthandbeingfairanduprightinact.Honestyisavirtue.Hewholiesandcheatsisdishonest.Thosewhogainfortunes,notbyhardlabor,butbyothermeansaredishonest.n另外，定义法经常要和比较、对比、举例等方法结合在一起使用。如：n简单释义nAsweallknow,practicemakesperfect.Thatistosay,ifwepracticesomethingfrequently,wewillbeabletodoitperfectly.n举例说明nAsubjectissomethingsuchasmath,chemistry,orEnglish,thatyoustudyatschool,college,oruniversity.n对比或类比nWhileburglaryisthestealingofpropertyfromaplace,robberyisthestealingofpropertyfromaperson.（对比）nAhobbyisaninterestingwayofspendingyourfreetime.Itsanactivityyouturntoyourpleasure,notsomethingthatyouhavetodo,likehelpingwiththedishes.Itsmorelikespecialfriendthatyouchooseforyouyourself.Youspendyourfreetimewithitbecauseitinterestsyouandbecauseyouenjoyit.（类比）n此时，下定义时切忌两个问题：一是以偏概全，如“Aschoolisaplacewhereyoufindblackboards。”二是省去定义主要部分，比如“Analogiesarehandyandusefulthings，necessarytomanyofthesciencesandfruitfulineverydaylife，buttheydonotconstituteproof.”前一个例句能够说是一个不贴切定义，而后一个例句不能算是定义。第23页n6.分类法n以下面一篇关于TheNewMedia短文就采取了分类方法，把newsmedia分为radio，TV，newspaper三种，并分别进行了比较、说明。nThenewmediaconsistsofradio,televisionandnewspaper.Newspapersaretheoldestformfornewscommunication.Todaymanypeoplestillbegintheirdaybyreadingthemorningpaperwhilehavingbreakfast,andendtheirdaybyreadingtheeveningpaperafterhavingdinner.nTheinventionoftheradiohashadatremendousinfluenceontheworld.Itisabletobringup-to-minutenewstodistantplacesinamatterofseconds.Thusthedevelopmentoftheradiohasmadetheworldasmallerplace.nTelevisionisthemostrecentlydevelopeddeviceforcommunication.Itallowsustoseeaswellastohearthenews.Thefactthatitenablespeopletoseevisualimageshashadaconsiderableeffectonourperceptionsofworldevents.nClasses/sections/families/categories/units/parts/kinds/divisions/groups/types/items/sorts/aspects/maybeclassifiedaccordingto,consistsof,fallinto,canbe(sub)dividedinto,maybefurthersubdivided,comprises,maybeputinto,wemaysortinto第24页n逻辑组织技巧n四级考试要求考生作文必须结构清楚，语义连贯、逻辑性强。句子间衔接技巧,句子与句子之间连贯除了靠本身意思之外，还能够经过过渡词衔接和词汇衔接来实现。n过渡词表现出来逻辑关系，能够大大增强文章连贯性。请找出以下段落中过渡词语：nSmokingresultsinseriesofnegativeeffects.Tobeginwith,ithasbeenprovedthatpoisonousnicotinecontainedincigarettescanreduceyourfits.Andwhatisworse,itcanevencauselungcancerifyousmokeconstantly.Thatiswhysuchwarningas“smokingisharmfultoourhealth”mustbeprintedonthecoverofthecigarettecaseinwesterncountries.Furthermore,passivesmokingappearsinyourfamilymembersandotherpeopleasaresultofyoursmokingathomeorinpublicplaces.Consequently,theirhealthwillbeunfavorablyinfluenced.Inaddition,smokingaddstoyourfinancialdifficultyifyouhappentobeshortofmoney.Evenifyouarerich,youareencouragedtospendyourmoneyonvaluablebooks,nutritiousfood,high-qualityTVsets,etc.,