1、谈谈英语课堂互动中反馈话步第1页儿童怎样学语言互动观点自然互动与课堂互动协商式互动反馈话步正面反馈纠错反馈第2页儿童怎样学语言互动观点行为主义观点 语言学习本质是(外部)刺激-强化、形成习惯。关键:模仿与练习心灵主义观点 语言学习本质先天学语机制LAD被诱发 形成规则,从而生成语言 关键:大量自然输入、不人为干预第3页互动观点互动观点 语言学习本质是语言环境与内在机制相互作用;儿童在真实生活活动中与他人交往与互动中学会语言。在此过程过程中,现有模仿、重复,也有从大量自然输入中规则归纳与生成;现有输入也有输出。关键:主要他人、协商式互动、最近发展区。第4页Examples of child im
2、itation:Peter(24 months)(Peter is playing with a dump truck while two adults look on.)Peter(finding a car):Get more.Lois:Youre gonna put more wheels in the dump truck?Peter:Dump truck.Wheels.Dump truck.(later)Patsy:What happened to it(the truck)?Peter:(looking under chair for it)Lose it.Dump truck!D
3、ump truck!Fall!Fall!Lois:Yes,the dump truck fell down.Peter:Dump truck fell down.Dump truck.第5页第6页第7页Examples of child constructionA.Kyo(34-month old)Kyo:Im hungry.Dad:Well have some poppy seed bread in a little while.Kyo:No.I want it now.Dad:We have to wait til its defrosted.Kyo:But I want it fross
4、edB.Randall(33-month old)Randall:Are dogs can wiggle their tails?C.Randall(40-moth old)Randall:You took all the towels away because I cant dry my hands.Comments:The utterances above are obviously not the result of imitation;the children create their own sentences,though the creation are deviated fro
5、m the standard English.第8页互动式输入特点发生于真实自然生活情境;语言输入式可了解因为“here-and-now”话题和“child-directed-speech”即紧贴儿童当前水平语言;允许儿童自由做出反应(输出),其中现有模仿(imitation),也有自创(creation);容忍儿童犯错以及非直接性纠错方法。第9页课堂互动模式自然互动与课堂互动自然互动与课堂互动,举例:例1.1 A:Whats the time?2 B:Its 9:20.You seem to be in a hurry?3 A:Yes.The train leaves at 9:40.例2.
6、1 T:Whats the time?(指着模型钟)2 S:Its half past seven 3 T:Good!IR+IRIRE(F)第10页三步式三步式(I-R-F),经典课堂互动模式经典课堂互动模式 I -教师发起话步教师发起话步(initation)R-学生回应话步(学生回应话步(response)F -教师反馈话步(教师反馈话步(feedback)不一样于生活中互动,不一样于生活中互动,1)发起者普通总是教师,)发起者普通总是教师,2)学生应答与教师反馈缺乏开放性、协商性。其结)学生应答与教师反馈缺乏开放性、协商性。其结果是语言输入不丰富、语言使用机会降低、也缺乏果是语言输入不丰
7、富、语言使用机会降低、也缺乏真实有趣思想交流和情感体验。真实有趣思想交流和情感体验。第11页协商性互动协商性互动超越三步式互动超越三步式互动例:1 T:Whats the time now?2 S:Its half past seven.3T:Good.Its time for you to go to school,right?4 S:第12页教学实践:-勉励按实情回答 -改变提问类型(适当提开放性问题);-邀请学生提问 (沈峰老师例子)第13页协商式互动关键话步反馈 优质反馈话步:优质反馈话步:提供评价信息丰富语言输入生成动态交流优化语言输出 反馈是活化课堂关键!第14页反馈种类评价内容正
8、面(接收、必定)负面(不接收、纠正)关注交际意义关注语言形式 就评价而言,接收、必定vs 不接收、纠正 就内容而言,关注形式 vs 关注意义 Eg.1T:What did Helen do on Thursday?2S:She milk cows and pulled up carrots.3T:Yes,you got it.But she milk cows or milked cows?第15页反馈种类反馈种类评价内容 正面(接收、必定)负面(不接收、纠正)关注交际意义关注语言形式Eg.1 T:What did Helen do on Thursday?2 S:She milk cows and pulled up carrots.3 T:Yes,you got it.But she milk cows or milked cows?第16页正面评价反馈接收:认可接收:表彰接收:认可/表彰+重复接收+追问接收+评论接收+扩展第17页纠正性反馈纠正性反馈明确纠错隐性纠错(recast)协商纠错 启发诱导 请求重复 元语言式 用升调重复 (举例)第18页小学英语教学若干问题与淮安老师研讨互动第19页