北京交通大学语言与传播学院855基础英语历年考研真题及详解.pdf

目录2003年北京交通大学855基础英语考研真题及详解2004年北京交通大学855基础英语考研真题及详解2005年北京交通大学453专业综合考试考研真题及详解2006年北京交通大学453专业综合考试考研真题及详解2007年北京交通大学453专业综合考试考研真题及详解2003年北京交通大学855基础英语考研真题及详解Part One:Vocabulary,Structure and Reading Comprehension.Vocabulary and Structure:Choose the correct or most suitableanswer for each of the following statements.(20%)A.In each question,decide which of the four choices given will mostsuitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.1.In the late 1800s Ellen Richard began work in the new field of“sanitary science”which was concerned with waste removal,waterpurification and _.A.to ventilate adequatelyB.adequate ventilationC.adequate ventilateD.ventilation adequatelyB【答案】句意：19世纪末，艾伦理查德开始投身新的领域“卫生科学”，这种科学包括废物处理、净水和充分通风。根据waste removal和water purification可知，此处应填写结构相同的“形容词名词”短语。因此答案选B。【解析】2.The topology of Mars is more _ than that of any other planet.A.like that of the EarthB.the Earths like that ofC.like the Earth of thatD.that of the Earths likeA【答案】句意：火星的拓扑结构更像是地球的拓扑结构，而不是其他行星的拓扑结构。根据后文than可知，此处构成比较级more like Athan B“与B相比更像A”的结构。根据后文“that of any other planet”可知，此处应填写与此结构类似的短语，即“that of the Earth”。that此处为代词，指代前文的topology。因此答案选A。【解析】3._ about individuals who really existed and things that actuallyhappened.A.Folktales which sometimes tell stonesB.The stories of folktales sometimes tellingC.Stories sometimes told are when folktalesD.Folktales sometimes tell storiesD【答案】句意：民间故事有时会讲述真正存在的人的故事和实际发生的事情。根据后文可知，后文的句法成分为定语从句，作宾语的定语成分，全句中缺少的句子成分为主干成分，即“主谓宾”，此处应选择为主谓宾结构的短语。因此答案选D。【解析】4.Not until 1979 _ its policy of reform and opening to the outsideworld.A.China has startedB.when China startedC.did China startD.started ChinaC【答案】句意：直到1979年中国才开始改革开放政策。当Not until位于句首时，句子要倒装，其结构为：Not until从句/表时间的词助动词（主句）主语谓语。如：Not until the teacher came in did thestudents stop talking.直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。因此答案选C。【解析】5.“Then about Tolstoys great novels.”“Who _ has read his great novels can forget their fascination?”A.whoB.thatC.whichD.whoeverB【答案】句意：“接下来谈谈托尔斯泰的小说吧。”“哪个读过他伟大的小说的人会忘记他们的魅力？”分析后半句的句子成分，代词who为主【解析】语，forget为谓语，fascination为宾语，中间部分为定语从句修饰主语“人”，先行词为who或that，为避免重复，此处先行词只能用that。因此答案选B。6.“I did not go to the party.”“Did _ go to the party?”A.many Johns friendsB.many Johns friendsC.my sister boy friendD.a boy friend of my sistersD【答案】句意：“我没有去派对。”“那我姐姐的男性朋友有去的吗？”如果想表达“约翰的很多朋友”，应该用many of Johns friends，因此A、B错误。同样的结构，表示从属关系“我姐姐的男性朋友”，应该用my sisters boy friend或a boy friend of my sisters。因此答案选D。【解析】7.“John had the piano tuned today.”“Was it _?”A.out of tune badly beforeB.before badly out of tuneC.badly out of tune beforeD.out of tune before badlyA【答案】句意：“约翰今天把钢琴调好了。”“它以前严重走调了吗？”before意为“之前”，badly意为“严重”，副词作状语修饰动词，应紧跟在动词后，时间状语放在句子成分后边根据。因此答案选A。【解析】8.During the late 1850s the question of the best route for the overlandmail to California was _ in the West.A.interest of a serious topicB.a serious interest of topicC.a topic of serious interestD.serious interest of a topicC【答案】句意：在20世纪50年代末期，向加利福尼亚州发送陆上邮件的最佳路线问题是西方最感兴趣的话题。根据句意可知，人们谈论的是“话题”而不是“兴趣”，此处的中心词为topic，serious interest为强调topic内容的成分，因此答案选C。【解析】9.Carbohydrates are the most abundant and _ food sources ofenergy.A.least costB.least costlyC.less costD.fewer costsB【答案】句意：从能量上讲，碳水化合物是最丰富和最便宜的食物来源。costly是名词cost派生出来的形容词，意为“昂贵的”，与前文的most对应，此处应填写最高级least。因此答案选B。【解析】B.In each item,choose one word that best keeps the meaning of thesentence if it is substitute for the underlined word.10.The diffusion of wealth made it possible for those poor people toenjoy the same kind of service.A.springB.spreadC.sprayD.sprawlB【答案】句意：财富的扩散使这些穷人有可能享受同样的服务。spring跳跃。spray喷射。spread和sprawl有相似的义项“蔓延”，但spread意为“传播；散步”，sprawl意为“杂乱无章地拓展”。因此答案选B。【解析】11.A few gentleman farmers with plenty of money can still escape tothe bucolic lifebut in general,the stream of migration is flowing the otherway.A.pastoralB.pastimeC.pastureD.pastyA【答案】句意：只有少数殷实的绅士仍然可以避居乡间过着田园生活。bucolic意为牧歌般的。pastoral牧歌。pastime消遣；娱乐。pasture牧草。pasty肉馅饼；苍白的。因此答案选A。【解析】12.Both gas and oil can be found in the minute pores of rocks such aslimestone and sandstone.A.outcomeB.outputC.outletD.outfitC【答案】句意：天然气和石油都可以在石灰岩和砂岩等岩石的微小孔隙中找到。pore孔隙；气孔。outcome结果。output输出。outlet出口。outfit装备。因此答案选C。【解析】13.Critics have traced the genesis of Mark Twains central themes to hisboyhood experiences.A.meaningB.structureC.originD.optimismC【答案】句意：批评家们把马克吐温的中心主题的起源追溯到他童年时代的经历。genesis起源；创始。meaning意义。structure结构。origin起源。optimism乐观。因此答案选C。【解析】14.To conceal itself,an octopus sensing danger will squirt a black fluidthrough an opening under its head.A.strainB.swallowC.soak upD.spurt outD【答案】句意：为了隐藏自身，当章鱼感知到危险时将通过其头部下方的开口喷射黑色液体。squirt喷射。strain拉紧。swallow吞下。soakup吸收。spurt out喷。因此答案选D。【解析】15.Swifts build nests made of twigs that they cement together with theirsaliva.A.pressB.pushC.stickD.gatherC【答案】句意：雨燕用它们的唾液粘合树枝做巢。cement粘牢。press挤压。push推。stick粘住。gather聚集。因此答案选C。【解析】16.Fine freshwater pearls are found in the main stream and thetributaries of the Mississippi River.A.banksB.deltasC.branchesD.currentsC【答案】句意：密西西比河干流和支流发现了质量上乘的淡水珍珠。tributary支流。bank河岸。delta三角。branch分支。current洋流。因此答案选C。【解析】17.In humans the skin is renewed continually and imperceptibly.A.incrediblyB.rapidlyC.completelyD.unnoticeablyD【答案】句意：人类皮肤是不断地、不知不觉地更新的。imperceptibly不知不觉地。incredibly难以置信地。rapidly迅速地。completely完全地。unnoticeably不知不觉。因此答案选D。【解析】18.Penguins do not suffer from the cold in Antarctica because theirfeathers secrete a protective oil.A.hideB.warmC.produceD.absorbC【答案】句意：企鹅在南极洲不感冒，因为它们的羽毛分泌保护油。secrete分泌。hide隐藏。warm加热。produce产生。absorb吸收。因此答案选C。【解析】19.Chemists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee havedeveloped a process for recovering silver from liquid photographic wastes.A.identifyingB.refinishingC.dissolvingD.retrievingD【答案】句意：田纳西橡树岭国家实验室的化学家们发明了一种从液态照相废料中回收银的方法。recover恢复；回收。identify认出。refinish修补。dissolve溶解。retrieve恢复。因此答案选D。【解析】20.Many painters and writers live in the artists havens of Taos andSanta Fe,cities that are rich in New Mexicos ethnic heritage.A.traditionB.inspirationC.varietyD.wealthA【答案】句意：许多画家和作家生活在艺术家的天堂陶斯和圣达菲，因为这两个城市的新墨西哥民族文化遗产很丰富。heritage遗产。tradition传统。inspiration感。variety多样。wealth财富。因此答案选A。【解析】.Read the following three passages and answer the questions aftereach passage.(25%)Passage 1All men are snobs about something.One is most tempted to add:Thereis nothing about which no men can feel snobbish.But this would doubtlesslybe an exaggeration.There are certain disfiguring and mortal diseases aboutwhich there has probably never been any snobbery.I cannot imagine,forexample,there are any leprosy-snobs.More picturesque diseases,even whenthey are dangerous,particularly when they are adolescent consumption-snobs,who thought it would be romantic to fade away in the flower of youth,like John Keats or Marie Bashkirtseff.Alas,the final stage of consumptivefading are generally a good deal less romantic than these ingenuous youngtubercle-snobs seem to imagine.To anyone who has actually witnessed thesefinal stages,the complacent poeticizings of these adolescents must seem asexasperating as they are profoundly pathetic.In the case of those commonerdisease-snobs,whose claim to distinction is that they suffer from one of themaladies of the rich,exasperation is not tempered by very much sympathy.People who possess sufficient leisure,sufficient wealth,not to mentionsufficient health,to go travelling from spa to spa,from doctor to fashionabledoctor,in search of cures from problematical diseases(which,in so far asthey exist at all,probably have their source in overeating)cannot expect us tobe very lavish in our solicitude and pity.Disease-snobbery is only one out of a great multitude of snobberies,ofwhich now some,now others take pride of place in general esteem.For snobsebb and flow;their empire rises,declines,and falls in the most approvedhistorical manner.What good snobberies a hundred years ago are now out offashion.Thus the snobberies of family is everywhere on the decline.Thesnobbery of culture,still strong,has now to wrestle with an organized andactive low-browism,with a snobbery of ignorance and stupidity unique,sofar as I know,in the whole of history.Modernity-snobbery,though not exclusive to our age,has come toassume an invaluable importance.The reasons for this are simple and of astrictly economic character.Thanks to modem machinery,production isoutrunning consumption.Organized waste among consumers is the firstcondition:our industrial prosperity.The sooner the customer throws away theobject he has brought and buys another,the better for the producer.At thesame time,the producer must do his bit by producing nothing but the mostperishable articles.“The man who builds a skyscraper to last more than fortyyears is a traitor to the building trade.”The words are those of a greatAmerican contractor.Substitute motor-car,boot,suit of clothes,etc.,forskyscraper,and one year,three months,six months,and so on for forty years,and you have the gospel of any leader of any modem industry.Themodernity-snob,it is obvious,is this industrialists best friend.Formodernity-snobs naturally tend to throw away their old possessions and buy-new ones at a great rate than those who are not modernity-snobs.Therefore itis in the producers interest to encourage modernity-snobbery.“Which in facthe does doon an enormous scale and to the tune of millions and millions ayearby means of advertising.The newspapers do their best to help thosewho help them;and to the flood of advertisement is added a flood of lessdirectly paid-for propaganda in favor of modernity-modernity.The public istaught that up-to-dateness is one of the first duties of man.Docile,it acceptsthe reiterated suggestion.We are all modernity-snobs now.Questions 1-10:1.In paragraph 1,which of the following is untrue?A.The author believes that man can be snobbish about everything.B.Some young tuberculosis-snobs consider it attractive to die in theflower of age.C.Both John Keats and Marie Bashkirtseff died young.D.Disease-snobs are very much fond of the diseases of the rich.2.Matter-of-factly,at the final stages of tuberculosis,the patient is_.A.happy and gayB.feeling romanticC.weakening and dyingD.none of the above3.People are generally _ these commoner disease-snobs.A.sympathetic forB.touched byC.interested inD.annoyed by4.In paragraph 1,the“problemical diseases”refer to those that _.A.are just imaginaryB.really existC.should be questionedD.have problems5.In paragraph 2 according to the author,snobberies _.A.change with the timeB.flourish now and decline thenC.come and goD.all of the above6.When the author talks about“low-browism”,which of the followingis true?A.He admires it.B.He suggests a note of contempt.C.He finds it funny.D.All of the above.7.Which of the following is untrue according paragraph 3?A.Modernity-snobbery is more popular today than ever before.B.The producers are pursuing high quality of their products today.C.Modernity-snobs chase the up-to-dateness rather the quality ofproducts.D.Advertisements promote modernity-snobbery.8.Who welcome the modernity-snobs most?A.The producers.B.The industrialists.C.The advertisers.D.All of the above.9.According to the author,we are all modernity-snobs as a result of_.A.the influence of the advertisementsB.the public educationC.the development of economyD.the quality of modem products10.Li this passage the general tone of the authors is _.A.friendlyB.praisingC.sarcasticD.sympathetic【答案与解析】1.A 根据第一段第二、三句“One is most tempted to add:There isnothing about which no men can feel snobbish.But this would doubtlessly bean exaggeration.”可知，作者认为世界上一切都能成为被势力的对象的观点是夸张的，因此A选项错误。根据第一段第六句“it would beromantic to fade away in the flower of youth,like John Keats or MarieBashkirtseff.”可知，一些人认为像济慈和玛丽巴什基尔采夫都在盛年去世是件很浪漫的事，因此B、C正确。根据第一段第九句“In the case ofthose commoner disease-snobs,whose claim to distinction is that they sufferfrom one of the maladies of the rich,exasperation is not tempered by verymuch sympathy.”可知，得上“富贵病”也能成为骄傲的资本，因此D正确。综上，因此答案选A。2.C 根据第一段第七、八句“Alas,the final stage of consumptivefading are generally a good deal less romantic than these ingenuous youngtubercle-snobs seem to imagine.To anyone who has actually witnessed thesefinal stages,the complacent poeticizings of these adolescents must seem asexasperating as they are profoundly pathetic.”可知，结核病晚期并不是像一些青年人想象的那么浪漫。因此答案选C。3.D 根据第一段倒数第二句“In the case of those commoner disease-snobs,whose claim to distinction is that they suffer from one of the maladiesof the rich,exasperation is not tempered by very much sympathy.”可知，面对这种疾病势力的人，愤怒比同情要多。因此答案选D。4.A 根据第一段最后一句“in search of cures from problematicaldiseases(which,in so far as they exist at all,probably have their source inovereating)cannot expect us to be very lavish in our solicitude and pity.”可知，一些人想象自己有疾病，采用各种方式治病，这种病就算是有也可能知识因为吃太多。因此答案选A。5.D 根据第二段第二句“For snobs ebb and flow;their empire rises,declines,and falls in the most approved historical manner.”可知，疾病势利是众多势利中的一种。在这众多的势利中，此时是这种疾病，而过了一些时间却又是另一种疾病赢得人们的仰慕。由于各种势利的消长，他们各自的帝国也以最为公认的历史性方式兴起、衰落、消亡。因此答案选D。6.B 根据第二段最后一句“The snobbery of culture,still strong,hasnow to wrestle with an organized and active low-browism,with a snobbery ofignorance and stupidity unique,so far as I know,in the whole of history.”可知，在整个历史上，文化的势力仍然很强，现在已经组织起来，积极地进行低层次和愚蠢的独特斗争。作者对此是持蔑视态度的。因此答案选B。7.B 根据第三段第七句“The man who builds a skyscraper to last morethan forty years is a traitor to the building trade.”可知，建造一座寿命超过40年的大楼的人，就是建筑业的叛徒，消费者弃旧购新的速度越快，对商人们越有利，商人们为了加快这一进程，故意生产质量低下的产品。因此答案选B。8.D 根据第三段第十句“The modernity-snob,it is obvious,is thisindustrialists best friend.”第十二句“Therefore it is in the producers interestto encourage modernity-snobbery.”第十四句“The newspapers do their bestto help those who help them;and to the flood of advertisement is added aflood of less directly paid-for propaganda in favor of modernity-modernity.”可知，弃旧购新对生厂商、广告商、经销商都有利。因此答案选D。9.A 根据第三段最后两句“The public is taught that up-to-dateness isone of the first duties of man.Docile,it accepts the reiterated suggestion.Weare all modernity-snobs now.”可知，在广告的影响下，我们都被教导要跟上时代步伐，因此都成为了势力者。因此答案选A。10.C 全文分析题。作者在文中表达了对“疾病势力者”的蔑视，以及描述现在所有人沦为“势力者”的现状可以分析出，作者对这一现象是讽刺的。因此答案选C。Passage 2Seventeenth-century houses in colonial North American were simplestructures that were primarily functional,carrying over traditional designsthat went back to the Middle Ages.During the first half of the eighteencentury,however,houses began to show a new elegance.As wealthincreased,more and more colonist built fine houses.Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies,the design of buildings was left either to amateur designers or to carpenterswho were engaged in translating architectural handbooks imported fromEngland.Inventories of libraries shows an astonishing number of thesehandbooks for builders,and the houses built during the eighteenth centuryshow their influence.Nevertheless,most household architecture of the first-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide divergence of taste andfreedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.Increasing wealth and growing sophistication throughout the coloniesresulted in houses of improved design,whether the material was wood,sto