1、小学六年级语法笔记一英语国际音标 元音音素:(20个)单元音:/:/:/ /:/i:/u:/ /u/e/ /双元音:/e/a/e/a/辅音音素:(28个)轻辅音/p/t/k/f/s/浊辅音/b/d/g/v/z/轻辅音/h/ts/t/tr/浊辅音/r/dz/d/dr/鼻音/m/n/ 半元音/j/ w/边音/同音词: sun 太阳son 儿子aunt 阿姨arent不是 right对的write写meet碰见meat肉pair对pear梨for 为 four 四be 是bee蜜蜂hi喂high 高的here 这里hear听 see 海洋see看见I 我eye眼睛know 知道no 不our 我们的
2、hour 小时father父亲farther更远的week 星期 weak弱there那边their她们的too也two二to到by 乘bye 再见buy买二词型变化:1名词加复数的变化规则:1)一般名词后加“s”: bookbooks 2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加es:bus-buses,box-boxes ,watch-watches 3) 以“o”结尾的名词:有生命的加“es” potatopotatoes 土豆,tomatotomatoes西红柿,hippohippoes河马,heroheroes 英雄,mangomangoes 芒果无生命的加“s”:photophotos 相
3、片, radioradios收音机,zoozoos 动物园4) 以“y”结尾的名词: 元音字母+y 直接加“s”:boy-boys 辅音字母+y,去掉y,再加ies:family-families,city-cities5) 以f/fe结尾的名词,去掉f/fe,再加ves:knifeknives,leafleaves叶子特殊的: 一加,二改,三不变 一加:children oxen 二改: foot-feet tooth-teeth woman-women man-men 三不变:sheep, deer, people, Chinese, Japanese2不可数名词(不能在名词后面直接加“s
4、”)bread tea rice milk chicken coffee orange pork porridge paper glue juice sugar tofu a piece of bread ,a cup of tea 有些名词以复数形式clothes ,chopsticks ,trousers ,jeans ,pants ,scissors (be动词要用复数形式are)3名词所有格1. 表达有生命所有格的+s:Toms bag ,mothers friend2. 复数的在后面直接加s:boysbags ,TeachersDay3. 表达两者分别有:Lucys and Lily
5、s bags表达两者共有:Lucy and Lilys bag (名词单数) 4.无生命的用“of”连接:a map of China 一幅中国的地图 2动词第三称单数形式的变化规则:1) 一般动词后加“s”,get-gets,look-looks2) 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词后加“es”,guessguesses ,watchwatches,washwashes3) 以“o”结尾的动词加“es”,dodoes,gogoes 4) 以“y”结尾的动词 元音字母+y,直接加“s”:playplays 辅音+y,去掉y,再加“ies”:flyflies 5) have第三人称单数:has3现
6、在分词的变化规则(即动词+ing)1)一般动词后+ing: listenlistening 2)以不发音e结尾的动词,去掉e,再加ing: makemaking ,comecoming ,practicepracticing特殊:seeseeing,bebeing 3)重读闭音节,双写最后一个字母,再加ing: runrunning,getgetting ,putputting ,swimswimming ,sitsitting,cutcutting,stopstopping ,shopshopping, beginbeginning ,forgetforgetting 4动词过式的变化规则:
7、1) 一般动词后加ed :walkwalked, helphelped 2) 以e结尾直接加d: useused,livelived 3) 以y结尾的动词:i. 元音字母,直接+ed,playplayedii. 辅音字母+y,去掉y,再加ied,carrycarried4)重读闭音节,双写最后一个字母,再加ed. stopstopped,shopshopped,dropdropped,clapclapped 动词过去式不规则形式:am/iswas,arewere,do/doesdid,have/hashad,gowent,writewrote,comecame,seesaw,riderode,
8、drinkdrank,eatate,singsang,sitsat,saysaid,breakbroke,getgot,forgetforgot,runran,swimswam,sweepswept,fallfell,taketook,feelfelt,makemade,sendsent,buybought,bringbrought,findfound,flyflewtelltold,teachtaught,catchcaught,drawdrew,givegave,meetmet,knowknew,loselost,smellsmelt,sleepslept,beginbegan,think
9、thought,holdheld动词与动词过去式同样cutcut,putput ,readread,letlet,hurthurt,三数词基数词 序数词 缩写形式 one first 1st two second 2nd three third 3rd four fourth 4th five fifth 5th six sixth 6th seven seventh 7th eight eighth 8th nine ninth 9th ten tenth 10th eleven eleventh 11th twelve twelfth 12th twenty twentieth 20th
10、twenty-one twenty-first 21st 百位数:用and连接(百位与十位)101:a hundred and one 112: one hundred and twelve 千位数:千-百-(and)-十位-个位1235:one thousand two hundred and thirty-five 1.基数词变序数词的顺口溜基变序,有规律,词尾加上th ;一,二,三特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d;八减t,九减e,f来把ve替,单词ty结尾,ty变成tie,若是碰到几十几,只变个位就可以。2.时间表达方法:a half 一半 a quarter 十五分 past和to表达“几点
11、几分”的用法:A:分钟数在30分钟内: 分钟数+past+钟点数,表达“几点过几分” 如:9:20=twenty past nineB:分钟数超过30分钟:(60-分钟数)+to +(下一个钟点数)。 表达“差几分几点” 如: 9:50(差10分10点):ten to ten3.年月日两种表达方法 2023,1,10 January (the) 10th,2023 the tenth of January ,2023四冠词 A. a B. an C. the D . / (零冠词) a/an 不定冠词 , 表泛指 + 可数名词单数A. a + 辅音音素 a book a table a use
12、ful book / ju:/ B: an + 元音音素 (元音:a e i o u /ju:/ an umbrella / an hour /au/ an honest boy / 一个诚实的男孩 There is a ” U” in the world useful . There is an “F” in the world farmer . an a / e / i / o / f / h / l / m / n / r / s / x C: 定冠词 the 1. 表特指 The man in red is my teacher . 2. 名词第二次出现 This is an Engl
13、ish book .The book is mine . 3. 乐器类名词前 play the piano play the violin 4. 形容词最高级前 the tallest boy 5. 序数词前 the first 第一 the second 第二 the third 第三6. the +姓s the Smiths 史密斯一家人 或 史密斯夫妇7. 世界独一无二的名词 the son the moon the earth 8. the + 特定的开容词,表达一类人 the rich 富有的人 the old 老人 D零冠词 1.球类,棋类名词前不用冠词 play football
14、 play chess 2.三餐 have breakfast have lunch have supper 3.固定搭配 at night 晚上 at noon 中午 4.季节、月份、星期前不加冠词 五形容词 1.概念 用来表述人或物的特性的词。 2.用法 1) 形容词+名词 2)be动词+形容词 3)感官类动词(系动词look看起来,sound听起来,smell闻起来,taste尝起来,feel感觉)+形容词 3.形容词原级、比较级、最高级1) 一般形容词直接加er,est small-smaller-smallest 2) 以字母e结尾的单词直接加r,st large-larger-la
15、rgest3) 重读闭音节结尾的双写结尾辅音字母再加er或est(辅音+元音+辅音) fat-fatter-fattest ,thin-thinner-thinnest4) 辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i再加er或est happy-happier-happiest5) 不规则变化 good/well-better-best many/much-more-most ill(病的)/bad(badly)-worse-worst little(少的)-less-least 6) 多音节的形容词,在前面直接加more或most beautiful, more beautiful,most beauti
16、ful 一些副词:slowly-more slowly-most slowly4.形容词比较级和最高级的用法1)比较级用于两者的比较 基本的句式:a) Which,or?Which is bigger ,an elephant or a hippo ?b) be+比较级+than+其它 Im taller than you ?2)最高级的用法,用于三者或三者以上的比较 构成:the +最高级+表达范围内的短语(in,of) I am the shortest in my class . He is the oldest of the three boys . Who is the younge
17、st Tony ,Jenny or Lisa ?最高级之前一定加上“the”3)原级:不比较,只说特性as +形容词原级+as ,与同样, not as as ,as expensive as 同样贵 as tall as 同样高六句型转换1陈述句改一般疑问句变化规则 a.句子中有be动词(is ,are,was,were)把be动词放在句首,其余照写。b.句子中有(must,can ,could,will,would等情态动词),把can,will放在句首,其余照写。c.“I am”改为“Are you”, “I was”改“Were you”e.some改any,I 改you,my改you
18、rd.句子中有行为动词,借助动词do ,does,did放句首,Do/Does/Did+主语+动原+其它?一般疑问句有两种回答1. 肯定回答:yes,否认回答:no2. 特殊情况:a:Is this ? Yes,it is .() Yes, this is . ()b:Is that? No,it isnt . () No,that isnt. ()后面接物用it,后面接人用he/sheAre these? Yes,these are . () Are those? Yes,those are . () 回答一律用yes,they are ./No ,they arent . Is there
19、? (有吗?) Yes,there is ./No,there isnt.Are there? Yes, there arent./No,there arent. Are you ? 回答:Yes, I am ./No ,I am not . Yes,we are./No,we arent. Were you ? 回答:Yes,I was ./No,I wasnt. Yes,we were ./No,we werent.常见缩写:is not=isnt are not=arent can not=cant was not=wasntwere not=werent do not=dont doe
20、s not=doesnt will not=wont should not=shouldnt 2特殊疑问句构成:疑问词+一般疑问句形式?What问物体、职业、名字,what+(grade年级class班级color颜色day星期time时间) how 问身体健康方面 问有关交能工具 问限度(形容词)how many(多少) +可数名词复数+一般疑问句?how much:how much (多少)+不可数句词+一般疑问句? 多少钱 how often多久一次 how long 多长时间 how far 多远how heavy多重how old多少岁(问年龄)why为什么(因素)who谁where
21、 问地方which哪一个 whose谁的划线部分是物主代词、名词所有格 构成:a:Whose+名词+一般疑问句? B:Whose+一般疑问句?(this,that ,these,those开头的句型可以用两种形式,其余只能用形式a )问职业的句子What are you ?=What do you do ? What is he ?=What does he do ?3. 陈述句变否认句的变化规则1 在be动词(am,is,are,was,were)直接加上not .2 在must,can ,could,will,would 等情态动词后面直接加not.3 some改any4 句子中有行为动词
22、,借助动词(do/does/did+not+动词原形)5 祈使句的否认句,在动词前加“Dont”6.had better +not最佳 tell sb. not to do sth 告诉某人不做某事4.There be 有 1. be动词(is ,are,was,were)按“就近原则”进行选择There is a book and two books on the desk .There are two books and a book on the desk . there be 表达某地有某物(有介词短语引导的)表达存在的有 have,has则表面某人有某物“拥有” there be与h
23、ave/has不能同时用 have:用于第一人称和第二人称 has:用于第三人称单数 have got =have ,has got =has 七时态一般现在时的基本用法(动词第三人称的变化) 1. 表达经常发生的动作或存在的状态常与下列进间状语连用:usually、often、always、 sometimes、everyday 、evey morning2. 表达爱好、爱好、现在状态I like aplle . 现在进行时的基本用法 be(is,am,are)+Ving1. 表达说话时正在进行的动作或状态,常与now 连用。2. 问句是“Whatdoing”时,回答一定用现在进行时态3.
24、句首出现“listen,look”时,表达引起注意,要用现在进行时Listen!The birds are singing . 一般过去时表达过去动作或状态1. 常与下列时间状语连用Yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week(month,year)ago,this morning2. 动词要用过去式,没有人称的变化一般将来时 表达将要发生的动作或存在的状态,1.常与下列时间状语连用Tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,next(Monday,month,year.),tonight今晚3. 构成be going to +动
25、词原形 ,will+动词原形 做题的方法1. 看时间状语2. 判断时态3. 选择句式八代词:主格 I yousheitweyouthey宾格meyouheritusyouthem形容词性物主代词myyourheritsouryourtheir句词性物主代词mineyoursHersitsoursyourstheirs反身代词myselfyourselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves人称代词:主格充当主语(一般用于句子开头) 宾格用于介词/动词之后物主代词:形容词物主代词后面修饰名词 名词性物主代词后面不接句词 反身代词:-self,-sel
26、ves 自已 I clean the house by myself七书面表达1. 审题,判断时态2. 用上时态的对的句子结构形式3. 单词拼写对的4. 标点符号对的八单数句变复数句形式1. be动词(am,is)-are, waswere2. 所有单数句词改复数名词3. 个别词的变化: this这these 这些,that那those那些 he,it,she-they ,myour ,his,her,itstheir,Iwe ,meus九打电话用语 this:表达自己,that 表达对方不能用I , you A:Hello!This is Miss liu.Is that Yifan ?B:
27、This is Yifan .或A:May I speak to ? B:Speaking . 十感慨句 1. What +名词词组+陈述句!2. How+形容词+陈述句 !What a beautiful school (it is ) !What beauful schools (they are) !How beautiful the school is !十一.选择疑问句 一般疑问句的形式,但是回答不是YES或NO. 特殊疑问句会给出选项。 是按特殊疑问句来回答。十二.反意疑问句 前面否认,后面肯定 前面肯定,后面否认 回答: 不管肯定否认在哪,只看他说的是不是事实,是事实就是YES,
28、不是事实就是NO十三.祈使句 1. 动词原形放句首(没有主语) 2. 变否认期,直接在动词前加 Dont. 3. 变否认期,在句首加no ,动词用V-ing动词+“s”的发音1. 在清辅后读/s/ stops/s/ likes /s/2. 在浊辅音和元音后读/z/ stays/z/ learns/z/3. 词尾加es的读/iz/ teaches/iz/ fishes/iz/动词+“ed”的发音1. 在清辅音后读/t/ stopped/t/2. 在浊辅音和元音后读/d/ climbed/d/ studied /d/3. 以t和d结尾+ed /id/ planted/id/ mended/id/
29、注意下列用法:1 must ,can,shall,will+动原2 Lets +动原3 do,does,did,dont,doesnt,didnt+动原4 help+动原 help sb. (to) do sth / help sb.with sth 帮助某人做某事I help my mother od housework . 5 like+Ving/to do6 介词后面+Ving: She is good at dancing . 7.Youd better +动原 (最佳)Youd better not +动原 (最佳不要)Youd better not talk in class. 8
30、.want +动词不定式 to do I want to buy a story book . 9.enjoy+Ving 喜欢做 10.Its time to +动原 是做某事的时候了Its time to have breakfast. 11.remember doing sth 表达“记得做过某事” (动作已发生)remember to do sth 记得去做某事 (动作未发生)I remember to take an umbrella .我记得去拿一把雨伞。12.forget doing sth. 忘掉做过某事forget to do sth. 忘掉去做某事 I forget to do my homework . 我忘掉去做作业了。13.stop doing sth. 停止做某事 stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事 Stop talking .停止发言。 14.would like to do sth.: 想要做某事15.ask sb. to do sth. 规定某人做某事;叫某人做某事;