2023年初中英语知识点总结动词知识点总结.doc

初中英语知识点总结：动词知识点总结（一）掌握动词的现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词四种形式的构成规则；1、动词现在时的第三人称单数的构成：词尾加-s look-looks find-finds以s,x,ch,sh或o结尾词尾加-es watch-watches,push-pushes以“辅音字母+y”结尾变y为i再加-es fly-flies,apply-applies2、动词的过去式及过去分词的构成：规则动词的变化：词尾加-ed look-looked,looked以e结尾词尾加-d live-lived,lived以“辅音字母+Y”结尾，变y为i，再加-ed carry-carried,carried以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母双写该辅音字母，再加-ed stop-stopped不规则动词的变化。（略）3、动词的现在分词的构成：直接加-ing look-looking watch-watching以e结尾去e加-ing come-coming move-moving以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母，再加-ing swim-swimming以ie结尾且为重读开音节变ie加y再加ing die-dying lie-lying（二）掌握动词六种时态的基本结构，重要用法及区别（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去进行时、现在进行时和现在完毕时）1、一般现在时一般现在时常用来表达现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作，与always,usually,often,sometimes,every day(week,month)等连用；表达现在的事实或状态；表达主语所具有的特性，性格和能力；以及表达客观事实或普遍其理。一般现在时的构成：一般现在时通常以动词原形表达，但当主语是第三人称单数时，动词原形后需加-s或-es。She likes biology very much.她非常喜欢生物。They often go to school by bike.他们通常骑车上学。2、一般过去时一般过去时表达过去发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表达过去时间的副词如：yesterday,last week,two hours ago等连用；表达过去一段时间经常或反复发生的动作，这时可与频度副词often,usually,always等连用；表达过去发生的一连串动作，以及在时间和条件状语从句中，用一般过去时表达过去将来的动作。一般过去时的构成：一般过去时由动词的过去式构成。We met each other on the street yesterday.我们昨天在街上碰见了。She often went swimming last year.她去年经常去游泳。They moved the chairs to the table,sat down and began to have supper.他们把椅子搬到桌边，坐下开始吃饭。Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained.玛丽告诉我假如下雨她就呆在家里。3、一般将来时一般将来时表达将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表达将来的时间状语如next month,tomorrow,in a week,soon等连用。一般将来时的构成：（1）一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。其中shall重要用于主语是第一人称（I和we）的疑问句中。（2）也可以用“be going to+动词原形”这个结构来表达根据目前迹象很有也许发生的某件事情，或是打算、计划、以及决定要做某件事情等。They will have a class meeting next Tuesday.他们下周二将举行班会。We shall meet at the school gate.我们将在学校大门口见。It is going to rain.要下雨了。4、现在进行时现在进行时表达现在正在进行或发生的动作，常与now,at present,at this,moment等连用；或与these days,this week/month等连用，表达现阶段正在进行的动作。有时还与always,continually,forever等词连用，表达反复出现的动作，代替一般现在时，表达说话人强烈的感情。如赞扬、不满、讨厌等。如：588.esHe is always asking such silly questions.他老是提这类愚蠢的问题。现在进行时的构成：现在进行时由“be(am/is/are)+V-ing”构成。They are watching TV now.他们正在看电视。The dog is enjoying his meal.小狗正在吃饭。5、过去进行时过去进行时的用法与现在进行时用法相同，只但是参照的时间基准点不同。过去进行表达过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。一般和特定的时间状语或状语从句连用。如：then,at that time,at eight yesterday,this time yesterday,when he came in等。过去进行时的构成与现在进行时类似，只但是把be(am,is,are)变为过去式（was,were）They were watching TV at that time.他们那会正在看电视。The dog was enjoying his meal at this time yesterday.小狗昨天这个时候正在吃饭。6、现在完毕时表达动作已经完毕，但后果或影响仍在，常与already,just,yet等副词连用；或是表达过去发生的动作一直连续到现在，常与for或since引导的一段时间状语连用。现在完毕时由助动词“have/has+过去分词”构成。He has already come back.他已经回来了。He has lived here for three years.他在此住了两年了。（三）掌握系动词be,look,feel,smell,get,become,turn,keep等的基本用法常见的连系动词有：become,turn,get,grow,keep,feel,look,seem,smell,fall等。它们后面常接形容词，构成系表结构。Please keep the classroom clean.请保持教室的干净。The bread looks very fresh.这些面包看上去很新鲜。（四）了解过去将来时、过去完毕时态的基本用法；过去将来时表达从过去某一时点看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时和一般将来时的构成相同，只是把will,shall变为过去式would,should，把助动词be的过去式变为过去式was或were而已。如：They were going to have a meeting.他们曾打算开会。过去完毕时表达在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完毕的行为或存在的状态。与现在完毕的用法相同，只但是作为衡量基准点的时间点不同，现在完毕时以现在作为衡量的基准点，而过去完毕时则以过去某个时刻作为基准点。它表达在过去某一时刻或动作之前完毕了的动作，即“过去的过去”，常by,before引导的时间状语连用。如：By the time he was ten,Edison had built a lab for himself.到爱迪生10岁时，他已给自己建了一个实验室。She said she had worked in that hospital for 20 years.她说她已在那所医院工作2023了。（五）掌握助动词be,do,have,shall,will的基本用法；助动词是“辅助性”动词，一般没有词义，不能单独作谓语，但可用来帮助构成谓语，表达不同的时态，语态，和数的变化。常见的助动词有：（1）be(am,is,are,was,were,being,been)与现在分词结合，构成各种进行时态；或与过去分词结合构成被动语态。Im looking for my pen.我正在找我的笔。（现在进行时）These cups are made in China.这些杯子是中国制造的。（被动语态）（2）have(has,had,having)与过去分词结合，构成完毕时。They have known each other for twenty years.他们互相结识有二十年了。（现在完毕时）He had built a chemistry lab for himself at the age of ten.他十岁时就已经为自己建了一个化学实验室。（过去完毕时）（3）do(does,did)助动词do后只能跟动词原形，与not及其他动词结合构成否认句，或置于主语之前构成疑问句。He does not speak English.他不说英语。When did he come back?他什么时候回来的？（4）will(would),shall(should)will能用于一般将来时的任何人称后；would是will的过去时，能用于过去将来时；两者后面都接动词原形。The plane will arrive in ten minutes.飞机十分中后将要到达。I was sure we would win.我确信用我们会赢。shall与should这两个助动词自身没有词义，shall只能用于一般将来时的第一人称后；should是shall的过去时，只能用于过去将来时的第一人称后；两者后面都接动词原形。We shall meet at the school gate tomorrow.我们明天将在校门口见。I told them that I should do the work alone.我告诉他们我将独自做那项工作。（一）掌握情态动词can,must,need,may等基本句型结构及重要用法情态动词在英文中是“辅助性”动词，用来表达说话人的语气或情态，涉及请求、命令、允诺、也许、需要、敢于、愿望、义务、能力等。情态动词自身有词义，但词义不完全，不能单独用作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，且后面只跟动词原形。情态动词的种类：can could能may might可以（或许）must must(had to)必须（不得不）will would乐意shall should应当need needed需要dare dared敢于can的用法（1）表达体力或脑力方面的“能力”，也能表达根据客观条件能做某事的“能力”。The boy can swim very well.Who can answer this question?（2）表达允许The students can leave after the meeting.When can I get the news?（3）表达推测It can be wrong.Who can your new teacher next term?could的用法（1）can的过去式，表达过去有能力及过去的也许性。They could run very fast when they were young.Could you speak English at that time?（2）表达客气地请求或委婉地陈述意见。Could I borrow your bike?Could you listen to me carefully?（3）表达惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度How could that be?She couldnt know me.must的用法（1）表达义务，命令或必要You must finish it before 5 oclock.Must I hand it in now?（2）表达肯定的推测：一定She must be a pretty girl.You must be wrong.need的用法588.es(1)表达“需要，必须”，重要用于否认句和疑问句中。We need to pay more attention.Need I call him for you?（2）need引导的疑问句，肯定回答时多用must，否认回答时用neednt。Need he come?他必须来吗？Yes,he must.是的，必须来。No,he neednt.不，他不必来。may的用法（1）表达请求、许可、可以May I ask you some questions?May we start now?（2）表达推测说话人的猜测，认为某一事情“或许”或“也许”发生。He may be 25 years old.We may come back in three days.（3）may用于感慨句中可以表达祝愿或愿望。May you success!May you have a nice trip！should的用法should意思是“应当”，表达劝告或建议（=ought to）Who should I meet this afternoon?You should pack you bag quickly.（二）了解一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时三种时态的被动语态的结构形式及其基本用法被动语态表达主语是动作的承受者。一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表达被动意义。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词（p.p.）”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否认式的变化亦如此。1一般现在时的被动语态（am/is/are+done）English is spoken by lots of people in the world.世界上的许多人都说英语。Class meeting is held every Thursday.每周四都举行班会。The classroom is cleaned by the students every day.学生们天天都打扫教室。2一般过去时的被动语态(was/were+done)The cup was broken by the boy.杯子被那个男孩打坏了。He was saved at last.他最终获救了。My bike was stolen.我的自行车被偷了。3一般将来时的被动语态(will/shall be+done;would/should be+done)A speech will be given this afternoon.今天下午有一个演讲。A new road will be built next year.明年要修一条新马路。I think thousands of people will be helped.我认为将有数千人得到帮助。（三）了解具有情态动词的被动语态的构成形式及其基本用法情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词;其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完毕，“be+过去分词”部分不变。如：Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制造。Tables could be made of stone at that time.那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）Can tables be made of stone?桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句）（四）动词不定式的基本用法动词不定式在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语和宾语补足语和状语（涉及目的状语，结果状语和因素状语。）1）作主语To dance with you makes me happy.和你跳舞令我快乐。It is difficult to drive in the mountains.(=To drive in the mountains is difficult.)在山里开车很困难。2）作宾语后接不定式作宾语的及物动词多是表达“意愿”、“企图”等的动词，如：hope,want,wish,desire,like,decide,try，promise,refuse.I want to talk with her.我想和她谈谈。She has decided to go.她已决定要走。在feel,find,think,consider,made等动词后假如是不定式作宾语，而补语是形容词，则通常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语即不定式移至形容词之后。如：I find it impossible to forget her.我发现忘掉她是不也许的。He thought it necessary to take an umbrella.他认为带把伞是必要的。3）作表语Her wish is to be a teacher.他的愿望是成为一名教师。Your duty is to clean the classroom.你的任务是打扫教室。4）作宾语补足语He wants me to come earlier.他想要我来得更早些。The policeman ordered them to turn around.警察命令他们转过身。5）作目的状语：She opened the window to let some fresh air in.她打开窗子好让新鲜空气进来。I went there to see her yesterday.昨天我去那儿看她了。6）作结果状语：He is too tired to go any further.他太累了，不能再走了。He is not old enough to join the army.他年龄太小，不能参军。7）作因素状语：不定式跟在表达“喜、怒、哀、乐”的形容词之后，可以表达引起这些情感的因素。Im sorry to trouble you.真抱歉给你带来麻烦。Im glad to see you.见到你真快乐。