考研英语写作讲义--跨考教育.pdf

Bo r n t o w in目 录第一部分考研英语写作总论.2第二部分 考研英语应用文写作.8第三部分考研英语短文写作.45第四部分考研英语短文分专题写作训练题.76第五部分考研英语写作语言表达训练.103第六部分考研英语写作语言表达训练答案.126附：历年考研英语写作试题.149附：历年四六级英语写作试题.158全国统一服务热线：4006682155Bo r n t o w in!精勤求学自强不息第一部分考研英语写作总论一、试卷结构该部分由A、B两节组成，考查考生的书面表达能力。总分30分。A节：考生根据所给情景写出约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人和 公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。考生在答题卡2上作答。总分10分。B节：考生根据提示信息写出一篇160200词的短文（标点符号不计算在内）。提示信息的 形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。考生在答题卡2上作答。总分20分。二、评价目标考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能 写一般描述性、叙述性、说明性或议论性的文章。写作时，考生应：1）做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；2）遵循文章的特定文体格式；3）合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贵；4）根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当使用语域。三、评分标准（一）评分原则和方法1.一般评分标准适用于A、B两节。但根据两节不同的考查要点，评分时会有不同的侧 重点。A节：应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确、格式和语域 的恰当。对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语 中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。B节：短文的评分重点在于内容的完整性、文章的组织连贯性、语法结构和词汇的多样 2全国统一服务热线：4006682155Bo r n t o w in性及语言的准确性。2.评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来评分。评 分人员在档内有1 3分的调节分。3.A节作文的字数要求是100词左右。B节作文的字数要求是160-200词。文章长度不 符合要求的，酌情扣分。4.拼写与标点符号是反映语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，要视其对交际的影响程度予 以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。5.如书写较差，以致影响读者理解，将分数降低一个档次。（二）一般评分标准第五档很好地完成了试题规定的任务A节包含所有内容要点；（9-10 分）使用丰富的语法结构和词汇；B节语言自然流畅，语法错误极少；（17-20 分）有效地采用了多种衔接手法，文字连贯，层次清晰；格式与语域恰当贴切。对目标读者（即语言接受对象）完全产生了预期的效果。第四档较好地完成了试题规定的任务A节包含所有内容要点，允许漏掉1、2个次重点；（7-8 分）使用较丰富的语法结构和词汇；B节语言基本准确，只有在试图使用复杂结构或较高级词汇时才有个（13-16 分）别错误；采用了适当的衔接手法，层次清晰，组织较严密；全国统一服务热线：40066821553Bo r n t o w in!精勤求学自强不息格式和语域较恰当。对目标读者产生了预期的效果。第三档基本完成了试题规定的任务A节虽漏掉一些内容，但包含多数内容要点；（5-6 分）应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的需求；B节有一些语法及词汇错误，但不影响理解；（9-12 分）采用了简单的衔接手法，内容较连贯，层次较清晰；格式和语域基本合理。对目标群体基本产生了预期的效果。第二档未能按要求完成试题规定的任务。A节漏掉或未能有效阐述一些内容要点，写了一些无关内容；（3-4 分）语法结构单调、词汇项目有限；B节有较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解；（5-8 分）未采用恰当的衔接手法，内容缺少连贯性；格式和语域不恰当。未能清楚地传达信息给读者。第一档未完成试题规定的任务A节明显遗漏主要内容，且有许多不相关的内容；（1-2 分）语法项目和词汇的使用单调、重复；B节语言错误多，有碍读者对内容的理解，语言运用能力差；（1-4 分）未使用任何衔接手法，内容不连贯，缺少组织、分段；无格式与语域概念。4全国统一服务热线：4006682155Bo r n t o w in未能传达信息给读者。零档（0分）所传达的信息或使用语言太少，无法评价；内容与要求无关或无法辨认。四、命题总览年份考试题目试题类型题材范围1991 年Where to Live-In the City or the Country提纲作文120-150 words环境专题1992 年For a Better UnderstandingBetween Parent and Child提纲作文，给出首句。120-150 words人际交往1993 年Advertisement on TV提纲作文，给出首句。120-150 words经济文化专题1994 年ON MAKING FRIENDS提纲作文，给出首句120-150 words人际交往1995 年The Project Hope”提纲作文，给出首句。120-150 words教育专题1996 年Good Health提纲作文，给出首句。120-150 words健康专题1997 年Smoking图表作文No less than120 words健康专题1998 年Business Promise andGuarantee漫画作文No less than150 words道德专题1999 年Human Population&Wildlife Protection图表作文No less than150 words环境专题2000 年World Commercial Fishing图画作文 No less than150 words环境专题2001 年Love图画作文About 200 words人际交往全国统一服务热线：40066821555Bo r n t o w in!精勤求学自强不息2002 年Cultures-National&International图画作文About 200 words经济文化专题2003 年Youth Development图画作文About 200 words教育专题2004 年Never Stop Making Progress图画作文About 200 words教育专题2005 年Part A:A Letter of Resignation应用文 No less than 100 words辞职信Part B:Who should take care of our parents?图画作文160-200 words道德专题2006 年Part A:A Letter of Inquiry应用文 No less than 100 words请求信Part B:Idol orship-Admire Crazily&Imitate Blindly图画作文160-200 words教育专题2007 年Part A:A Letter of Suggestion应用文About 100 words建议信Part B:Self-Confidence图画作文160-200 words教育专题2008 年Part A:A Letter of Apology应用文About 100 words道歉信Part B:Cooperation in the Adversity图画作文160-200 words人际交往2009 年Part A:A Letter of Suggestion应用文About 100 words建议信Part B:The Internet:Far or Near?图画作文160-200 words人际交往五、试题类型历届考研英语短文写作主要分为以下两大类型：6全国统一服务热线：4006682155Bo r n t o w in1)19911996 年 给出提纲或开头句的命题写作(writings based on given outlines or opening sentences)2)19972009 年：给出提纲的图画或图表写作(writings based on visual information or pictures or graphs)2005年以后增加了应用文写作，目前已考过辞职信、请求信、建议信和道歉信。六、命题启示从1991年至2009年共计19年的考题来分析我们可以对考研英语写作命题有如下认识：1)应用文题目以书信为主。书信类应用文仍是考生准备的重点。2)写作题目不偏不怪。考研英语写作选题范围都是目前人们最为关注的问题，从子女与父 母的关系到健康的重要性，从近年来泛滥的行业“承诺”到世界烟民的现状，从希望工程到电 视广告，从环境保护到生物种类趋于灭绝。以最近几年的考题为例，2002年和2003年的考 题所涉及的国际文化交流与青少年成材的题目，以及2004年励志教育，2005年良知呼唤，2006年盲目崇拜明星，2007年面对挑战的态度，2008年逆境中的合作以及2009年网络的利 弊等题目，无不反映了当前社会的热门话题。3)考题重复性。有些话题改头换面、翻来覆去重考，所以要重视考研写作真题。如环境问 题，1999年美国人口增长导致野生动物的灭绝，2000年“世界商业捕鱼简史”。如希望工程，1995年“希望工程”，2001年“黑暗是一盏灯，在越黑暗的地方越明亮”(第二段举例论证时，希 望工程就是很好的例子)，2006年应用文请求给希望工程捐款。还有两代关系、文化交流等话 题。4)近十年考题以图画作文为主，图表作文为辅。图画作文完美地考查了考生的论证和写 作能力。与提纲、情景、图表作文相比，图画作文最能考查考生的语言功底。在图画作文常 考的段落类型中，图画描述考查考生观察问题、进行描述的能力；举例论证考查记叙能力；意义阐释考查分析问题能力，建议措施考查解决问题能力，后两者同时考查考生进行说明和 全国统一服务热线：40066821557Bo r n t o w in!精勤求学自强不息论说的能力。第二部分考研英语应用文写作一、应用文写作格式英文书信通常由五个部分组成。它们是：信头、信内地址、称呼、正文、结束语和落款。而在考研应用文写作中，只要求基本格式正确，故把握以下三个部分就可以：称呼、正文和 落款。称呼指写信人对收信人的称谓敬语。在第一行顶格写，后面加逗号。书信写作大致分为两种情况，故称呼语也大致分为两种情况：书信的情况称呼语(1)写给 团体、组织 或机构的 负责人给不认识的人Dear Sir or Madam,/To Whom It May Concern,给认识的人性别+姓：Dear Mr.Wang,性别+职务：Dear Mr./Ms.President/Professor/Manager,职务+姓名：Dear President(James)Wang,(2)写给个人认识，但关系不太亲密同(1)中的熟人或亲属直呼其名：Dear Mary,Dear John,注：president的含义：总统、董事长、总裁、大学校长、会长、主席正文正文是书信中最重要的内容，也是应用文的得分关键。英语书信写作有两种基本格式：缩进式和齐头式。缩进式每段第一行向后缩进4个字母，段与段之间不空行；称呼顶格写，8全国统一服务热线：4006682155Bo r n t o w in正文缩进，落款位于中间偏右的位置。齐头式每段第一行顶格写，段与段之间空一行；称呼、正文、落款均顶格写。本书中范文均采用缩进式。考研应用文写作建议大家采用缩进式格式。考研应用文一般有三点提纲，即三个内容要点。因此，考生应严格按照大纲要求写成三 句，每句表达一个提纲要点，顺序不要打乱，做到文字条理清晰，简明准确。书信作文一般 78句，使用35个关联词，37个从句，首尾两段可套用一些固定句型。下面介绍常见的两 种正文写法：写法一：适用于练习应用文写作初期或是基础一般的同学。1、首段：12句，包括自我介绍和和写作目的。私人信函不用自我介绍。1）自我介绍：1句职员：I am a staff member from your company/corporation.我是贵公司的一名职员。学生：I am a freshman/sophomore/junior/senior/undergraduate/graduate from the English Department of China University of Geosciences.我是中国地质大学外语系一名大一/大二/大三/大四学生/本科生/研究生。2）写作目的：1句I am writing the letter in purpose of placing an order of some books.我写这封信的目的是订购一批书籍。I am writing to inform you that I wish to resign from my current post/position.我写这封信是想告诉您我想辞职。2、第二段：3句1）改写提纲一:1句2）改写提纲二:1句全国统一服务热线：40066821559Bo r n t o w in!精勤求学自强不息3)改写提纲三:1句3、尾段：12句1)表示感谢：1句My thanks for you to your generous help are beyond words.我对您慷慨帮助的感谢难以言表。Words fail me when I want to express my sincere gratitude to you.感激之情，溢于言表。I take this opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation to the kind assistance you render me.我愿借此机会对您的热心帮助表示衷心的感谢。2)期待回信：1句I look forward to hearing from you soon.我期待着尽快得到您的回信。/盼即赐复。I am looking forward to your favorable reply at your earliest convenience.期待您在方便之时尽快给予我圆满的答复。Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.十分感谢您对我的询问给予及时的关注。经典范文2007、08、09年大纲样题Directions:You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books.Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:l)Dctailcd information about the books you want,2)Methods of payment,3)Time and way of delivery.Dear Sir or Madam,As I am planning to take the National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM),I have decided to place an order of some NETEM books with due consideration of the good reputation of your bookstore and the high quality of your books.Firstly,please give me particular accounts as regards names,authors,publishing houses and prices 全国统一服务热线：400668215510Bo r n t o w inof these books.Secondly,I also need to know the terms of payment and after-sell service.Thirdly,I wonder if it is convenient for you to deliver these books by EMS to the headquarters of Beijing XX School by July 1,2010.I would like to express my gratitude for your kind consideration of my requests.I look forward to hearing from you soon.Yours sincerely,LiMing范文详解范文共三段、六句。首段一句，自我介绍并表明写作目的；第二段三句，分别改写三点提纲；尾段两句，首句表示感谢，第二句表达期待回信。写法二：对于基础较好的考生，若想取得考研作文同分，需要重内容表达，在所给信息基础上作合理扩展。自我介绍、表示感谢、期待回信等套话可以少写。1、首段：1句，改写提纲一，一般即写作目的。2、第二段：34句1）改写提纲二：1句2）两点原因或情况：2句3）小结：1句，可不写3、第三段：34句1）改写提纲三：1句2）两点原因或情况：2句3）小结：1句，可不写。经典范文2006年真题Directions:全国统一服务热线：400668215511Bo r n t o w in!精勤求学自强不息You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area.Write a letter to the department concerned,asking them to help find a candidate.You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter with no less than 100 words.Write it on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter;use“Li Ming“instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)To Whom It May Concern,As a student who can support myself,I am writing to request if you can help me find a potential beneficiary of Project Hope.I wonder whether it is convenient for you if two things regarding the child are taken into account.First,the child could come from Sichuan Province because I intend to help a child from my hometown.Second,it will be better if he or she is a primary school student who was forced to drop school because of abject poverty.I would like to help the recipient of my assistance annually until he graduates from college.Firstly,the money will cover his tuition fee and other expenses at school.Besides,I will correspond with him frequently so that he can seek advice whenever he needs.Yours sincerely,Li Ming范文详解题目中背景交代是：“You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to achild in a remote area”。提纲一：Write a letter to the department concerned,asking them to help find a candidate,提纲二：You should specify what kind of child you want to help”,提纲三：“how you will carry out your plan”。范文共三段、七句，首段一句，改写提纲一；第二段三句，采用“总一分结构，首句改写 提纲二，后两句说明两点情况；尾段三句，依然是“总一分”结构，首句改写提纲三，后两句 说明两点情况。落款落款包括结束语和署名两部分。结束语是表示礼节的套语，写在正文下面两三行处的右侧，从中间写起，第一个词的开 12全国统一服务热线：4006682155Bo r n t o w in头字母要大写，末尾用逗号。落款的表达法从严格意义上讲有多种：给机关团体或不认识的人可用：Yours truly 或 Truly yours,Yours faithfully 或 Faithfully yours,Yours sincerely 或 Sincerely yours;给上级或长者可用：Yours respectfully Respectfully yours,Yours obediently 或 Obediently yours,Yours gratefully 或 Gratefully yours;Yours sincerely 或 Sincerely yours;给一般熟人或朋友可用：Yours,或Yours sincerely。而对于考生而言，有一种以不变应万变的表达法，即Yours sincerely,这种落款方式适用于 各种关系的人之间，既可以是朋友之间，也可以是上下级，还可以是素不相识的人等等。写作人署名，要写在结束语下面一行处，要从结束语的中部写起。根据考研大纲，签名 统一为“Li Ming”，千万不要写出自己的真实姓名。特别提示：一般情况下，考研书信类应用 文不要求写日期。二、应用文写作分类讲解(-)表达情感：包括感谢信、致歉信、祝贺信、慰问信等这类信件主要是向对方表达感谢、歉意、祝贺、慰问等情感，开头直接表明写信目的，常用 到这个句型：Fm writing to convey my sincere thanks to you for.或 express hearty gratitude或 extend heartfelt appreciation/apology/congratulations/regretIm writing to thank you for apologizing/congratulating you/comfbrting you中间说明事由，结尾再次表示感谢、歉意、祝贺及良好意愿等。具体如下：感谢信简介：感谢信是向对方表达谢意的书信。感谢对方的关心、支持、帮助或热情款待等。全国统一服务热线：400668215513Bo r n t o w in!精勤求学自强不息主要内容是说明感谢的事由并表示真诚的谢意。写作“三步走”：说明写作目的（表示感谢）说明事由一再次表示真诚感谢注意：表达的感激之情要恰到好处，不要草率，也不要过于夸张。言辞应真挚、得体。建议在结尾尽量表达希望回报对方的愿望，显得更加真诚。模板句型：第一步：说明写作目的（表示感谢）Thank you so much for.I am writing to extend my sincere/hearty gratitude/appreciation for.I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for.I warmly appreciate your hospitality.第二步：说明事由Thank you very much for the gift you sent me.Ifs one of the most wonderful gifts I got on my birthday.I am writing this letter to thank you for your warm hospitality accorded to my delegation and me during our recent visit to your beautiful country.I would also like to thank you for your interesting discussion with me which I have found very informative and useful.第三步：再次表示感谢Thanks again.Again,I would like to express my warm thanks to you!Please accept my gratitude.Thanks again and I hope that I will have the opportunity to retum/repay your kindness.I am looking forward to.作文范文：例一：Directions:While your family was on vacation,your friend,Cathy looked after your dog,Smart.Now you came back,write a letter to her to show your gratitude.Your letter should be no less than 100 words.You dont need to write the address.Dont sign your own name at the end of the letter;use“Li Ming“instead.Dear Cathy,I am writing to express our heartfelt thanks for your taking good care of Smart while we were on holiday.He was such a happy dog when we got home.We knew he must have had lots of loving attention.14全国统一服务热线：4006682155Bo r n t o w inWhen we picked up him from the kennel in your home he would whimper and carry on for hours.You not only saved us some money,but also spared us the worry about him while we were away.Your kind help is very appreciated,not only by Smart,but also by our whole family.Please accept our thanks again.Yours truly,Li Ming例二：Directions:You stayed with a local family when you attended a training program.Write a letter to the family,thanking them for their hospitality.Your letter should be no less than 100 words.You dont need to write the address.Dont sign your own name at the end of the letter;use“Li Ming55 instead.Dear Mr.Scott,Im writing to express my gratitude for your entertainment during my stay in your house.I cannot forget your beautiful wifes cooking.And thank you so much for the splendid present that you have sent me.I feel deeply moved by this token of your affection.The book you offered me is very interesting and instructive,and I have read some pages with great eagerness.All that you did made my training program go smoothly.Thanks again and I hope that I will have the opportunity to return your kindness.Sincerely yours,Li Ming例三：Directions:After being involved in an accident,you were looked after by another person.Write a letter:1)mentioning what happened in the accident,2)telling the person about your recovery,and3)expressing your thanks.You should write no less than 100 words.You dont need to write the address.Dont sign your own name at the end of the letter;use Li Ming instead.Dear John,I am writing to thank you for looking after me after that unfortunate accident the other day,when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi.But for your assistance,I fear that the consequence might have been much more serious.全国统一服务热线：400668215515Bo r n t o w in!精勤求学自强不息The doctor says that my broken leg is healing well,and that I would be able to stand up again in a weeks time.In addition,the taxi company has agreed to pay my hospital bills.Anyway,everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergence that has led to this satisfactory outcome.I feel I owe you so much,so please accept my most sincere thanks.Yours sincerely,Li Ming道歉信简介：道歉信的目的是向收信人表明歉意，请求对方对自己的某种过失表示谅解。写作“三步走”：说明写作目的（表示歉意）一说明具体原因、提出补救办法一再次致 歉、希望得到理解注意：在写作过程中，尽可能提比较合理的理由。如果违反生活常识将导致扣分。在解 释完原因后，尽量提一个合适的补救办法，使行文更加完满。要言辞恳切，诚心诚意，切忌 对自己的过失作过多辩解。模板句型：第一部分：说明写作目的（表示歉意）Im writing this letter to express my regret for.Im writing to apologize for.Please accept my sincere apology for.I am terribly sorry,but.I regret to inform you that I am unable to.第二部分：说明具体原因、提出补救办法The reason is that.Would you mind if I change the appointment time?Would it be convenient for you.?第三部分：再次致歉并希望得到理解Once again,I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.Hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation.I am sorry to have put you to so much trouble.作文范文：16全国统一服务热线：4006682155Bo r n t o w in例一：Directions:One of your pen friends,John,will visit your city.However,for some reasons,you can not meet him at the airport on time.Write a letter asking him to wait for you at the airport and telling him how to recognize you.Your letter should be no less than 100 words.You dont need to write the address.Dont sign your own name at the end of the letter;use Li Ming instead.Dear John,I am eagerly looking forward to your visit to my city.After all these years of writing to each other,we will finally have the chance to meet!However,I regret to inform you that I will not be able to meet you at the airport as soon as you arrive.I know your flight will be at 5:00 p.