考研英语翻译.pdf

一翻件考旗的南客 研究生英语入学考试中的翻译项目 旨在 通过翻译测试考生正确理解英文原文的 能力及汉语的表达能力。此项测试方法 是通过阅读一篇难度适中的短文（题材 不限，长度约400字上下），翻译其中较 为复杂的5个句子。翻译共5题，每题2分,满分为10分；每题划分为若干个给分段，每一分段的分值为0.5或1。对考生的要求 是对原文理解正确，译文表达清楚准确，对汉语不作过高要求。,翻译题解 2003年:2004年 2005年:2006年:2007年 2008年总分 46.47 49.55 49.7 8 47.62 48.84 49.7 6翻译5.205.325.173.604.274.65阅读理解题考研大纲“主要考察考生准确 理解概念或结构 较 复杂的英语文字材料的能力。”第一部台总给三、题型特点1、文章题材：偏文倾向96:科学研究发展的原因；97:动物权利；98:宇宙起源；99:历史学研究；00：政府与经济；01：未来学；02:行为科 学；03:人类学；04:语言与思维的关 系；05年：大众传媒；06年：美国的知 识分子；07年：法律的学习；08年：达 尔文的思维表达09年：教育学10自然与 经济的关系(2)从语法结构来讲，侧重考查若干短 语，如动词短语，分词短语(形容词短 语)，不定式短语以及少量较难的介词 短语。此外，语法结构及逻辑关系比较 复杂，有时不做些语法分析和逻辑推理就 理不出头绪。还有若干代词，如it,they,that,this,one等，它们必须要根据上下文 才能确定其词义所指。以及一些较难的 从句，如what从句，定语句，as从句等等。(3)从词汇来讲，难度增大了，侧重考 查一词多义，一词转义，也就是说，所 考词汇，如果照字面直译多半会出差错，必须通过上下文进行词义引伸，理解某 一词在具体场合的特定含义，才能做出 正确的译文，而死抠词字、句序、语态 往往会表达不通顺。第一部台总给五、翻译标准严复：天演论信达雅信：忠实原文一忠实的准确地理解达：通顺畅达一用汉语通顺的表达出来雅：文字典雅一考研翻译不要求翻译的两个阶段：理解和表达第一部台总给为、考生的问题9理解不到位：雪中句子：简单句：主干结构定状补复合句：主句/从句/盘中基本句型通F谓 I smiled.h渭+宾 I love you.专谓+间宾+宜宾 I give you my heart.主+渭+宾+宾补 You make me crazy.由系+表 You are so pretty.的方法和三个标志4符号：逗号，破折号，冒号连接词：that,what,which,where,when,while,how,or,both,，and等等 疝司短语：介词+名 词（作定语/作状语）:第一部台总给六、考生的问题 B A C,表达不到位：表达四大基本原则 原则一：主干结构顺线走（主谓宾，主系表等 结构顺序不能变）原则二：定语状语往前勾（后直定语多前置，定语从句有特例，结果状语也特例）原则三：前因后果多主动（符合汉语的习惯）原则四：名词从句依序翻（主语从句，宾语从 句，表语从句，同位语从句）二 考研翻锌的做题思路鸟步骤 1.粗略阅读原文，搞清作者意图。用3-5分钟时间把整个文章通读一遍，大致搞清原文的主旨大意，积极调动相 关的思维活动，使头脑进入最佳考试状 态。阅读只需了解个大意即可，遇到生 词一掠而过，千万不要被与所考的五个 句子无关的一些生词、短语，甚至人名 地名所纠缠住。2.理清考题结构，把握句式重心。在粗读一遍，大致搞清原文的主旨大意 的基础上，逐句处理5个句子。读第二遍 时，重点则应放在这五个句子上，确定 句子的意思。3.分清主次关系，注意“左邻右舍”。从它们与全文的关系上，特别是从前后 句即它们的中寻找有用的信息，确定代 词的确切含义，句子中出现的“超纲词”的词义也很有可能从上下文中搞清楚。4.仔细检查译文，确保准确无误。翻锌较巧和方法I.台湾：乂把握辂构分清主从是理清原文结构，拟出译文整 体框架的关键，而辨析词义是确保译文 准确的前提。It is hard to believe that automobiles,radios,.motion pictures,frozen foods,electric refrigerator,to mention only a few items,have come into common use within thirtyyears.且举几件东西来说吧,汽车、无线电、电影、速冻食品、电冰箱,这些东西在过去的30隼中得到了广泛的应用，这简直令人难以置信。:1.抓主谓结构 Pearson has pieced together the work of:hundreds of researchers around the world to.produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.(2001)皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的 成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历,历中 列出了 人们 可望看到 的 数百项重大 突破和发现的最迟日期。:The role of natural selection in evolution wasformulated only a little more than 100 years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.(2002)自 然选择在进化中的作用仅在100多年前才得 以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选 择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。:2.抓关键信息 As the clock crept toward 11:15 p.m.last:Thursday,the 500 scientists and engineers.packed into the control room and an adjacent auditorium at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory kept their eyes riveted on a bank of computer monitors.上星期US,当时针悄悄地指向晚上11:15的时候，500名科学家和工程师坐满了 普林斯顿等离子体物理实验室控制室和 毗连的礼堂。他们不约而同地把 目 光聚 集到一排计算机监视器上，焦急地等待 着。.Views of the railings where doomed.passengers and crew members stood evoked images of the moonless night 7 4 years ago when the great ship slipped beneath the waves.看到那些栏杆,不由使人想起七十前这艘 巨轮船体倾斜沉入波涛的那个暗 无星月的夜晚，当 时那些惨遭厄运的乘 客和 船员也曾 站在这些栏杆旁。:3.抓逻辑关系 The stem,which settled on the bottom:almost 1,800 ft.from the bow,had swiveled.180 on its way down.船尾在下沉时旋转了 一百八十度，在海 底离船头几乎有一千八百英尺远。.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the:information media.因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社 会是于外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态，由 于通讯工具不足，就变得更加严重了。n.遗相用生恰的其台英汉词字对应关系词义辨析L荚汉祠生对成关系 1）词字对等。这种情况多见于专有名词,技术词汇等，如：Marxism=马克思主义 Aspirin=阿斯匹林 激光=laser 白血病=leukemia.2）多种同义。这种情况在英汉翻译中较为普,遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词义完全一样，.但色彩意义不同的对应词，如：wife:妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、:内人.president:总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社 长、校长.3)一词多义。这种情况在英汉翻译中最为普.遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词 义不同 的对应.词，如：cousin:堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、:表妹、卿.carry:搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧.4）交织对应。这类情况在英汉翻译中时有发.生，也即是一组词义相近的词，根据不同的上.下文，可以译作对应词语中的任何一个，如英 语中的say,speak,talk,tell与汉语的“说、讲、谈、诉”之间的关系：5）天对等词语。翻译中的这种情况极少，偶 有发生，一般用解释或音译的方式来解决英汉 之间的对应关系。.teenager;hacker2.府立辨新1）根据构词法辨别词义 miniultrasonicprober=mini（微型的）+ultra（超）+sonic（声音的）+prober（探测器）；即：微型超声波金属探测仪.macrospacetransship=.macro（巨型的）+space（太空）+trans（转运）+ship（船）；艮P:巨型空间转运飞船 Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis=pneumono（月市的）+ultra（超）+micro（微）+scopic-（观察 仪器的）+silico（硅的）+volcano（火山的）+coni-（尘 埃）+osis（病症）；艮P:硅酸盐沉着病，矽肺病（一种.矿工易染的病）.2)根据指代关系辨别词义.(1)He father sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔萃。:(2)Health is above wealth,fbr this cannot give so.much happiness as that.健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样 给人以幸福。(或：因为后者不能像前者那样给 人以幸福。)3)根据上下文的语境或词的搭配辨别词义(1)This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.(2)It is quite another story now.(3)Some reporters who were not included in the session.broke the story.(4)Hell be very happy if that story holds up.(5)The girls story is one of the saddest.(6)A young man came to Scottis office with a story.(7).but officials refused to confirm the story.(8)The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.,4）根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义 （1）The lathe should be set on a firm base.车床应安装在坚实的底座上。（机械）（2）As we all know,a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.众所周知，碱与酸反应生成盐。（化学）,（3）A transistor has three electrodes,the emitter,the base and the.collector.晶体管有三个电极，即发射极，基极和集电极。（电子）（4）Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.AB线是三角形ABC的底边。（数学）.（5）The weary troops marched back to the base.疲惫不堪的士兵列队返回基地。（军事）（6）He is on the second base.他在二垒。（体育）1.good saying:3.good boy.4.good child 5.good contract 7.good debt 8.good eggs:9.good eyesight.10.good father 11.good features 12.good friend 14.good idea悔a.15.good investment.16.good joke s good looks 18.good luck 19.good manners.20.good match.21.good mother 22.good neighbor 23.good reason 24.good soil.25.good teacher.26.good wife 1 His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff.2 Modem aircraft are so heavy that the wings must,develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft.3 Inspired by these ideas,in 17 52 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod.4 A hypothesis is a specific statement developed.by a scientist from observations.5 Until the domain theory of magnetism was.developed,they did not have much success.6 To develop the capabilities of the geophysical prospecting,the renewal of the techniques andequipment is the first thing to be considered.7 Most of the money came from selling the secret.of a new type of potato he had developed.8 As young Goddard grew into manhood,he developed tuberculosis.9 We must develop all the natural substances in:our country which can make us rich.10 Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.直锦意锌:5.Every life has its roses and thorns.直译：每个人的一生都既有玫瑰，又有荆棘。意译：人生总是有苦有乐，甘苦参半。6.Valuable left in full view can be open invitation，to theft.直译：把贵重物品放在现眼处，等于是给小偷 发请帖。意译：应妥善保管贵重物品，以防被盗。,7.A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.直译：礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙。意译：大门把你关在外，礼物送到门 自开。一（礼是敲门砖。）.8 What the tongue says,the neck pays fbr.直译：舌头说话，脖子还账。意译：舌头闯祸，脖子遭殃。III.直笄意笄抓傕要支.考题实例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external to the validity ofhistory as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.(1999).人们关注历史研究的方法，主要是因为史学界 内部意见不统一，其次是因为外界怀疑历史是.不是一门学科。.直译：历史方法的兴趣产生较少通过外部 历.史作为知识学科的合法性.What easier way is there for a nurse,a policeman,a barber,or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of:uniform?对于护士、警察、理发师或是服务员来 说，还有什 么 比脱下制 服更容易的方法 使人们看不出他们的职业身份呢？.There will be television chat shows hosted by robots,and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.:(2001)届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话 节目 以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦 这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就:会使其停驶。1.Well go to the countryside at the beginning of June,when the.summer harvest will start.2.1 stayed till noon,when I went home.3.When the teacher had left the classroom,the pupils started talking.4.When that man says To tell the truth,I suspect that hes about to.tell a lie.5.Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.6.Insurance companies are obliged to recover the cost of everything insured when it is lost or damaged during the valid period of insurance.7.When there is really planned and proportionate development,our national economy will achieve sustained,stable and high-speed growth.8.When you cross the river you are safe.9.How can I convince him when he wont listen?10.He usually walks when he might ride.11.They had only three transistors when they needed five.12.Why are you here when you should be in school?13.When I am opposed to such actions on general principles,how can I make this case an exception?14.How could you do it when you knew that this might damage the apparatus?15.When one is older,one is also more experienced.IV.适曲增海清更明了 一般来说，翻译时不应对原文的内容随 意增减。不过，由于英汉两种语言文字 之间所存在的悬殊差异，在实际翻译过 程中很难做到词字上的完全对应。一般 情况是为 意义完整而增 译，槽祠法的年用情就 1.增添原文语法所省略的词语 1)Matter can be changed into energy,and energy into matter.物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物 质。,2.增添必要的连接成分增加连词英语中的并列连词和从属连词大都是以 单个单词出现，而汉语中的联合连词和 偏正连词大都是成对出现。因此，在将.英语译成汉语时，应将汉语的连词补充.完整。如:if，如果，那.么.because因为.，所以；although虽.然,但是;unless.除非,否贝！J.1)Heated,water will change into vapor.水如受热，就会汽化。.3.用增词法表达出原文的复数概念和数 量词 英语中没有量词，而汉语表达中的量词:却是不可缺少的 1)He stretched his legs which were:scattered with scars.他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。.2)The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.:群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。3)Note that the words“velocity and speed require explanation.:请注意，“速度”和“速率”这两个词 需要解释。.4.用增词法把抽象概念表达清楚 1)Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.:氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。2)After all preparations were made,the:plane took off.一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。5.增加完善性或概括性的词语.1)Air pressure decreases with altitude.,气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。.2)According to scientists,it takes nature 500.years to create an inch of topsoil.根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500年的时.间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。.3)A runner from Kenya has won the 42 km Boston Marathon.:肯尼巫的一位长跑选手赢得了 波士顿42公里马 拉松赛足军。:6.重复性增词 1)Avoid using this computer in extreme:cold,heat,dust or humidity.不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过 大的情况下使用此电脑。7.修辞或连贯增词 1)This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.,这部打字机真是价廉物美。2)They build roads,houses,bridges,ships,pipelines,and canals.他们修路、盖房、架桥、造船、铺管道、挖运河。3)A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses his theories,and his conclusion.科学家经常设法否定 自己的假设，推翻自己的理论，并放弃自己的结论。V.祠笛蜀暗雷前意跋 一般来说，汉语较英语简练，因此，许 多在原文 中 必不可少的词语要是原原本 本地译成汉语，就会成为不必要的 冗词,译文会显得十分累赘。省略法在英汉翻 译中使用得非常广泛，其主要目 的是删 去一些可有可无、不符合译文习惯表达 法的词语。.In the 1880s the United States was a land,sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the poor.:在19世纪80年代，美国是一个巨富与赤 贫两极严重分化的国家。域陪技巧的布用情就e 1.代词的省略 He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.:他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了 耸肩。They went in to dinner.It was excellent,and the wine was good.Its influence presently had its effect on them.他们进入餐室用餐。美酒佳肴，顿受感，染。.3.介词连词的省略,(1)If I had known it,I would not have:joined in it.早知如此，我就不参加了。(2)Like charges repel each other while.opposite charges attract.同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。4.动词的省略 When the pressure gets low,the boiling:point becomes low.气压低，沸点就低。5.非人称代词“It”的省略 Outside it was pitch-dark and it was raining:cats and dogs.外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。VI.挎换变通流畅在翻译过程中，由于两种语言在语法和 表达习惯上的差异，我们有时必须改变 原文某些词 语的 词 类或句 子成分 才能有 效地传达 出原文的 准确意思。.My point is that the frequent complaint of,one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.:我的看法（观点）是，一代人对下一代 人常常抱怨，这一点是在所难免的。e You very likely give other passengers a quick glance to size them up and to assure them that you mean no threat.:参考译文：你很可能很快地瞅别的乘客一 眼，打量他们一下，让他们放心你毫无 威胁的意思。英锦权的祠类挎换方法技巧 1.各种词 类转换成动词 汉语的动词使用频率比英语高，所以将英 语各种 词 类转换成汉语动词是最 常 见的 词类转换。1）Rockets have found application fbr the exploration of the universe.,火箭已经用来探索宇宙。（名词转为动词）2）Everyone in the room was greatly surprised at.what he said.听他一说，房间里的每个人都大吃一惊。（介 词转为动词）3）In this case the temperature in the furnace is up.在这种情况下，炉温就升高。（副词转为动词）.2.各种词类转换为名词 The new contract would be good for ten:years.新的合同有效期为10年。（形容词转为 名词）：He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但思想健康。（副词转为名词）.3.各种词类转为形容词 1）Given that theyre inexperienced,:theyve done a good job.鉴于他们没有经验，干成这样真不错。（名词转为形容词）:Earthquakes are closely related to faulting.地震与断裂运动有密切的关系。（副词 转为形容词）：4.各种词类转换成副词.1）Below 45 water is in continuous.expansion instead of continuous contraction.水在4度以下就不断地膨胀，而不是不断 地收缩。（形容词 转为副 词）2）I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。（名词转为副词）英锦权的句3次台辂换称W在很多情况下，英语中不同的句子成分 也可以根据翻译的需要进行互相转换；譬如，主语转为宾语，宾语转为主语，主语转为谓语，主语转为定语，状语转 为主语等等。1）As the match bums,heat and light are given off.火柴燃烧时发出光和热。（主语转为宾语）2）This sort of stone has a relative density of 2.7.这种石头的相对密度是2.7。（宾语转为主语）3）Care must be taken at all times to protect the instrument.from dust and damp.应当始终注意保护仪器，不使其沾染灰尘和受潮。（主 语转为谓语）4）Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.只要仔细把它们比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。（主.语转为谓语，宾语转为主语）.5）The baby doubled its weight in a year.这婴儿的体重一隼中长了 一倍。（主语转为定语）6）Thousands of terrified watchers stared with their hearts beating fast.成千上万的观众目瞪口呆，心口通口通直跳。（定语转为谓 语）.7）The test is intended to reinforce what you have learnt in the past few weeks.本测验的目的是强化你们过去几个月内所学的知识。（谓语转为表语）8）Mathematics is well taught at that school.那个学校的 数学教得好。（状语转为 主语）9）The ocean was filled with turtles and fish,ready for the net.海洋里鱼整成群，张网 可得。（宾语转为主语）VII.辂构碉卷喉理虱辛结构调整是英汉互译中的又一常用翻译 技巧。由于英汉不同的造句结构和表达 习惯，英语中有些句子的词序、语序在 译成汉语时，应加以调整，使其符合汉 语的表达习惯。Additional social stresses may also occur.because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.(2000)：由于人口的猛增或大量人 口流动(现代.交通工具使这种方式相对容易)造成的.种种问题也会对社会造成新压力o:.英锌法辂相碉卷的考用方法技:巧*1.顺序法；即按原文的句子顺序翻译。1)It was strange that a day of war was a day:we stood still.We couldn t move-that.must have been the whole idea-so we had no choice but to watch.奇怪的是战争的那天我们却原地按兵不:动。我们不能动弹一这就是这次战争的 整个含意一除了监视敌人，我们别无他 法。导口皿初辛。厂啦隆弊晶疹一母翎小题本初繇集轻初道寺丽:,9U0 peq 90OTMOJP Siqjo；U90 Xl9AQ 0叫丛 upjdxs 叫 网 1 90U9)sism叫)b popunqj-quinp spm 0H(:。导e 俄速旱 y 翎击 e 售。底察旱 y 物 导金嚎k 身球物密固遮d有：条身紫.3.时序法；按事件发生时间的先后顺序 翻译。1)We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after:we left China in 1959.我们于1959年离开了中国。此后，中国 连续三隼遭到自然灾害。当我们在家里 读到 这方面的 消 息时，心情颇为 低沉。.4.拆分法；将句中的插入成分提取出来 单独翻译，另起一句放在旬末。:1)They,not unexpectedly,did not respond.他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。2)Illogically,she had expected some kind _ of miracle solution.她满以为会有某种奇迹般的解决办法,这显然不合情理。vm.得态给换的定俗附英语中的被动语态使用极为广泛，尤其 以科技英语最为常见。考试中的阅读内 容中有相当量的科技题材，所以翻译题 目也往往少不了被动语态的处理。The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.(2002):行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是 用 来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观 察到 的，部分原 因 是其他的解释方式一.直难以找到翻锌粒劭福态的存用方法技巧 汉语中的被动结构不那么 常用，因为从 习惯上讲，汉语中的“被”、“遭”、“受”、“挨”等字眼总是给人以不那 么舒服的感觉，因此在英汉翻译时，我 们 应尽量将被动语态化为 主动结构:1.将英语被动直接转为汉语的主动.1）Every moment of every day,energy is.being transformed from one form into.another.每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式变为另 一种形式。（保持原主语不变）2）The picture was painted by Professor Smith.这幅画是史密斯教授画的。（转换为系 表结构）.2.将英语被动转为汉语的天主句 1)The unpleasant noise must be:immediately put an end to.必须立即终止这种的噪音。2)At