跨文化交际-英文.ppt

IntroductionWhatdoyouknowabout“InterculturalCommunication”?HowabouttheChinesename?Asyoumayhaverealized,interculturalcommunicationisanextremelycomplicatedprocess,andcanbequitepainfulattimes.Nowadays,withtheglobalizationoftheworldeconomyandtheincreasingpopularityoftheinternet,interculturalcommunicationispartofourdailylife.Thatiswhywearehere,takingthiscourse.1.FurtherReading林大津跨文化交际学：理论与实践，福建人民出版社“CommunicationBetweenCultures”（美）萨莫瓦等著，陈治安导读中国和英语国家非语言交际对比LegerBrosnahan著，毕继万译，北京语言学院出版社语言研究的跨文化视野许力生著，上海外语教育出版社胡文仲主编跨文化交际丛书外语教学研究出版社胡文仲跨文化交际概论杜学增中英（英语国家）文化习俗比较平洪&张国扬英语习语与英美文化毕继万跨文化非言语交际王克非从翻译史看文化差异朱永涛美国价值观-一个中国学者的探讨2.FurtherReading与陌生人交际跨文化交流方法（第四版）WilliamB.Gudykunst&YoungYunKim著，SteveKulich等导读跨文化交际学基础，Guo-MingChen&WilliamJ.Starosta著，林大津、尤泽顺导读跨文化能力：文化间人际沟通导论（第五版）MyronW.Lustig&JoleneKoester编著，庄恩平导读3.WarmUpPleasereadthefolktale,thenanswerthequestions:1.Whyisitdifficulttoexplaintoablindpersonwhatcolorsare?2.Doyousometimesfindithardtomakeyourselfproperlyunderstoodbyothers?Ifyoudo,whydoyouthinkitishard?Unit1CommunicationAcrossCultures4.Warm UpItisverydifficultforpeopletounderstandoneanotheriftheydonotsharethesameexperiences.Ofcourse,weallsharetheexperienceofbeinghuman,buttherearemanyexperienceswhichwedonotshareandwhicharedifferentforallofus.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthatmakeupwhatiscalled“culture”inthesocialsciencesthehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuestowhichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhavetowhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoftendiffer,andthedifferencesmayintroducemisunderstandingswhereweseekunderstanding.Howwouldyoucommunicatewithsomeonewhodoesnotsharethesameexperienceswithyou?5.Reading IReadthearticleof“InterculturalCommunication:AnIntroduction”,thenanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Isitstilloftenthecasethat“everyonesquicktoblamethealien”inthecontemporaryworld?2.Whatsthedifferencebetweentodaysinterculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepast?3.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday?4.Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”?5.Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication?6.Whatdoesonesfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit?6.ReadingIReadthearticleof“InterculturalCommunication:AnIntroduction”,thenanswerthefollowingquestions.7.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture?8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto?9.Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist?7.DiscoveringProblems:SlimisBeautiful?Whichdoyouthinkisthemarkofbeauty,thinorfat?Whyisitoftensaidthatbeautyisintheeyeofbeholder?OnesociologistoncesaidthatwiththegreaterinfluenceofAmericancultureacrosstheworld,thestandardofabeautyisbecomingmoreandmoreHollywoodlike,characterizedbyachiseledchinandatall,slimfigure.However,thedefinitionofbeautydiffersfromculturetoculture.Whatsmore,theidealstandardofbeautyvariesfromtimetotime.Itistruethatbeautyisintheeyeofthebeholderbecausepeopleofdifferentculturesandindifferentsituationsmayhavedifferentideasaboutwhatisbeautifulandwhatisnot.8.CulturalValuesCulturesdiffernotonlyintheirbeliefsbutalsoinwhattheyvalue.Valuesinvolvewhatacultureregardsasgoodorbad,rightorwrong,fairorunfair,justorunjust,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,valuableorworthless,appropriateorinappropriate,andkindorcruel.Becausevaluesarethedesiredcharacteristicsorgoalsofaculture,aculturesvaluesdonotnecessarilydescribeitsactualbehaviorsandcharacteristics.However,valuesareoftenofferedastheexplanationforthewayinwhichpeoplecommunicate.9.SupplementWhatisinterculturalcommunication(IC)?Whatdoyouknowaboutit?1.DefinitionICisconcernedwithcommunicationamongpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Interculturalcommunicationrefersto communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.10.Forms of IC(1)InternationalCommunication:Internationalcommunicationtakesplacebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized(仪式化).(2)Interethnic(不同种族间的)Communication:Ethnicgroupsusuallyformtheirowncommunitiesinacountryorculture.Thesegroupsshareacommonoriginorheritagethatisapttoinfluencefamilynames,language,religion,values,andthelike.(3)Interracial(不同人种间的)Communication:Interracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces.(4)IntraculturalCommunication(内文化交际):Itisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture.11.Features of IC1.Itisabranchofcommunication.2.Itmainlydealswithverbalandnonverbalinteractionandrelatedfactorsininterculturalcommunication.3.Itsverbalmediumislanguagewhileitsnonverbalcommunicationsystemsincludebodylanguage,facialexpressions,etc.12.GroupWorkDiscussthecasesofcommunicationgivenonpage1112ispossiblyinterculturalornotand,ifitis,towhatextentitisintercultural.(fromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural:)1.CommunicationbetweenaChineseuniversitystudentandanAmericanprofessor;2.CommunicationbetweenaCanadiangirlandaSouthAfricanboy;3.CommunicationbetweenafirstgenerationChineseAmericanandthirdgenerationone;4.CommunicationbetweenabusinesspersonfromHongKongandanartistfromXian;5.CommunicationbetweenateenagerfromBeijingandateenagerfromTibet;6.Communicationbetweenafatherwhoisafarmerallhislifeandhissonwhoworksasanengineer;7.Communicationbetweenasoftwaretechnicianandafisherman;8.Communicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretary(supposingtheyareofthesimilarculturalandsocialbackgrounds).13.GroupWorkAllthecasesmayseemtobeinterculturalbuttheydifferintheextenttowhichtheyareintercultural.Howeveritmaybeverydifficultforustoplaceallthesecasesalongacontinuumofinterculturalnessfromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural,formanyotherfactorshavetobetakenintoconsiderationifwehavetodecidewhichismoreinterculturalthananother.Forinstance,whethercommunicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretaryisinterculturalornotand,ifitis,howinterculturalitmaybe,maydependontheculturalandsocialbackgroundsofthetwopersons.Iftheyarefromdrasticallydifferentcultures,communicationbetweenthemissurelyinterculturalandmaybeveryintercultural.Iftheyarefromthesameculture,communicationbetweenthemmaybelittleintercultural.14.DebateReadthesetwodifferentviewsonICmentionedonpage12,thenstateyourpointofviewclearlyandsupportyourargumentwithconvincingandsubstantialevidence.Pro:Peoplearepeople;moreinteractionswouldleadtogreaterunderstandingofeachother.（Commonalityprecedes）Con:Peopleareshapedbydifferentenvironmentstheyfindthemselvesin,therefore,thedifferenceoverrides.(Differencesprecedes)15.DebateSomethingtokeepinmindinIC:First,allhumanbeingssharesomeheritagesthatlinkustooneanother.Peoplethroughouttheworldareprettymuchalikeinmanyaspects,andthatiswhyitispossibleforpeopleofvariousculturestocommunicate.However,whatwehavetorealizeisthattherearealsovastdifferencesbetweenpeoplefromvariousculturalgroups.Toreallyunderstandapersonwhoseculturalbackgroundisdifferentfromyourscanbeverydifficult,forbothyouandthatpersonmaybesubconsciouslyinfluencedbyeachonesculturalupbringing.Inasense,whatweshoulddoininterculturalcommunicationistotreatpeopleofotherculturesbothasthesamewithandasdifferentfromus.16.ReadingIIReadthearticleof“TheChallengeofGlobalization”onpage1316andanswerthequestions.1.Whydoestheauthorsaythatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschanged?2.Whata“globalvillage”islike?3.Whatisconsideredasthemajordrivingforceofthepost1945globalization?4.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthat“theglobalmaybemorelocalthanthelocal”?5.Whyisitimportantforbusinesspeopletoknowdiverseculturesintheworld?6.Whataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwith?7.WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFay?8.Whatattitudesarefavoredbytheauthortowardsglobalization?17.Supplement:History and Present State of IC Studies1.ICandICstudiesICstudiesarerathernewwhileIC(activities)isalmostaslongasourhumanhistory.Seenfromworldwide,exchangebetweencountrieshasbecomecloseandfrequentsinceWWIIasaresultofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Theworldisbecomingsmallerandsmaller.Statesman,businessmenandothersfinditnecessarytocommunicatewithpeoplefromothercultures.Thecoinedword“globalvillage”couldbestrevealthis.Butdifferentculturesmayfavordifferentsocialinstitutions,valuesystemsandworldviews.Theymayhavedifferentbeliefs,customsandhabits.AllthesemayhinderIC.ThusthenewsubjectICpoppedup.18.Supplement:History and Present State of IC Studies1.ICandICstudiesAlthoughthebeginningsofthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationasafieldcanbetracedbacktothe1920sintheteachingoflinguisticsandinvariousacademicandyouthorientedprograms,communicationscholarscommonlyrecognizeE.T.Hallasthefatherofthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationstudy(Condon,1981;Dodd,1982;Gudykunst,1985;Singer,1987).Hallintroducedtermssuchasinterculturaltensionsandinterculturalproblemsin1950.19.Supplement:History and Present State of IC StudiesIn1950sand1960sAmerica,asthemostpowerfulcountry,hadfrequentcontactswithothercountries.Someoftheseactivitiesweresuccessfulbutotherswerefailures.SomeoftheAmericansleftabadorevendisgustingimpressiononthenativepeople.Thusin1958The Ugly AmericanshowstheAmericanofficialsinSoutheastAsia.(ThetriggerofICstudies)In1959The Silent LanguagebyAmericanculturalanthropologistEdwardHallsignifiedtheemergenceofthisdiscipline.ThiscoursewasofferedinUSAinlate1960sinfiveuniversities.Since1970sithasbeenpopularinUSAwith200universitiesand60graduatedschoolsofferingitin1978.ThiscoursewasintroducedtotheChinesescholarsin1980s.AccordingtoHuWenzhongin1995therewereonlyBeijingForeignStudiesUniversity,HeilongjiangUniversity,HarbinIndustrialUniversity,ShanghaiForeignStudiesUniversityandFujianTeachersUniversity.ItisrathernewinChina.20.IdentifyingDifference:HowWeAddressEachOtherReadthestoryof“HowWeAddressEachOther?”(p1819).HowdoyouaddressafriendfromanEnglishspeakingcountry?AndhowshouldwedoitifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeachother?IdentifythedifferencesonaddressingbetweenChinesepeopleandAmericans.21.IdentifyingDifference:HowWeAddressEachOtherUsuallywecanaddressafriendfromanEnglishspeakingcountrybyhis/herfirstnamewithoutmentioninghis/hersurnameortitleoutofrespectforhis/herculture.BecausepeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriesattachgreatimportancetocasualnessinaddressingeachotherinordertoformarelativelyintimateandequalrelationship.ButifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeachother,wecanaddresshim/herintheChineseway.Justastheoldsayinggoes,“WheninRome,doastheRomansdo”,itsbetterforourfriendtolearnmoreaboutandbecomebetteracquaintedwiththeChineseculture.22.IdentifyingDifference:HowWeAddressEachOtherInthisway,whenaddressinghim/her,wecanadd“xiao”(young)or“lao”(aged)beforehis/herfamilynameaccordingtohis/heragesoastocreateanamicableatmosphere.Wecanalsoaddresshim/herbyusinghis/hertitleinahumorousway,orbyinventingsomenicknameforhimorherineitherEnglishorChinese,dependingonthedegreeofintimacy.23.SurveyHowmuchdoyouknowaboutthepossibleculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishspeakingpeopleinthespeechbehaviors,suchasgreeting,apologizing,makingrequests,expressinggratitudeanddisapproval,andleavetaking?24.SurveyGreeting:Whengreetingeachother,theChineseoftenbeginwith“Haveyoueaten?”,“Whereareyougoing?”,“Whatareyoudoing?”,“Longtimenosee.”andsoon.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriesusuallysay“Hello.”“Goodmorning/afternoon/evening.”“Nicetomeetyou./Gladtoseeyou.”or“Howdoyoudo?”ApologizingChinesepeopleseemtoapologizelessoftenthanEnglishspeakingpeople.TheChineseapologizeonlywhentheythinkitisaboutsomethingthatreallymatters.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriesoftenapologizeintheirdailylifeevenforthemosttrivialthings.25.SurveyMakingrequestsChinesepeopletendtomakerequestsinindirectways,especiallywhenthepeopleinvolvedarenotonintimatetermswithoneanother.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriestendtomakerequestsdirectlyandopenly.ExpressinggratitudeChinesepeopleoftenexpresstheirgratitudenotjustbywhattheysay,butalsobywhattheydoandwhattheygivetootherswhohavedonethemafavor.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriestendtoshowtheirgratitudemoreverballytootherswhohavehelpedthem.26.SurveyExpressingdisapprovalChinesepeoplearereluctanttoexpresstheirdisprovalopenlyforfearofmakingothersloseface.Iftheyhavetoexpressdisapproval,theyoftenprefertodoitinaveryindirectway.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriesaremorelikelytoexpresstheirdisapprovalfreelyanddirectly.Leave-takingChinesepeopletendtoexcusethemselvesbyclaimingthattheothersmustbetiredorbusy,etc,usingtheexpressionsthatimputethemotiveoftirednessorbusinesstotheotherpartywhenparting.PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountrieswouldusuallyfindreasonstopartrelatedtothemselvesratherthantoothers.27.CaseStudyCase1(Page23)1.InEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.Inthiscase,Richardsmistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostandhostessitwasasifhehadattendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,“Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein.”28.CaseStudyCase1(Page23)2.Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongpersonsinagroup,andthattheorganizationitselfbeitafamilyoravastcorporationismorevaluedthanthecharacteristicsofanyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityasavalueandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablyinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.Inthiscase,Richardsmistakewasinmakinggreateffortstodefendhimself.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.ButforpoorRichardtohavemerelyapologizedwouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservient,unmanly.29.CaseStudyCase1(Page23)3.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:forAmericans,“Helpyourself”;fortheEnglishcounterpart,“Bemyguest.”Typically,theidealguestatanAmericanpartyisonewho“makeshimselfathome,”eventothepointofansweringthedoororfixinghisowndrink.Forpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypotheticalEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.30.Case2Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvesconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobedirectcommunicationstyleandindirectcommunicationstyle.Asismentionedinthecase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswouldshowadisrespectfortheteacher,andwouldalsoreflectthatthestudenthasnotstudiedhardenough.Case3Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeveryoneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisterswoulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.31.CaseStudyCase4Itmightbesimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonalandfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshavedifferentrhythms.TheAmericanrhythmisfast.Itischaracterizedbyarapidacceptanceofothers.However,itisseldomthatAmericansengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Theirfriendshipsarewarm,butcasual,andspecialized.Americansare,inotherwords,guidedveryoftenbytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomakefriendseasily,andtheydontfeelitnecessarytogotoagreatamountoftroubletoseefriendsoftenwhenitbecomesinconvenienttodoso,andusuallynooneish