学士学位论文--普通话的普及对中国方言多样性的消极影响.doc

西安外国语大学毕业论文（设计）任务书（开题报告）姓名性别班级学号毕业论文（设计）题目：普通话的普及对中国方言多样性的消极影响任务起止日期 2013 年12 月20 日 至 2014 年 05 月20 日毕业论文主要内容及参考文献： 1955年，全国文字改革会议确立了推广普通话。1956年，中国国务院发布关于推广普通话的指示。现代中国主要有七大方言：官话、吴语、粤语、闽语、湘语、客家话和赣语。随着推广普通话运动半个世纪以来的大力实施，中国各方言使用区内部有许多较小地区的本土方言已经开始萎缩甚至消失。专家们指出，大多数汉语方言会逐渐濒危或消亡，能长久保存的将是几个大城市的方言，如上海方言、粤语等。因此对中国方言多样性流失的研究已急需开展，这对于保护中国语言文化以及地方风俗文化是非常重要的。在中国方言使用的范围逐渐缩小的形势下，以及中国对于本土方言的研究落后于欧美国家的前提下，我国已有一些语言学家着手于研究各个地区方言的特征。如袁家骅(1983)主编的汉语方言概要，着重对中国七大方言形成的历史背景、语音系统、词汇语法特点作了详细的描写和分析。李如龙(2007)指出，方言的萎缩、语言的统一成了任何人都无法阻挡的时代潮流。这些专家学者们主编的书目为本论文在近半个世纪以来，普通话对中国方言的影响以及方言在语法和词汇特征上的的变化研究提供了珍贵的资料。本文拟分为五个部分，首先介绍普通话普及之现状。第二部分提出中国方言多样性流失之现象。第三部分探讨特定方言区的代表方言在语法和词汇上发生的明显改变。第四部分将探讨这一现象的原因。最后一部分将提出一些保护中国方言多样性的具体方法。在普通话在全国范围内推广之后，各地区方言的独特词汇开始在全国范围内都通用了吗？不同方言听起来都越来越接近普通话、越来越消失其“土味”了么？这些问题将在本文中得到回答，希望能为中国方言学研究献出绵薄之力。Chambers, J. K. (1998). Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Ladefoged, P. (2009). A course in phonetics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press.Hu, Z. L. (2001). Linguistics. A course book. Beijing: Peking University Press.李如龙. 汉语方言学M. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2007.袁家骅. 汉语方言概要M. 北京: 语文出版社, 1983.指导教师 (签名)年 月 日普通话的普及对中国方言多样性的消极影响摘要中国是一个幅员辽阔的国家，其各地区的方言呈现出百花齐放之态。然而在新中国成立以后，普通话推广运动迅速在全国范围内展开，使得许多方言逐渐消失其独特性，其语音、词汇和语法都不断向普通话靠拢。而方言中保存了大量古汉语的成分，以及不少俗字、简字。这些材料对于汉语史以及地域文化的研究是有重大意义的。因此关于中国方言多样性逐渐流失的研究已刻不容缓。本文从五个方面入手，主要使用比较与举例的方法，着重分析了某特定方言在普通话推广半个世纪以来发生的明显变化，指出了如何应对中国方言多样性逐渐流失这一趋势。作者提出了一些实用的对策和应对方法，希望能对中国方言学研究做出些许贡献。关键词：中国方言；多样性；普通话推广；消极影响The Negative Effects of the Popularity of Putonghua on Chinese Dialects DiversityAbstractChina is a country which covers a vast territory, and it has a great variety of dialects. The campaign of Putonghuas promotion was carried out all over this country after new China was founded, which has resulted in the fact that many dialects lost their uniqueness. In addition, the pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar of those dialects are getting much similar to Putonghua. Chinese dialects preserve many elements of ancient Chinese as well as informal characters and simplified characters. Those resources are necessary for the study on the history of Chinese and local culture. Therefore, it is urgent to study the gradual loss of the diversity of Chinese dialects. Divided into five parts, this paper mainly adopts the comparison method with examples. It emphasizes the analysis of a certain dialects changes after the campaign of Putonghuas promotion in the past half century as well as the ways to face this trend. The author comes up with some practical solutions and approaches, hoping this paper could contribute a little to Chinese dialectology.Key Words: Chinese dialects; diversity; Putonghuas promotion; negative effectsTable of ContentsIntroduction1I. The Current Situation of Putonghuas Promotion2II. The Loss of Chinese Dialects Diversity4 A. The Assimilation from Strong Dialects4 B. The Assimilation from Putonghua5III. The Changes of a Typical Dialect: Guanzhong Dialect6A. Grammar: From Unique Usage to Popular Usage61. Internal Order of Sentence62. Phonetic Changes73. Word Formation7 4. Function Words.8B. Vocabulary: From Specific Word to Nationwide Word81. Noun and Pronoun82. Verb93. Adjective104. Adverbial105. Numeral and Classifier10C. Pronunciation: From Weird Sound to Common Sound10IV. The Causes of the Loss11 A. Promotion of Putonghua11 B. The Power of Strong Dialects11 1. From Small Cities to Big Cities12 2. From Developing Areas to Developed Areas12V. The Methods of Protecting Chinese Dialects Diversity13 A. Government Organizations131. Education Sector132. Cultural Sector14 B. Entertainment Industry141. Film and Television Field142. Music Field16 C. The Citizen: Everybodys Attitude to Dialects16 1. Adults16 2. Children17Conclusion18References20iiiIntroductionThe promotion of Putonghua has always been a controversial issue. China has 56 nationalities, and each of them has their own language. Besides, the Han people from different places have their own dialect. Before the promotion campaign of Putonghua, taking Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) for example, the average people from different provinces couldnt understand each other. On the contrary, the officials of the Qing government had to acquire the ability to speak Mandarin so that they could communicate with the emperor and other officials. Qing government expressly provided that juren, shengyuan, gongjian and tongsheng (the scholars of ancient China who had different ranks), who didnt understand Mandarin, were not allowed to be sent to national tests (Yi, 2002). After the promotion campaign of Putonghua, each province in China has a standard spoken language. This promotion campaign really helps a lot in the communication and cooperation of different areas. It is also an awesome way to ensure the nations reunification as well as unity of the 56 nationalities. Thats the advantage which we cant deny. China, as a country vast in land area, has various and diverse dialects. Dialect, as a part of the civilization, shows the customs of different parts in China. The sooner the promotion campaign of Putonghua, the faster the Chinese dialects fade away.Generally speaking, there are 7 main dialects area in China: Mandarin area, Wu dialect area, Cantonese area, Min dialect area, Xiang dialect area, Kejia dialect area, and Gan dialect area. Actually, Putonghua is based on Beijing pronunciation, and its basic dialect is mandarin (Yuan, 1983). Since Putonghua promoting to all over China, most school teachers have been expected to give lessons in Putonghua, except those aging teachers who could hardly change their accent. Consequently, a lot of students start putting Putonghua first and dialect second. After all, the seven main dialects, except for mandarin, are only frequently used in specific areas. Meantime they are constantly impacted by themselves (Yuan, 1983). In recent years, many studies have focused on the loss of Chinese dialects diversity, and many organizations and experts have made efforts to protect the diversity. After all, we have to admit that dialects atrophy and the unity of the language has become the trend of the times that no one can stop (Li, 2007). Yuan (1983) stated that in a long period, standardization of Chinese went with the concentration of dialects. The various dialects would also continue to exist and play a role, as well as obeying and enriching Chinese national language. And finally, they would disappear in the national language. After reading the literature on Chinese dialectology, the author finds that most of the experts did not describe the exact impact of the promotion campaign of Putonghua, especially the impact on the vocabulary and grammar of typical dialects. Moreover, most of the researches was limited to pure dialects research, so the relationships between dialects and culture were rarely studied (Li, 2007). Whats more, there were not many specific solutions to improving the loss of Chinese dialects diversity. The author want to prove that the popularity of Putonghua has already brought negative effects on Chinese dialects diversity. Focusing on that point, the author aims at telling readers how to improve the current situation from the Chinese government, the society, as well as the average people. The vocabulary and grammar changes of one specific dialect will also be talked about in this paper. In this way, the author hopes this paper could contribute a little to the protection and vocabulary territory of Chinese dialectology. Since this paper refers to some examples in spoken language together with definite ways to improve the current situation of Chinese dialects, the author chooses the qualitative research method and the comparative approach.This paper is divided into five parts. In the first part, the current situation of Putonghuas popularity will be stated. Next, the author will focus on the loss of Chinese dialects diversity. In the third part, the concrete changes of Guanzhong dialect in grammar and vocabulary will be described. The author will argue the causes of the loss in the fourth part. The last part will describe the definite ways to protect Chinese dialects diversity from different aspects.I. The Current Situation of Putonghuas Promotion Putonghuas promotion was determined by the Committee of National Language Reform in the year of 1955. As an old saying goes: “When there are no rules, there are no standards.” So in Qin dynasty (221-206 B.C.), Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of Qin, unified the six feudal kingdoms, promoted the same characters, and made seal script the official written language of the whole country. In Qing dynasty (1644-1911), the Han officials still kept the former dynastys language, the Mandarin of Ming dynasty (1368-1644). Although the Manchu officials spoke their Man language, most of them were imitating Beijing Mandarin of Han people after they entered the capital Beijing. The Beijing dialect was mixed with special elements of Manchu language. This mixed pronunciation is the former form of standard Beijing pronunciation (Yi, 2002).During the period of Republic of China (1912-1949), in order to unite all the peoples, Chinese government started to advocate Guoyu movement. In 1909, the Qing government established the Mandarin Editorial Committee. It was the first time that the common Mandarin was officially named “Mandarin”. In 1919, the New Culture Movement was spread to many big cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Guangzhou. This movement focused on the use of Chinese vernacular in literature works. This act also helped Beijing Mandarin spread to the whole China.Then the Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. In 1950, the State Publishing Department initiated the preparation of “Xinhua Dictionary”, a small modern authoritative dictionary. There are traditional and simplified characters as well as Pinyin in this dictionary. In 1960, the trial edition of Modern Chinese Dictionary was published. This is Chinas first Mandarin dictionary. Chinas State Council published “The instructions of the State Council on the promotion of Putonghua” in the year 1956. The definition of “Putong” means common and general. Actually, Putonghua is based on Beijing pronunciation, and its basic dialect is Mandarin. The classic and regular vernacular work is Putonghuas grammar specification (Chao, 2006), for example, Kuang Ren Ri Ji/ A Madmans Diary by Lu Xun. After all, no one in ancient China successfully promoted a common spoken language. In this aspect, new China has achieved unprecedented progress. After so many years of promotion on the national common language, some informal sayings have been replaced by Putonghuas vocabulary. Since Putonghua has been spread to more and more regions in China, the citizens who live in dialects regions have gradually accepted the new expressions. With the improvement of peoples educational level as well as the development of national economy, some written vocabulary has flowed into spoken language. Thats another manifestation of Putonghuas impact on dialect (Ye & Xu, 2010).II. The Loss of Chinese Dialects DiversityIn modern China, There are mainly seven types of dialects in China: Mandarin, Wu dialect, Yue dialect, Min dialect, Xiang dialect, Kejia dialect, and Gan dialect. Half of the population can just understand their dialects but dont have the ability to speak Putonghua. In Chinese history, there were a number of great migration movements. For example, “Chuang Guandong” is the most typical migration of seeking livehood (Li, 2007). It means countless people from Hebei province and Shandong province moved to the northeast part of China. In the 19th century, Chinese population increased so fast that there was not enough land to feed the farmers. In the meantime, Qing government banned the Han people from getting into the northeast region since they didnt want to see the Manchu peoples Han-ification. The Han people rushed into the northeast part secretly both by land route and sea route. After so many years integration of different nationalities, the dialect they brought there, Zhongyuan Mandarin, absorbed Manchu language as well as Mongolian language, there coming the Dongbei Mandarin. The result of this great migration trend is the obvious unity in three provinces dialects. There is also another example called “Zou Xikou”. It means that numerous Han people from Shanxi and Shaanxi province moved to Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Talking about the reasons, it is easy to find that natural disasters as well as lacking of land were the key point. In this way, the Shanxi dialect was spread to Inner Mongolia areas.A. The Assimilation from Strong DialectsIn some regions of China, it is hard to hear the dialects. As businessmen came to their territory and did trade contract, their dialects were influenced by the new comers dialects. The Cantonese going to the west is a typical example (Li, 2007). The Cantonese people are good at doing business. Not only did they go to Southeast Asia, but also to Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. After the Cantonese businessman came, some of people in the east part of Guangxi gradually dropped their own dialect, Pinghua. And then they started to imitate Cantonese. In this way, many cities of Guangxi preserve two dialects, their original dialect as well as Cantonese.Another example is Min dialect. Fujian province is located in the southeast part of China. Since Song and Yuan dynasty (960-1638), the population of Fujian province grew so fast that there came an issue of lands lacking. For hundreds of years, Fujian people formed the habit of making living out. At first, the Fujian people moved to Chaozhou and Leizhou of Guangdong province. When the same problem happened to them again, they tried to board Hainan Island through Qiongzhou Strait. The readers could see the reason why the spoken language of Hainan province is a sub-language of Min dialect.B. The Assimilation from Putonghua The modernization of some dialects accelerate the loss of Chinese dialects diversity, for example, Wu dialect, Hui dialect, Gan dialect and Xiang dialect. They also belong to the dialects of southeastern China. The southeast dialect and Mandarin are of same language level. The modernization here means the inflence of Putonghua along with the Chinese common dialect. This kind of change is showed in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar (Hu, 2001). In numerous towns near the train line, the elements of their original dialects have disappeared. Then it is said that the Xiang dialect and Wu dialect are getting fa