1、实用医学杂志2023年第39卷第9期The Journal of Practical Medicine2023 Vol.39 No.9临 床 研 究doi:10.3969/j.issn.10065725.2023.09.011基金项目:湖北省教育厅科学研究计划指导性项目(编号:B2022126)通信作者:罗辉宇Email:腹腔镜引导下双侧子宫骶韧带区域神经阻滞在妇科腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除手术中的应用汪海金王克功龚廷刘颖张振罗辉宇湖北医药学院附属襄阳市第一人民医院麻醉科(湖北襄阳441000)【摘要】目的探讨腹腔镜引导下双侧子宫骶韧带区域神经阻滞对腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除手术患者术后镇痛及早期康复的影响。
2、方法将择期全麻下行腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术的患者70例随机分为观察组和对照组,每组35例。观察组全麻复合双侧子宫骶韧带区域神经阻滞后开始手术,对照组单纯全麻后开始手术。记录术中麻醉药物用量、术后不同时间点的VAS疼痛评分、术后肠道功能恢复时间、下床活动时间、术后24 h的15项恢复质量(quality of recovery,QoR15)评分。记录术后镇痛药物使用总量、镇痛补救率及相关不良反应的发生情况。结果与对照组比较,观察组患者术中瑞芬太尼用量减少(P0.05),术后2 h疼痛评分明显降低(P 0.05),术后24 h的QoR15评分明显升高(P 0.05),术后24 h内镇痛药用量、镇痛补救
3、率、头晕、恶心呕吐发生率明显降低(P 0.05)。结论腹腔镜引导下双侧子宫骶韧带区域神经阻滞可降低腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除手术患者围术期阿片类药物的使用量,减轻患者术后疼痛,降低术后相关并发症,提高患者的恢复质量。【关键词】子宫骶韧带区域神经阻滞;腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术;术后镇痛;早期康复【中图分类号】R614Application of laparoscopic guided regional nerve block of bilateral uterosacral ligaments in gynecologicalendoscopic myomectomyWANG Haijin,WANG Keg
4、ong,GONG Ting,LIU Ying,ZHANG Zhen,LUO Huiyu.Department of Anesthesiology,Xiangyang No.1 People s Hospital,Hubei University of Medicine,Xiangyang441000,ChinaCorresponding author:LUO HuiyuEmail:【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of laparoscopic guided regional nerve block of bilateraluterosa
5、cral ligaments on postoperative analgesia and early rehabilitation of patients undergoing laparoscopic myomectomy.Methods70 patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic myomectomy under general anesthesia wererandomly divided into two groups with 35 patients in each group.The observation group perfo
6、rmed after general anesthesia combined with nerve block in bilateral uterosacral ligament region,andthe control group performed aftergeneral anesthesia.The amount of anesthetic used during the operation,the VAS pain score at different time pointsafter the operation,the recovery time of intestinal fu
7、nction after the operation,the time of immobility,and the 15quality of recovery(QoR15)scores 24 hours after the operation were recorded.The total amount of analgesicsused,the recovery rate of analgesia and the occurrence of related adverse reactions were recorded.ResultsCompared with control group,t
8、he intraoperative consumption of remifentanil was significantly reduced(P 0.05),andthe VAS pain score of 2 hours after operation in the observation group was lower(P 0.05).The QoR15 score at24 hours after the operation were significantly increased(P 0.05),and the analgesic dosage,analgesic salvagera
9、te,and the incidence of nausea and vomiting were significantly reduced in the observation group within 24 hoursafter surgery(P 0.05),具有可比性。1.2麻醉方法患者麻醉前常规禁食禁饮,入室后开放外周静脉,监测血压(BP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2),用 NWP002 型脑电传感器麻醉深度监测仪(合肥诺和电子科技有限公司)监测麻醉深度。麻醉诱导:采用瑞马唑仑 0.2 0.3 mg/kg、顺式阿曲库铵 0.2 mg/kg、枸橼酸舒芬太尼 0.5 g/kg,待
10、达到麻醉深度后行气管插管术。连接麻醉机行机械通气,调整呼吸参数维持 PETCO235 45mmHg。所有患者在麻醉诱导后由同一位资深麻醉科医师负责术中管理及指导妇科医生行双侧子宫骶韧带区域药物注射。操作方法:患者取平卧位,常规消毒铺巾,手术开始建立气腹后,在麻醉医生指导下,由妇科手术医生配合采用腔镜钳抬起子宫,确认双侧子宫骶韧带位置,采用腹腔镜注射针进行双侧子宫骶韧带区域药物注射,其中观察组患者在双侧子宫骶韧带区域分别注射0.75%罗哌卡因(批号:03B05101,宜昌人福,中国)5 mL,而对照组患者分别注射生理盐水5 mL,见图1-2。图1左侧子宫骶韧带区域神经阻滞图像Fig.1Ultra
11、sound image of regional nerve block of leftbilateral uterosacral ligaments图2右侧子宫骶韧带区域神经阻滞图像Fig.2Ultrasound image of regional nerve block of rightbilateral uterosacral ligaments麻醉维持:子宫骶韧带区域阻滞完成后5 min后开始手术,术中采用全凭静脉维持麻醉深度,输注瑞马唑仑 0.5 1.5 mg/(kgh)、瑞芬太尼 6 18g/(kgh),术中调整瑞马唑仑和瑞芬太尼的用量维持HR、BP波动范围在基础值20%以内,间断静
12、脉注射顺式阿曲库铵0.05 mg/kg 维持肌松,BIS值维持在40 60。手术结束后停止静脉输注瑞马唑仑和瑞芬太尼注射液,静脉给予氟马西尼 0.5 mg及昂丹司琼4 mg。待患者意识恢复,自主呼吸满意,血流动力学稳定,拔除气管导管。术毕:所有患者给予患者自控静脉镇痛泵(PCIA):枸橼酸舒芬太尼注射液(宜昌人福药业国1128实用医学杂志2023年第39卷第9期The Journal of Practical Medicine2023 Vol.39 No.9药准字 H20054172)100 g+0.9%氯化钠注射液100 mL,PCA剂量2 mL/次,锁定时间15 min,无背景注射剂量,镇
13、痛持续术后2 d,维持VAS评分4分,若VAS评分 4分,给予肌肉注射盐酸曲马多注射液100 mg补救镇痛。由另外一位麻醉医师(对其分组设盲)完成术后镇痛效果评价、处理和随访。1.3观察指标记录患者术中瑞马唑仑及瑞芬太尼用量、术后2、6、12、24 h的VAS疼痛评分、术后肠道功能恢复时间、下床活动时间、术后24 h的15项恢复质量(quality of recovery,QoR15)评分。记录子宫骶韧带阻滞有关的不良反应(穿刺部位血肿、局麻药中毒)、术后患者镇痛药物使用情况(单位时间镇痛药物用量、镇痛补救率)及恶心呕吐的发生情况。1.4统计学方法采用 SPSS 23.0 统计软件进行分析。计
14、量资料以(xs)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,不同时间点比较采用重复测量数据方差分析,计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用2检验。以P 0.05为差异有统计学意义。2结果2.1两组患者术中瑞马唑仑和瑞芬太尼用量比较与对照组比较,观察组术中瑞芬太尼用量明显减少(P 0.05),见表1。2.2两组患者术后不同时间点 VAS 疼痛评分的比较与对照组比较,观察组患者术后2 h的VAS疼痛评分明显降低(P 0.05),见表 2。2.3两组患者术后24 h内镇痛药用量、镇痛补救率、恶心呕吐发生率比较与对照组比较,观察组患者术后24 h内镇痛药用量、镇痛补救率、恶心呕吐发生率明显降低(P 0.05),见
15、表3。2.4两组患者术后肠道功能恢复时间、下床活动时间、术后24 h QoR15评分的比较与对照组比较,观察组术后24 h的QoR15评分明显升高(P 0.05),见表 4。两组患者均未见穿刺部位血肿、局麻药中毒等神经阻滞相关的不良反应发生。3讨论加速康复外科(enhanced recovery aftersurgery,ERAS)是现代医学模式转变出现的新的治疗理念,旨在通过一系列循证依据支持的改良措施,从而达到减轻创伤应激加速患者康复1011。围术期充分的镇痛,是ERAS理念的关键组成部分,也是临床必不可少的治疗手段5。区域神经阻滞不仅可显著改善术后疼痛,减少阿片类药物用量,同时可以促进患
16、者术后早期康复,因此目前在临床手术 的 麻 醉 选 择 上 更 提 倡 全 麻 联 合 神 经 阻滞56,10,12。组别对照组观察组t值P值例数3535瑞马唑仑(mg)137.9 16.81135.7 18.231.300.58瑞芬太尼(g)1 034.6 98.53956.4 102.645.210.03表1两组患者术中瑞马唑仑和瑞芬太尼用量的比较Tab.1Comparison of intraoperative dosage of remimazolamand reminfentanyil between the two groupsxs表2两组患者术后不同时间点VAS疼痛评分的比较Ta
17、b.2Comparison ofVAS scores at different time points afterpostoperative between two groupsxs,分组别对照组观察组t值P值例数35352 h3.5 0.402.6 0.715.33 0.016 h4.0 0.533.8 0.850.190.8712 h3.9 0.543.7 0.721.130.5624 h2.6 0.672.5 0.661.270.74组别对照组观察组t/2值P值例数3535单位时间舒芬太尼用量(xs,g/h)3.22 0.412.34 0.31-5.33 0.01镇痛补救9(25.7)5
18、(14.3)8.730.013头晕7(20.0)4(11.4)5.440.026恶心呕吐8(22.9)3(8.6)6.170.039表3两组患者术后24 h内镇痛药用量、镇痛补救率、恶心呕吐发生情况的比较Tab.3Comparison of postoperative dosage of analgesics,remediate analgesia,and adverse reactions between the twogroups例(%)组别对照组观察组t值P值例数3535肠道功能恢复时间(h)26.43 3.1024.95 2.130.180.47下床活动时间(h)29.84 5.232
19、7.02 5.511.130.59QoR15评分(分)122.55 10.26132.47 8.135.73 0.01表4两组患者术后肠道功能恢复时间、下床活动时间、24 h QoR15评分的比较Tab.4Comparison of postoperative recovery time of intestinalfunction,the time of immobility,and the 15 quality of recovery(QoR15)scores 24 hours between the two groupsxs1129实用医学杂志2023年第39卷第9期The Journal
20、 of Practical Medicine2023 Vol.39 No.9对于接受妇科腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术的患者来说,手术后疼痛主要来源于腹壁穿刺孔疼痛、子宫切口痛及气腹后机械牵拉、术后二氧化碳潴留、缺血、炎性刺激等引起的内脏疼痛1314。术后疼痛主要包括躯体疼痛和内脏疼痛两方面,其中躯体疼痛源于腹壁内的感受器(来源于T10-L1的脊神经前根),多走行于腹内斜肌与腹横肌之间;而内脏疼痛的伤害性刺激通过下腹下丛上升传导回T10-L1脊神经15。子宫从子宫骶神经丛接受原代神经支配,子宫骶神经丛位于子宫骶韧带内侧子宫颈外侧附近,在疼痛传递中也起着重要作用16。妇科腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术后的所有疼痛中内
21、脏痛强度最大,疼痛的强度轻至中度,术后即刻达最大,疼痛随着时间的推移而下降。传统的镇痛药如非甾体类抗炎药和阿片类药物不能直接阻断内脏痛感受器,而且容易引起恶心呕吐、嗜睡等不良反应17。长效酰胺类局麻药罗哌卡具有时效长、安全性高等优点18,不仅可以有效阻断神经丛兴奋与传导,而且还具有抗炎作用,能有效避免中枢和外周敏感化及炎性因子释放,优化围术期镇痛效果,且无全身不良反应7,16,19。本研究中参照参考文献16中介绍的方法对妇科腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除手术患者行双侧子宫骶韧带区域阻滞进行围术期镇痛治疗,于手术开始建立气腹后,在麻醉医生指导下,由妇科手术医生配合采用腔镜钳抬起子宫,确认双侧子宫骶韧带位置,
22、采用腹腔镜注射针进行双侧子宫骶韧带区域药物注射,通过腹腔镜可视化引导下实施动态观察穿刺针在子宫骶韧带区域的穿刺路径,观察药物扩散方向,确保局部麻醉药物精准注射到子宫骶韧带区域,该区域无重要血管伴行,阻滞方法安全性高,效果是可靠的。有研究表明2021区域神经阻滞能够降低术后疼痛评分,减少24 h内阿片类药物用量,而本研究中对照组采用骶韧带区域神经阻滞后24 h舒芬太尼用量减少 33%左右,用量大幅度减少,术后 2 h的疼痛评分也是明显下降的,这与前面的研究结果保持一致。术后头晕、恶心呕吐是影响患者术后康复的重大因素,术后恶心呕吐会影响伤口的愈合、造成电解质紊乱,延长患者住院时间2223。SUNE
23、R等24研究发现区域神经阻滞可以降低50%左右因术后阿片类药物应用导致的恶心呕吐的发生率,本研究中观察组患者术后头晕、术后恶心呕吐发生率也是明显下降的。总体来说,本研究中观察组采用双侧子宫骶韧带区域阻滞联合 PCIA术后镇痛,较对照组比较术后24 h内舒芬太尼用量减少,额外追加镇痛剂比例下降,且头晕、术后恶心呕吐发生率降低、术后24 h的QoR15评分更高,这也表明双侧子宫骶韧带区域阻滞联合PCIA术后镇痛,有效降低了围术期阿片类药物用量,减少了术后相关并发症,有利于促进了患者早期康复。本研究也存在不足之处,首先,我们没有记录两组患者首次使用镇痛泵的时间,我们只是比较了术后24 h单位时间内舒
24、芬太尼用量,这样我们无法估算出罗哌卡因神经阻滞的实际有效作用时间。有研究表明2526罗哌卡因加入佐剂后镇痛时间会延长,下一步我们将利用罗哌卡因加入佐剂进行术后镇痛,期望有效延长镇痛时间后可以替代 PCIA 或者最大幅度降低阿片类药物用量;其次,本次研究手术方式比较单一,只是针对妇科腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术患者做了相关研究,后期会进一步扩大研究的范围。综上所述,腹腔镜引导下双侧子宫骶韧带区域阻滞可降低妇科腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术患者围术期镇痛药物用量,减轻术后疼痛,降低不良反应发生率,提高患者术后麻醉恢复质量,促进早期康复,安全有效。【Author contributions】WANG Haijin per
25、formed the experimentsand wrote the article.WANG Kegong and GONG Ting performed theexperiments.LIU Ying and ZHANG Zhen revised the article.LUO Huiyu designed the study and reviewed the article.All authors read and approved the final manuscript as submitted.参考文献1KAMEL A,AMIN O,IBRAHEM M.Bilateral Ult
26、rasoundGuided Erector Spinae Plane Block Versus Transversus AbdominisPlane Block on Postoperative Analgesia after Total AbdominalHysterectomy J.Pain Physician,2020,23(4):375382.2SMALL C,LAYCOCK H.Acute postoperative pain managementJ.Br J Surg,2020,107(2):e70.3RAJPUT K,VADIVELU N.Acute Pain Managemen
27、t of ChronicPain Patients in Ambulatory Surgery Centers J.Curr Pain Headache Rep,2021,25(1):1.4ECHEVERRIAVILLALOBOS M,STOICEA N,TODESCHINIA B,et al.Enhanced Recovery After Surgery(ERAS):A Perspective Review of Postoperative Pain Management Under ERASPathways and Its Role on Opioid Crisis in the Unit
28、ed States J.Clin J Pain,2020,36(3):219226.5中华医学会外科学分会,中华医学会麻醉学分会.中国加速康复外科临床实践指南(2021版)J.中国实用外科杂志,2021,41(9):961992.6莫小倩,苏仙,王东信.术后区域镇痛技术的应用进展 J.实用医学杂志,2022,38(4):421.7王赟,张萍,何香梅,等.超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞在腹腔镜妇科手术后镇痛中的应用 J.解放军医学院学报,2019,40(11):10301033.8CAMPFORT M,CAYLA C,LASOCKI S,et al.Early quality of1130实用医学杂志
29、2023年第39卷第9期The Journal of Practical Medicine2023 Vol.39 No.9recovery according to QoR15 score is associated with onemonthpostoperative complications after elective surgeryJ.J ClinAnesth,2022,78:110638.9 KLEIF J,WAAGE J,CHRISTENSEN K B,et al.Systematic review of the QoR15 score,a patient reported ou
30、tcome measuremeasuring quality of recovery after surgery and anaesthesiaJ.Br J Anaesth,2018,120(1):2836.10 孙德峰.加速术后康复理念下术后镇痛管理策略 J.实用医学杂志,2022,38(17):21232127.11 LJUNGQVIST O,DE BOER H D,BALFOUR A,et al.Opportunities and challenges for the next phase of enhanced recovery after surgery:A review J.JAM
31、A Surg,2021,156(8):775784.12 SCHOENBRUNNER A R,JOSHI G P,JANIS J E.Multimodalanalgesia in the aesthetic plastic surgery:Concepts and strategiesJ.Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open,2022,10(5):e4310.13 WU L,WU L,SUN H,et al.Effect of ultrasoundguided peripheral nerve blocks of the abdominal wall on pain re
32、lief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy J.J Pain Res,2019,12:14331439.14 SAO C H,CHANTIOPIANCO M,CHUNG K C,et al.Pain after laparoscopic surgery:Focus on shouldertip pain after gynecological laparoscopic surgery J.J Chin Med Assoc,2019,82(11):819826.15 CHOI J B,KANG K,SONG M K,et al.Pain Characteris
33、tics after Total Laparoscopic HysterectomyJ.Int J Med Sci,2016,13(8):562568.16 KWACK J Y,AHN K H,KWON Y S.Postoperative pain control with ropivacaine following laparoscopic myomectomy:A randomized doubleblind,pilot study J.J Obstet Gynaecol Res,2019,45(4):871876.17 CAMILLERI M,LEMBO A,KATZKA D A.Opi
34、oids in Gastroenterology:Treating Adverse Effects and Creating TherapeuticBenefits J.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,2017,15(9):13381349.18 PLAKHOTNIK J,ZHANG L,ESTRADA M,et al.Local Anesthetic Cardiac Toxicity Is Mediated by Cardiomyocyte CalciumDynamics J.Anesthesiology,2022,137(6):687703.19 HAYDEN J,G
35、UPTA A,THORN S E,et al.Does intraperitoneal ropivacaine reduce postoperative inflammation?A prospective,doubleblind,placebocontrolled pilot study J.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2019,63(8):10481054.20 LIU X,SONG T,CHEN X,et al.Quadratus lumborum blockversus transversus abdominis plane block for postoperat
36、ive analgesia in patients undergoing abdominal surgeries:a systematicreview and meta analysis of randomized controlled trialsJ.BMC Anesthesiol,2020,20(1):53.21 HAMID H,AHMED A Y,ALHAMO M A,et al.Efficacy andSafety Profile of Rectus Sheath Block in Adult Laparoscopic Surgery:A Metaanalysis J.J Surg R
37、es,2021,261:1017.22 CHICREALCANTARA T C,TORRESCHAVEZ K E,FISCHER L,et al.Local kappa opioid receptor activation decreasestemporomandibular joint inflammationJ.Inflammation,2012,35(1):371376.23 温倩南,李悦娴,孙德峰.加速康复外科理念下麻醉管理的研究进展 J.中国医师杂志,2022,24(6):814,822.24 SUNER Z C,KALAYCI D,SEN O,et al.Postoperative
38、 analgesia after total abdominal hysterectomy:Is the transversus abdominis plane block effective?J.Niger J Clin Pract,2019,22(4):478484.25 VOROBEICHIK L,BRULL R,ABDALLAH F W.Evidence basis for using perineural dexmedetomidine to enhance the qualityof brachial plexus nerve blocks:a systematic review
39、and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials J.Br J Anaesth,2017,118(2):167181.26 张鹤晨,张静,蔚冬冬,等.罗哌卡因复合布托啡诺腹横肌平面阻滞对妇科腹腔镜手术患者术后镇痛及早期康复的影响J.临床麻醉学杂志,2020,36(2):156159.(收稿:20230216编辑:王舒仪)16 HUANG H,JI L,GU Y,et al.Efficacy and safety of sphincterpreserving surgery in the treatment of complex anal fist
40、ula:a network metaanalysis J.Front Surg,2022,9:825166.17 LOBASCIO P,BALDUCCI G,MINAFRA M,et al.Adiposederived stem cells(MYSTEMEVO Technology)as a treatmentfor complex transsphincteric anal fistulaJ.Tech Coloproctol,2018,22(5):373377.18 WOOD T,TRUONG A,MUJUKIAN A.Increasing experiencewith the LIFT p
41、rocedure in Crohns disease patients with complex anal fistula J.Tech Coloproctol,2022,26:205212.19 EMLIE S,ELFEKI H,THABET W,et al.Predictive factors forrecurrence of high transsphincteric anal fistula after placement ofseton J.J Surg Res,2017,213:261268.20 EMILE S H,ELFEKI H,EL SAID M,et al.Modific
42、ation ofParks classification of cryptoglandular anal fistula J.Dis ColonRectum,2021,64:446458.21 GAO H,CHENG X,GAO L,et al.Timescheduled dotted andsolid thread ligating therapy combined with vacuum sealingdrainage for treating high complex anal fistulaJ.Am J TranslRes,2021,13(10):1173711744.22 GARP P.Comparison between recent sphincter sparing procedures for complex anal fistulasligation of intersphincteric tractvs transanal opening of intersphincteric space J.World J Gastrointest Surg,2022,14:374382.(收稿:20221222编辑:王耀东)(上接第1126页)1131