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怎样合理地使用字面翻译与意译
On How to Use Literal and Free Translation in a Proper and Rational Way
I. Introduction
Translation, no matter as a kind of cultural phenomenon, thinking movement, or as a sort of career, intellectual skill, will always have a close relationship with the background of our living time. Not only its idea and method but also its mode, criterion and genre, all of them advance with the times. After observing the practicing activities and theoretical research of international and internal translation, it comes to a conclusion that translation is one of the vigorous and penetrative areas in the cultural and ideological progress.
Nowadays, most scholars in the scope of translation believe that literal translation and free translation are the two feasible ways when people translating, but both of them not only have differences but also have associations. At the same time, modern theoretical research of translation demonstrated that translation activity is not only a transformation of two different languages, but also a communication of different cultures.
Thus, this paper aims at finding a proper and rational way in translation through the detailed description, analysis, judgment of literal and free translation, and the comparative research of translatability and untranslatability of language style.
II. The Literal and Free Translation
There always exist two different translation versions; one is translated by its literal meaning, and another version will not take much account of its original form. So, it causes an argument between literal and free translation. As is known to all, literal translation and free translation are two basic methods of English-Chinese translation. Then, after all, what is the literal translation and what is the free translation?
2.1 The Concepts of Literal and Free Translation
2.2.1 The Concept of Literal Translation
Literal translation refers to translate a sentence originally, keeping the original message form, including construction of sentences, meaning of the original words, metaphors, national distinguishing features of the original texts and so on. It emphasizes the double compounding in content and form. That is to say, the translation should reflect the original more loyalty not only in content but in form. However, literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation.
For example: Translators should not translate “Mr. Billings can not be deterred from his plan” into“比林斯先生不能被阻止去实行他的计划” in Chinese, and also do not translate “We saw an acrobat standing on his head” into“我们看见一个杂技演员正站在他的头上。” in Chinese。 Then, please look at the following examples in the literal translation ways:
(1)But I hated Sakamoto and I had a feeling that he’d surely lead us to our ancestors.
The Chinese meaning is“但是我恨坂本,并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。” Here the “…he’d surly lead us to our ancestors” can be translated into “……他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先”, in Chinese literally. It not only expresses the original meaning but also keeps the metaphor of original text so that the translated text would be fluent and easy to be comprehended by target language readers. But if it is translated into“……他肯定会领着咱们去送死” in Chinese. It can express the content of original text, the translated text is also fluent but the original form has been lost.
(2) Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War but in a few years he was completed defeated.
The Chinese meaning is “希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的,可是不过几年就被彻底击败了。” The “arm to the teeth” is a vivid idiom which always been translated into “武装到牙齿” in Chinese since the beginning of liberation in China. But if it is translated into “全副武装” in Chinese, the tone of speaking would become more weakened.
Therefore, this is the brief introduction of literal translation.
2.2.2 The Concept of Free Translation
While free translation need not pay attention to the original form, including construction of the original sentences, meaning of the original works, metaphor of the original forms and so on. That is to say, free translation does not attach importance to form and literal meaning. It pays more attention to the consistence of spiritual essence. But free translation does not mean to delete or add content to the original works and translators must consider the original texts carefully, know its stress, translate it naturally, and express the meaning of original ones. Taking a common saying as an example:
“There is no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid.”
The Chinese meaning is “姑娘无论多么丑也能配个汉子。”.
If translators pursue its similarity in form unilaterally and overlook its real meaning, then this sentence can be translated into “没有丑到配不上一个盖子的罐子” in Chinese. The Chinese meaning would be influent and not easy to be comprehended by target language readers.
Let us see other examples:
(1) “She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth she thinks she can do what she likes”.
The Chinese meaning is “她生长在富贵之家,认为凡事都可以随心所欲。”.
Here, “born with a silver spoon in her mouth” symbolizes noble, while the “do what she likes” just illustrates that her household is out of the ordinary. So, the two idiomatic phrases “富贵之家” and “随心所欲” in translated text are just true-to-life and fit for the meaning. However, if they are directly translated into “嘴里含着银勺子出生” and “做任何她喜欢的事” , the power of expression would become weaken.
(2) “This young fellow does his work with vim and vigor.”
The Chinese meaning is “这小伙子干活真冲。”.
In this sentence, if the “with vim and vigor” is translated into a phrase, solo, it can be translated into “既有活力,又有精神”. But if it was put into this sentence, this way of expression would be more formal and do not conform to the custom of expression. It seems that the language would become stiff and obscure in meaning. While if it is changed into “真冲”, the working attitude of the young man can be expressed accurately and concisely.
2.2The Contrast of Literal and Free Translation
According to the concepts of literal and free translation, there must be some differences between these two kinds of translations obviously.
From the point of view of language form, literal translation keeps the expression form of original works, while free translation will give up the expression form of original works.
From the point of view of the relationship between original text and translated text, literal translation bases on the original text, but free translation bases on the translated text.
From the point of view of the relationship between original authors and readers, literal translation rests on the original authors’ minds; free translation depends on the readers’ thinking.
From the point of view of dealing with cultural elements, literal translation always adopts the way of dissimilation; however, free translation will uses the methods of assimilation.
From the point of view of manner of thinking, literal translation is a kind of expression which considers the thinking contents of original works by using the way of thoughts of original texts; free translation is a sort of expression which thinks over the contents of original texts by using the manner of thinking of translated works.
While, from the point of view of philosophy, there is no doubt that there must be some relationships between literal translation and free translation. Both of them are interdependent, but each of them possesses a kind of limitation by themselves.
2.3 Influential Factors of Literal Translation and Free Translation
When literal and free translations are mentioned, they must have been affected by a lot of elements. Therefore, the influential factors of literal translation and free translation will be discussed from the following two aspects.
2.3.1 Cultural Element
Prof. Eugene A. Nida as one of the most outstanding translation theorists of world renown in the west today has said that in order to reach the real success of translation, to know two kinds of different cultures is more important than to master these two sorts of languages. Therefore, culture is one of the factors which influence the literal and free translation.
Translators always use literal translation to deal with some works which their distinctive national features are not easy to be understood or can not be found in the translated languages, for example, technical terms, people’s names, geographical names and so on. This sort of method can not only make readers know more about the original language’s culture but also adds the new cultural concepts to the translated language culture so as to make the translated language cultures have possessions of vivaciousness and vigorousness.
Sometimes, literal translation can be influenced by cultures. For examples:
Sauna: 桑拿浴—一种芬兰式的蒸气浴;
Internet: 因特网—国际互联电脑网络;
AIDS: 艾滋病—一种获得性免疫缺损综合症;
the sword of Damocles: 达摩克里斯之剑—喻临头的危险,源于希腊传说, 古Syracuse国王命其延丞达摩克里斯坐在以一根头发悬挂的剑下,以示君王多危;
a Judas Kiss: 犹大之吻—喻口蜜腹剑,阴险的被判,源自<<圣经>>, 指耶稣十二使徒之一犹大以接吻为暗号出卖耶稣,导致耶稣被钉死在十字架上;
the Gordian knot: 戈尔迪结—喻棘手问题,源自希腊传说, 戈尔迪结在木桩上系了一个众人皆无法解开的绳结,后由亚历山大王一刀斩开。
西施: Xishi— a famous beauty in the late Spring and Autumn period in ancient China;
气功: qigong— a system of deep breathing exercises;
磕头: Kowtow, to touch the forehead to the ground while kneeling, as act of worship, respect, etc. esp. in former Chinese custom;
粽子: Zongzi, a kind of glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves;
清明节: Chingming, a traditional Chinese holiday to commemorate the dead observed in late spring;
功夫: Kung fu, a Chinese martial art based on the use of fluid movements of the arms and legs.
From the previous examples, it comes to a conclusion that some proper nouns must be translated literally according to the cultures of original works.
However, some vocabulary, idioms and sentences which have possessions of distinctive cultural features of original texts can not be translated by the way of literal translation exactly. Then, free translation has to be used in these circumstances so as to express the original meaning directly. Through filling in some vacancies among words, meanings and cultures, these translated works would become more fluent and easy to be understood by target readers.
Free translation can also be effected by cultures. For examples:
(1) Original Text: It was another one of those Catch-22 situations: you are damned if you do, you’re damned if you don’t.
Translated Text: 这真是又一个左右为难的尴尬局面, 做也倒霉, 不做也倒霉。
(2) Original Text: Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.
Translated Text: 如果让我选择是一个没有言论自由的政府, 还是要一个只有言论自由而无政府的国家, 我会毫不犹豫地选择后者。
(3) Original Text: The study has a Spartan look.
Translated Text: 这间书房风格简朴。
(4) Original Text: I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse.
Translated Text: 我怀疑他可能是个内奸。
(5) Original Text: He is just a stalking horse in the election contest.
Translated Text: 他在这次竞选中只不过是充当一个掩护性候选人。
(6) Original Text: 天有不测风云。
Translated Text: Something unexpected may happen any time.
(7) Original Text: 望子成龙
Translated Text: to expect one’s son to become an outstanding personage.
(8) Original Text: 狗嘴里吐不出象牙。
Translated Text: A filthy mouth can’t utter decent language.
(9) Original Text: 情人眼里出西施。
Translated Text: Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
(10) Original Text: 有眼不识泰山。
Translated Text: I fail to recognize your eminence.
According to the previous examples, to a certain extent, it comes to a conclusion that cultural factor has influenced the using of literal and free translation.
2.3.2 Grammatical Element
Besides the cultural element, grammar is another influential factor which affects the using of literal and free translation.
It goes without saying that literal translation often be used in some simple grammatical structures, while free translation has to be used in the complicated constructions.
III. Translatability and Untranslatability
In the translators’ opinion, the problem which may exist on a 50-50 basis is one of the most contradictory between different languages. Thereby, an argument has been caused between linguistic translatability and untranslatability. Generally speaking, the controversy just concentrates on whether the language is translatable or not and whether the special form of language is translatable or not. After all, in that case, what is the condition of translatability and what is not?
3.1 The Condition of Translatability
There are a lot of commonalities between languages all over the world. Linguistic translatability has been decided by the unity of language functions, if the function of original work has a coincidence with the translated text, then the language is translatable.
From ancient times to the present, a large number of famous works which have been translated into a lot of different languages have become the spiritual values of human beings. Great quantities of scientific and technological achievements which have been spread from one country to others have had a great benefit to the power of production of human beings. All these accomplishments can not be achieved if there is no translation. Therefore, to a certain extent, it comes to a conclusion that language is translatable.
3.2 The Conditions of Untranslatability
According to the comprehensive survey, some scholars have put emphasis on the untranslatability. They believed that, to some extent, translatability has its limitation and even untranslatable.
To begin with, from the point of view of vocabulary, some words can not find the corresponding ones in the translated language owing to the unbalanced development of each nation and some distinctive features of geography, history and culture. For instance, some words about science and technology, philosophy and culture are all untranslatable.
Secondly, from the point of view of grammatical system, some languages are untranslatable. Although most of languages have perfect and developed grammatical systems, if the grammatical structure of one language differs from another, translators have to change some structures of grammar so as to ensure its translatability.
Besides, it is not easy for some special language forms to be translated. For example, many translators considerer that poem is untranslatable. While if a poem is translated, the aroma of the poem would disappear.
In addition, some cultural phenomenon between different nations is also untranslatable. Because a number of particular national languages have formed their own features in grammars and sentence structures according to their different cultural backgrounds, custom of society and background of times so as to make some cultural phenomenon not easy to be translated.
Taking “毛笔”“墨” as examples, people can not find two words to explain these two Chinese characters, if they are translated into Chinese brush(or writing brush), Chinese ink, the appearance of things can not b
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