CNC-CAM外文翻译.doc

湖南涉外经济学院本科生毕业论文（设计）
附录A：文献翻译原文
Chapter 1 CNC/CAM
WARNING: Machine tools present a safety hazard. Improper operation can result in severe injury. These topics are for non-laboratory study only and are not to be used in conjunction with the operation of any tool or machine described herein. Never use a machine tool without the supervision of a qualified instructor.
1.1 CAD/CAM Systems
This topic is an introduction to CAD/CAM systems, components, and applications.
1.1.1 Background
CAD/CAM is an acronym for Computer Aided Design / Computer Aided Manufacturing. In essence CAD is simply a drafting board in a computer and facilitates engineering and design with a monitor and a keyboard instead of a paper and pencil. The drawing is saved in an electronic data file for editing.
CAM is what can be done with the electronic data to help manufacture the engineered part represented in the electronic file. Although there can be hundreds of different manufacturing processes (stamping, forging, molding, etc) “CAM” when teamed with “CAD” as in “CAD/CAM” has come to refer almost exclusively as the process of machining the CAD geometry on CNC machinery. Of course the computer file alone cannot machine a part nor can the computer. But with a CAD/CAM system the electronic CAD file can be used to create another file of tool paths that can be fed into the controls of the CNC machinery.In the 60's and 70's CAD/CAM systems were comprised of expensive mainframe computers and minicomputers. Because of rapid advancements in computer technology, the personal computer (PC) is now being used for most systems.
1.1.2 CAD/CAM  System Components (The PC based CAD/CAM system and peripheral)
A typical PC-based CAD/CAM system begins with a personal computer. This computer should have enough power and memory and must be properly configured to effectively run the software .An input device or two will also be required. Normally this would consist of a mouse and a keyboard. Output devices are also needed such as a printer or plotter to generate blueprints, CNC programs, and tool sheets or other necessary paperwork. The system would also include CAD/CAM software. Selecting the correct software to meet the requirements of manufacturing application is perhaps the most important aspect of your system.
1.1.3 Basic CAD(What Computer Aided Design does.)
CAD, at its most basic, is a geometric modeling system used to produce two dimensional or three dimensional engineering drawings in a computer. CAD is the use of a computer to aid in the total design process. The design process involves identifying a need, generating possible solutions to meet that need, evaluating each solution to determine its merit, and developing a detail model so it can be built. PC can aid in most steps in this design process.
Currently, the primary use of CAD is in the three-dimensional models from which engineering drawings and CNC part programs are produced almost automatically. A drawing is developed in the computer aided design process, without the need to fabricate a prototype, so all the testing and analysis can be performed and a part program can be generated.
The major goals of CAD for manufacturing are to increase productivity and create a database for manufacturing
CAD helps the designer or drafts person to visualize a design on the computer screen. The designer can make changes and get immediate feedback on the results. Current CAD software also allows for analysis and testing of components before manufacturing the actual part. CAD
This is a very important part of modern manufacturing expertise. The increased use of CAD- based engineering analysis tools such as "finite element analysis" has increased the quality of product world wide. The automobile industry can make cars that last longer, run cooler, and provide more power/economy due - in great part - to the ability of the design engineer to test models in a computer before making the first part. Aerospace, construction, medical, and all of the other design manufacturers have benefited as well.
1.1.4 Basic CAM（What Computer Aided Manufacturing does）
CAM utilizes computers in the control and operations of the manufacturing process.
There are two main applications for Computer-Aided Manufacturing:Where the computer directly controls a manufacturing operation. Where the computer is used to support the manufacturing process, for example inventory Control and CNC part programming.
The application most commonly associated with CAM is CNC part programming. Generally, the application involves either defining the part geometry or retrieving it from an existing file and then describing the cutter tool path including the feed rate , coolant, and clamping. Next, the program is run through a process called post-processing in which a CNC file is generated.
1.1.5 Using CAD/CAM Systems（How CAD/CAM integrated）
A direct link between product design and manufacturing can be established using CAD/CAM software. Product engineers use a CAD system to establish the part geometry, dimensions, and tolerances. This design data can be transferred to the CAM system where the part programmers develop the CNC program to machine the part.
A CAD/CAM system can consist of separate or integrated CAD and CAM software. For a system using separate CAD and CAM packages, transfer of drawing geometry using either direct or indirect translation is required. In this case, part geometry is first created on the CAD system and then transferred to the corresponding CAM system. After the geometry has been recreated in the CAM system, the programmer specifies the tools that will be used. Detail information for each tool, such as material, diameter, number of flutes, and length, will be specified (above right)). Next the order of the machining process will be established (right). And finally a tool path with proper feed rate information is provided.
Most CAM systems provide interactive graphic animations to verify the NC part program.
An integrated CAD/CAM system is a dedicated system that will allow the user to create product geometry and generate CNC programs all in one package. Data transfer from CAD to CAM is not required, and there is no data compatibility problem. This feature is important since it ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data.
……

43
附录B：文献翻译译文
第一章 CNC/CAM
警告 ：机床存在安全隐患。操作不当可能会导致严重的人身伤害。这些议题都是非实验室的研究仅是不被用于与所述的任何工具或机操作相结合。从来没有一个合格的教练监督使用机床。
1.1 CAD / CAM系统
本主题介绍了CAD / CAM系统，组件和应用程序。
1.1.1 背景
CAD / CAM是计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造的英文缩写。CAD在本质上仅仅是在一台计算机上利用显示器和键盘进行工程设计起草，而不是用一张纸和一支铅笔。图纸被保存在一个电子数据文件中进行编辑。
CAM可以用电子数据辅助完成部分制造工程并生成在电子文件中，即便是数百个不同的制造工艺（ 冲压 ， 锻造， 铸造等）。当“CAM”和“CAD”合作组成“CAD/CAM”时，几乎所有加工过程都可以用CAD几何表示应用在数控机械中。当然，电脑文件不能单独是机器的一部分，也不能仅是电脑的一部分。但CAD / CAM系统的电子CAD文件可用于创建另一个文件的工具，可以应用到数控机械控制的路径。
在60年代和70年代的CAD / CAM系统，包括昂贵的大型机计算机和小型机 。由于计算机技术的飞速进步， 个人计算机 （PC）是目前正在使用的大多数系统。
1.1.2 CAD/CAM 系统组成（基于PC的CAD/CAM系统和外围设备）
一个典型的基于PC -CAD / CAM系统开始于个人计算机（PC）。这台电脑应该有足够的性能和记忆 ，必须正确配置，有效运行的软件 。还需要一个或两个输入设备。通常情况下，这将包括 一个鼠标和键盘 。输出设备也需要，如一个打印机或绘图仪生成蓝图 、 数控程序、 工具或其他必要的文件。选择正确的软件，以满足生产应用的要求，也许是您的系统中最重要的方面。
1.1.3基本的CAD（计算机辅助设计做什么）
CAD其最基本的，是一种用于生产二维或三维计算机工程图纸的几何造型系统。 CAD是使用电脑，以帮助在整个设计过程。设计过程中涉及确定需要，产生可能的解决方案，以满足这一需要，每个解决方案进行评估，以确定其优点，并制定一个详细的模型，以便它可以建立。 计算机可以帮助在这个设计过程中的大部分步骤。
目前，CAD的主要用途是在三维模型中自动生成工程设计图纸和生产数控零件的程序。绘图开发的计算机辅助设计过程中，无需编造原型 ，所以能够执行所有的测试和分析并能生成零件程序。可以进行零件程序可以生成所有的测试和分析。 CAD的制造业的主要目标是提高生产率和制造业，创建一个数据库 。
CAD帮助设计师或绘图员在电脑屏幕上看到一个设计。设计师可以进行更改，并获得即时反馈结果。当前CAD软件还允许对之前生产的实际部分进行分析和部分测试。
这是一个现代制造技术的非常重要的组成部分。增加了基于CAD的工程，如“有限元分析”分析工具的使用增加了世界各地的产品质量。汽车行业可以使汽车，持续时间更长，运行温度更低，并提供更适当的性价比 - 伟大的一部分 - 设计工程师在电脑前做的第一部分模型测试的能力，使航空航天、建筑、医疗和所有其他的设计制造商受益.
1.1.4 基本的CAM（计算机辅助制造做什么）
CAM利用计算机在制造过程进行控制和操作。
计算机辅助制造有两个主要应用：计算机直接控制生产操作和计算机用于支持制造过程，例如库存控制和数控部分编程。
与CAM相关的应用程序最常用的是数控部分的编程。一般来说，应用程序定义零件的几何形状，或从现有的文件检索，然后描述刀具路径，包括进给速度、冷却液和夹持 。然后，生成程序运行的数控文件，通常这个过程被称为后处理。
1.1.5使用CAD / CAM系统（CAD / CAM如何集成）
使用CAD / CAM软件，可以建立一个产品的设计和制造之间的直接联系。产品工程师使用的CAD系统，建立零件的几何形状，尺寸和公差。这样的设计数据，可以转移到CAM系统，作为程序员开发的数控程序的一部分应用到机器部分。
一个CAD / CAM系统可以由单独或集成的CAD和CAM软件。对于使用单独的CAD和CAM软件包，画法几何转让使用的系统，无论是直接或间接的翻译是必需的。在这种情况下，零件的几何形状是第一次创建的CAD系统，然后转移到相应的CAM系统。已在CAM系统的几何重建后，程序员指定将要使用的工具。每个工具的详细信息，如材料，直径，长笛数量和长度，将被指定（右上）。下一步的加工过程中的顺序（右）将建立。最后一个适当的进给率信息的刀具路径。
最CAM系统提供交互式的图形动画，以验证NC零件程序。
一个集成化CAD/ CAM系统是一个专用的系统，将允许用户创建产品的几何形状，并在一个封装所有生成的数控程序。从CAD到CAM的数据传输是不需要的，并没有数据的兼容性问题。此功能非常重要，因为它可以确保数据的准确性和可靠性。