高考英语语法代词详解.doc

代词高考对代词的考查主要是人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词和关系代词等。设置特定的语境，对代词的数、性、格的变化进行考查仍然是高考的热点。代词的分类1.人称代词：主格I, we, you, he, she, it, they宾格me, us, you, him, her, it, them2.物主代词：形容词性my, our, your, his, her, its, their名词性mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs3.反身代词：单数myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself复数ourselves, yourselves, themselves4.相互代词：each other (两者之间相互)；one another (两者以上的相互)5.指示代词：this, that, these, those6.疑问代词：who, whom, whose, which, what7.关系代词：who, whom, whose, that(指人),which, that, as, whose（指物）8.不定代词：all, each, either, neither, both, none, other, another, something, everything, nothing somebody, everybody, nobody someone, everyone, no one, many, much, few, less一、人称代词单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格Iyouhe，she，itweyouthey宾格meyouhim，her，itusyouthem人称代词的用法1.人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补足语。如：John waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中。When he arrived，John went straight to the bank.约翰一到就直接去银行了。2.人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语。如：I saw her with them；at least，I thought it was her.（第一个her作动词宾语，them作介词宾语，第二个her作表语）Who broke the vase?谁打碎了花瓶？Me.我。3.人称代词之主、宾格的替换(1)宾格代替主格在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。I like English.。Me too.Have more wine?Not me.。在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am.2）主格代替宾格在介词but，except后，有时可用主格代替宾格。在电话用语中常用主格。I wish to speak to Mary.。This is she.注意：在动词be 或to be后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。I thought it was she.我以为是她。（主格主格）I thought it to be her.（宾格宾格）I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。（主格主格）They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。（宾格宾格）4.代词的指代问题 1）不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he，his，him代替。如：Nobody came，did he?2）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he，she，带有亲切的感情色彩。如：Give the cat some food.She is hungry.。3）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。5.并列人称代词的排列顺序 1）单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：第二人称 第三人称第一人称，即you he/she; it I。如：You，he and I should return on time.你，他还有我应该按时回来。2）复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：第一人称 第二人称第三人称，即weyouthey。在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。在承认错误，承担责任时。It was I and John that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称，如：I and you try to finish it.并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。二、 物主代词物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，其人称和数的变化见下表。单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称物主代词形容词性myyourhis，her，itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis，hers，itsoursyourstheirsOur school is here，and theirs is there.我们的学校在这儿，他们的在那儿。1.物主代词的用法1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用。如：John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.?2)物主代词有形容词性（my，your等）和名词性（mine，yours等）两种，形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的s属格结构。如：Jacks cap意为The cap is Jacks。His cap意为The cap is his。2.名词性物主代词的句法功能1)作主语。如：May I use your pen? Yours works better.2)作宾语。如：I love my motherland as much as you love yours.3)作介词宾语。如：You should interpret what I said in my sense of the word，not in yours.4)作表语。如：The life I have is yours.Its yours.Its yours.3.双重所有格物主代词不可与a，an，this，that，these，those，some，any，several，no，each，every，such，another，which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。公式为：a，an，this，that+名词+of+名词性物主代词。三、指示代词指示代词表示“那个”“这个”“这些”“那些”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this，that，these，those等。如：That is a good idea.指示代词的用法1.指示代词分单数（this/that）和复数（these/those）两种形式，既可作限定词又可作代词。2.指示代词的句法功能。1)作主语。如：This is the way to do it.2)作宾语。如：I like this better than that.3)作表语。如：My point is this.4)作介词宾语。如：I dont say no to that. There is no fear of that.说明1：指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人。如：（对）That is my teacher.那是我的老师。（that作主语，指人） （对）He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。（this作限定词）（错）He is going to marry this.（this作宾语时不能指人）（对）I bought this.我买这个。（this指物，可作宾语）说明2：that和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较：（对）He admired that which looked beautiful.（对） He admired those who looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）（错） He admired that who danced well.（that作宾语时不能指人）（对）He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。（those指人）（对）He admired those which looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。（those指物）四、反身代词表示“我自己”“你自己”“他自己”“我们自己”“你们自己”和“他们自己”等的代词，叫做自身代词，也称为“反身代词”。如：She was talking to herself.她自言自语。反身代词单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves反身代词的用法1.作宾语，如1)有些动词需有反身代词，如absent，bathe，amuse，blame，dry，cut，enjoy，hurt，introduce，behave等。如：We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.Please help yourself to some fish.2)用于及物动词+宾语+介词，如：take pride in，be annoyed with，help oneself to sth等。I could not dress（myself）up at that time.注：有些动词后不跟反身代词，如：get up，stand up，wake up等。Please sit down.2.用作表语。如。I am not myself today.3.用作同位语。如The thing itself is not important.4.在不强调的情况下，but，except，for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。 注意：1)反身代词本身不能单独作主语。（错）Myself drove the car.（对）I myself drove the car.我自己开车。2)但在and，or，nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。Charles and myself saw it.查尔斯和我看见了这件事。五、 相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的。如：It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.，相互借鉴的相互代词宾格each other，one another所有格each others，one anothers相互代词的句法功能1.作动词宾语。如：People should love one another.人们应当彼此相爱。2.可作介词宾语。Dogs bark，cocks crow，frogs croak to each other.犬吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other， 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多。He put all the books beside each other/one another.他把所有书并列摆放起来。Usually these small groups were independent of each other.这些小团体通常是相互独立的。3.相互代词可加s构成所有格。如：The students borrowed each others notes.六、不定代词不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有all，both，each，every等，以及含有some，any，no等的合成代词，如anybody，something，no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。如：Do you have a car? Yes，I have one. I dont know any of them.他们，代词的用法1. nothing, none, no onenone作为代词，最常用来表示数量，它可以是一个可数的概念（how many）也可以是一个不可数的概念(how much),或者any引起的问题；而nothing是相对于something(有某物)什么都没有,它回答的是“What is in/on.”的问题；而no one=nobody没有人，它回答的是“Who did that?”（谁）或是anyone（有没有人）的问题。2. one, ones, that, those, it（1）one和ones可以用来代替前面提到过的可数名词，one代单数，ones代复数，其中：两者都可以指代物（只要是可数）one前面一般不加a,因为它本身有“一个”的意思，但如果one前面有形容词修饰，则需要加a/an。one可以单独使用，意思为“任何人”。例如：Shall we have a rest?Didnt we just have one?(因为one=a something)One should always believe in oneself.（2）that与those：that可以代替前面提到的不可数名词或可数名词单数（相当于the one；而those 代替前面提到的复数名词，有时可以用the ones替换。例如：The population of China is bigger than that of India. (that=the population）The boy told his story and that of the girl next room.(that=the story)The cell phones we made nowadays are better than those/the ones made 2 years ago.（those=the cell phones=the ones)（3）one和it:两者都可以用来代替前面出现过的单数名词,one指这类东西中的任何一个，指类属，泛指。it指前面所指的同一物。例如：I need a pen to sign my name. Can I have one? (one =a pen) I cannot find my new pen. Have you seen it?（it指那支新钢笔）3. another, the other, other, others, the others （1）another和the other:两者都是“另一个”的意思，但数量上有区别:用 another指两个以上的数量，而the other只指两个中的另一个，例如：He has three brothers, one is a teacher, another is a doctor and the third is an engineer. 注：another除了可以作代词，还可以用作形容词。这里有必要区别another, the other和more的用法：another:another表“另一个”时只跟可数名词单数，而表“另外的、额外的、附加的”时，可跟带有few或具体数字的复数名词，此时可把“数词复数名词”看作是一个整体。例如： Have you finished your report yet？No，I will finish it in another 10 minutes.There is room for another few people in the back of the bus.other:表“另外的”接复数名词，如与具体数词连用，则置于数词之后，但与定冠词the连用时，other要放在数词前。例如：Tony is going camping with two other little boys next Sunday.Do you know where he found the other two photos？more:more一般位于数词之后,名词之前，有时也可置于名词之后。例如：One more step（One step more），and Ill shoot you.Where shall we be in ten more years？more除跟数词外，还可与many, a little，a few，a lot，several等词连用，例如:There are many more dictionaries on the desk.Would you like some more tea？(2) others, the othersothers是相对于some来说的：some.some.others. (一些一些另一些）是泛指；而the others是特指另一些，相对于ones (可以理解为one, the other的复数)。例如：Class 1 are cleaning the classroom. Some are sweeping the floor, some are cleaning the window, and others are washing the blackboard. （泛指）There are only 20 students in the classroom, where are the others.（特指）4. both, other, neither, each, any, allboth:两者都，谓语动词用复数；either:两者中间的任何一个，谓语动词用单数；neither:两者中间无任何一个，谓语动词多用单数，也可以用复数；each:两个或两个以上中的每一个，谓语动词用单数；any:三者或三者以上中的任何一个，谓语动词用单数；all:三者或三者以上全部；5. some, any, nosome属于肯定词，主要用于肯定句中，但当说话人期待肯定回答时，也可以用于疑问句中。例如：Could I have some more tea, please? Would you like some more coffee?any属于非肯定词，主要用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。它可以与形容词的比较级连用。例如：Dont come any closer, or Ill shoot!no属于否定词，用于否定句中：no+可数名词单数=not a/anno+可数名词复数=not any。例如：There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world. 【考点诠释】纵观历年高考试题，代词的主要考点主要集中在以下几个方面：不定代词one，the one，ones，the ones；物主代词的用法；人称代词主格和宾格的用法；表示两者和多者的不定代词的比较；指示代词this，that，these，those，it的用法；another，(the)other(s)，else；the rest的用法；every-，some-，any-，no-与-thing，-one，-body构成的复合不定代词的用法。考点1 人称代词一般地说人称代词作主语时用主格；作宾语时用宾格；作定语时用形容词性物主代词；名词性物主代词可以代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”。但口语中，在无动词的句子里，往往用代词的宾格形式。1用于无谓语的句子中一Dpes any of you know why Jack hasnt come yet?一Me。答语如果带谓语，就得用主格，如：I can和I do，too/So do I2 表示惊奇、猜疑、反问、不满、厌烦等Do you have good eyesight，young man?一Me?I can see a sparrow two hundred paces awayWhat?Me fight a big chap like him?Not me!3 代替as，than等连词之后的主格(多用于口语中，尤其用于句末)Im not as tall as him(he)。)She is much more careful than me(I)她比我细心得多。当这类人称代词带有all，both等同位语时，用宾格的形式就更为常见了。如：He works harder than us a11典例：Our neighbers gave a baby bird yesterday that hurt when it fell from its nest Aus；it Bus；itself Courselves；itself Dourselves；it考点2指不代词1this/these，that/thosethis,these指代下面要说的内容；that，those指代上面陈述过的内容。如：What Id like to say about how to improve our spoken English is like thisThats a11Thank youSalaries are higher here than those in my hometown2一些习惯说法中this和that的用法比较固定Whos that?你是谁?)This is Mary11ats all right/OK。(对感谢的答语)natS nothing。(对道歉的答语) Thats that(表示决定不能更改)ThatS a11就这些了。That is那就是3this，that有时可以用作副词，意为“这么，那么”，用在形容词或副词前作状语，表示程度 It isnt that cold还没那么冷。考点3不定代词以下是几组易混不定代词：1some类不定代词与any类不定代词(1)some类不定代词多用于肯定句中；any类的多用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。如：Raise your hands if you have any questions如果你们有问题，请举手。(2)但在表示客气的请求或希望对方给予肯定回答的疑问句中，要用some类的不定代词。如：Would you like something to drink?你要喝点什么吗?(3)any类的不定代词用在肯定句中，表示“任何(一个)；任何事情；无论什么”。如：She promised that she could do anything for you她许诺能为你做任何事情。2all，both，neither，none(1)all指三者或三者以上“都”，both指两者“都”。如：Both(of)his hands were woundedAll(of)his fingers were wounded(2)neither表示“两个都不”，常和of连用，放在带有冠词、物主代词或指示代词的复数名词之前，作主语时，谓语动词可以用单数或复数；none表示三个或三个以上“都不”，可用于人，也可用于物，后可接of短语，与复数名词、代词或单数集合名词连用作主语，指人时，谓语动词用单、复数皆可；指物时，只用第三人称单数形式。如：Neither of the twins is/are correctNone of us has/have ever been to the Great wall3any，either，each，every(1)any一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。也可用在肯定句中，以加强语气，表示“任一”的概念；还可以用来修饰可数名词单数，表示三者或三者以上中的“任何一个”。如：I didnt eat any meat我一点儿肉也没吃。4no，none，nothing，nobody(1)no不能单独使用，相当于not a或not any，作定语修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如：You have no sympathy for the sufferings of others你对别人的痛苦没有同情心。(2)none既可以指人，也可以指物，侧重指三者或三者以上的人或物，用于回答how many/much引导的疑问句，可与介词of连用。如：None of the books is suitable for the young这些书都不适合年轻人读。一How many people are there in the room?一None没人。(3)nobody指人，用于回答who引导的疑问句；nothing指物，用于回答what引导的疑问句。如：一Who is in the room?谁在屋内? 一Nobody没有人。5it，one，ones， that和those(1)it特指上文所提到的同一个物，它所代替的名词常由the，this，that等修饰。one指上文提到的同类事物中的一个，不特指，被指代的名词通常由不定代词some或any修饰。如：Where is that book?I cant find it那本书在哪儿?我找不到它。I havent got any erasersWill you please give me one?我没有橡皮，请你给我一块好吗?(2) one与that都可用来代替上文中出现的名词，one前要用定冠词the，有时that和the one可互换使用。如：The book isnt so interesting as the one/that you borrowed (3)但that和one在多数情况下是不能互换的，主要区别在于：that既可代替可数名词，也可代替不可数名词，常要求有后置定语，一般不指人，复数形式为those。one只能代替可数名词单数，复数形式为ones。当可数名词前有形容词修饰时，只能用one，不用that。当of短语作可数名词的后置定语时，用that，不用one。如：The best cigarettes are those from YunnanThe boy told me his story and that of the girl next doorYour coat is blue，and my new one is green你的大衣是蓝色的，我的新大衣是绿色的。(4)the ones用来代替上文提到的特指的复数名词，有时可以用those代替，尤其在有后置定语的情况下。如：The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk6another，other，others，more(1)another既可以单独使用，也可以用于单数名词前，泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用“another+数量词+复数名词”，表示”再，又”。如：was there another way out? wed better wait another five minutes特别提示表示“另外一个学生”只能用another student，不能说成another one student。(2)other不能单独使用，应用于复数名词前，表示另外的某些人或物，也可以用在some，any，no之后，或具体数词之后，再接名词，构成”不定代词或具体数词+other+名词”；接单数名词时，还可以用在冠词the后，特指两个人或物中的另外一个(可以省略为the other)，或特指另外的某些人或物(可以省略为the others)，others泛指”其他的(事物)，别人”。如：Done remained and the other went awayWe should learn to treat others as equals7something，anything，everything，nothing(1)something一般用在肯定句中，也可以用在表示邀请、征询意见的委婉问句中。如：Could you do something for me?请为我做点事好吗?(2) anything用在否定句、疑问句或条件句中。如：There isnt anything inside (3)everything意为”一切事物”，可用在肯定句或疑问句中。用于否定句时，表示部分否定；表示全部否定时要用nothing或not anything。如：Everything is good when new，but friends when old东西是新的好，朋友是老的亲。(谚语)(4)nothing表示”什么也没有”，常用于陈述句，表示否定意义，不能与否定词连用。如：Do nothing by halves凡事不可半途而废。(谚语)Fools learn nothing from wise men，but wise men learn much from fools愚者不学无术，智者不耻下问。(谚语)典例1：（2010高考英语江西卷,27)Swimming is my favorite sport. There is _ like swimming as a means of keeping fit.A something B anything C nothing D everything【答案】C【解析】考查不定代词。句意：游泳是我最爱的运动。再没有比游泳更好的锻炼方式了。There is nothing like意即”没有什么能像了”。典例2：(2009陕西)Jane was asked a lot of questions，but she didnt answer of themAother Bany Cnone Dsome典例3：(2009江苏)Nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children compared with of their parentsAthose Bone Cboth Dthat解析D 句意：十分之九的家长认为他们教育孩子的方法和他们父母的教育方法有明显的差别。在同一句话中，指代的名词和前面提到的名词是同一类，即同名异物，要用that。考点4 反身代词1反身代词在句中可以作宾语、表语、并列主语，以及名词、代词的同位语The text itself is very easy(作主语的同位语)(Either)Jane or yourself will go there。(作并列主语，但不能单独作主语)He is not laughed at that laughs at himself first谚自嘲者不会让人嘲笑。 Respect yourseff，or no one else will respect you谚要人尊敬，必须自重。2主语与宾语是同一个人时，应当用反身代词teach oneself，enjoy oneself，help oneself，throw oneself，look after oneself3在系动词后作表语，常用于否定句，表示身体不适I dont know whatS the matter with meIm not myself today4用在交际英语中Help yourseff!Make yourself at home!Dont upset yourself!5辨别几组搭配by oneself独自for oneself独自地，靠自己的力量；of oneselft动地；to oneself独占，典例：Isnt it