新概念1语法讲解.doc

一．名词
1.定义：表示人、事物、时间、地点或抽象概念名称的词叫名词（Noun）。   
2.分类     
专有名词

Mary, Hejin, the Great Wall

普通名词
可数
个体名词
book, pen, student, teacher…
集体名词
family, police, army, group
不可数
物质名词
water, bread, wine, meat
抽象名词
happiness, success, sadness
3.名词的数
名词的数是指名词的单、复数形式。表示一个人或事物用单数形式（Singular noun）；表示一个以上的人或事物用复数形式（Plural noun）。个体名词和集体名词一般属于可数名词（Countable noun）；物质名词和抽象名词一般属于不可数名词（Uncountable noun）。   
1）.单数形式  
可数名词的单数形式在单词前加a或an。在以元音音素开头的单词前加an；在以辅音音素开头的单词前加a。例如：  
a dictionary 一本词典 a computer 一台电脑 a desk 一张书桌 a university 一所大学   
an idea 一个想法 an hour 一小时 an egg 一个鸡蛋 an orange 一个橘子   
2）.复数形式   
    可数名词的复数形式通常在名词后加-s或—es构成，也有不规则变化情况。下面介绍名词变复数的7种情况。
1)单数名词加s:
students, apples, bags, trees, books, brothers.
2)以s、x、sh、ch结尾的名词加es:
glasses, boxes, brushes, matches.
3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es:
cities, babies, enemies.
4)以f或fe结尾的名词，多数变f为v加es:
wives, knives.
5)以o结尾的名词，有些加es:
Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes.（记忆口诀：黑人英雄爱吃西红柿土豆）
其它加s: radios, zoos, pianos, photos.
6)不规则名词：foot→feet, goose→geese, tooth→teeth, child→children, man→men,
woman→women, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, mouse→mice.
7）单、复数形式相同
  fish→fish 鱼 sheep→sheep 绵羊 deer→deer 鹿    
    Chinese→Chinese 中国人Japanese→Japanese 日本人   
    巧记口诀:    中国人和日本人很爱护绵羊、鹿 和鱼。   
4.名词的格（Case）
所有格表示人或事物的所有和领属关系，在句子中作定语。名词所有格有-s所有格和of所有格  
 1） 's所有格的构成   
    表示人或有生命的东西的名词，单数名词在其后面加上-s；复数名词在其后面只加-’（若不是以-s结尾的复数名词仍加-s），且读音与名词复数词尾-s的读音相同。例如：Today is Children's Day. 今天是儿童节。
This is Mr Yin's office. 这是殷先生的办公室。   
Those are students’books. 那些是学生用书。   
That isn't my parents’room.那不是我父母的房间。      
     2）of所有格   
    表示无生命的东西的名词所有格，一般用“of＋名词”，表示所属关系。例如：   
    the capital of Shandong 山东的省会
the windows of our classroom 我们教室的窗户   
    the name of the famous writer 那位名作家的名字
名词所有格用法口诀
　　英语名词所有格，表示物品所有权。
　　名词后加 ’s， 这种情况最常见。
　　两者共有添最后，各有各添记心间。
　　复数名词有s, 后面只把 ’来添。
　　名词若为无生命，我们常把of用。
　　A of B是B的A，体现英汉序不同

二．代词

第 一 人 称
第 二 人称
第 三 人 称

单数
复数
单数
复数
单 数
复数
人
称
代
词
主 格
I
we
you
you
he
she
it
they
宾 格
me
us
you
you
him
her
it
them
物
主
代
词
形容词性
my
our
your
your
his
her
its
their
名词性
mine
ours
yours
yours
his
hers
its
theirs
I. 人称代词:人称代词又分为主格和宾格形式.主格通常做主语。宾格通常做动词或介词的宾语. Eg: I’m a nurse. Could you help me ?
II. 物主代词又分为形容词性的物主代词和名词性的物主代词.
形容词性的物主代词:相当于形容词,后面要跟名词,指定名词的所属对象.
名词性的物主代词:相当于一个名词,必须单独使用，后面不能再跟名词.
Eg: a. Your school is small, mine is big.(=my book)
b. This is not your pen. Yours is on the desk.(=your pen)

三．时态：
一、一般现在时：
概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays…
基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词
否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
My father is a doctor.
Tom isn’t at home.
Are they policemen?
I often get up at 7 o’clock every morning.
He doesn’t like apples.
Do you always read before going to bed?
What do you usually do on Sundays?
 一般现在时句中，如果主语是第三人称时，动词要变第三人称单数，变化规则如下： 
1) 一般情况下，动词后面直接加 -s. 例如： 
works gets says reads 
2) 以s，x ，ch，sh或 o 结尾的动词，在后面加 -es。 例如： 
goes teaches washes 
3) 以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把 y变为 i 再加 -es. 例如： 
studies tries carries 
特殊情况：动词 have 的第三人称单数是 has。
例如：  He has an interesting book. 
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Is he a teacher?
Is the girl very beautiful?
Are Tim and Jack students?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
He is not a teacher.
The girl is not very beautiful.
Tim and Jack are not students.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, he is. No, he is not.
Yes, she is. No, she is not.
Yes, they are. No, they are not.
u       不含有动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子
第三人称单数及单数名词
He likes books.
She likes him.
The dog likes bones.
★变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型
Does he like books?
Does she like him?
Does the dog like bones?
★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t, 动词变为原型
He doesn’t like books.
She doesn’t like him.
The dog doesn’t like bones.
★肯定回答及否定回答：
Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t
Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.
注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。
其他人称及复数名词
I want to have a bath.
We have some meat.
The students like smart teachers.
★变疑问句在句首加do
Do you want to have a bath?
Do we have any meat?
Do the students like smart teachers?
★变否定句在主语和动词之间加don’t.
You don’t want to have a bath.
We don’t have any meat.
The students don’t like smart teachers.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Yes, we do. No, we don’t
Yes, they do. No, they don’t.

2. 现在进行时
概念：表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作及行为。
时间状语：now, at this time, these days, …
基本结构：am/is/are+doing
否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.
一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
They are playing basketball on the playground.
I am not reading anything.
Is he waiting for the bus?
What are you doing now?
动词ing形式的变化规则：
1 一般情况下，直接在动词后加－ing
work ---- working sleep ----- sleeping study ----- studying
2 动词以不发音的－e结尾，要去－e加－ing
take ----- taking make ----- making dance ----- dancing
3 重读闭音节的动词，要双写词尾字母，再加－ing
cut ----- cutting put ----- putting begin ------ beginning
4 以－ie结尾的动词，把变成y再加－ing
lie ----- lying tie ----- tying die ----- dying

表示现在正在进行的动作。
构成： 主语＋be动词＋动词的现在分词＋其它成分（现在分词的构成见附录）
We are having lunch.
He is reading a book.
The dog is running after a cat.
The boys are swimming across the river.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Are we having lunch?
Is he reading a book?
Is the dog running after a cat?
Are the boys swimming across the river?
★变否定句在be动词后面加 not
We are not having lunch.
He is not reading a book.
The dog is not running after a cat.
The boys are swimming across the river.
★特殊疑问句：what, which, how, where, who, etc.
疑问词＋动词＋主语＋现在分词
What are you doing?
What is she doing?
What is the dog doing?
(必背)
没有进行时的动词
表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作
1. 表示感觉，感官的词
see, hear, like, love, want,
2. have, has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时

3. 一般过去时
概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, the other day, long long ago, once upon a time, ….
基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词
否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
I was at my mother’s last week.
Once upon a time, there was a beautiful girl whose name was Snow White.
Lucy went to America five months ago.
I didn’t go to the cinema last night.
Did Lily dance at the party?
What did you do yesterday?
动词的过去式变化：
be动词：am/is-----was are---were
规则动词：
1. 直接在词尾加-ed。如: want—wanted, work—worked, need—needed, clean—cleaned
2. 以不发音的e结尾的在词尾加-d。如：like—liked, live—lived, use—used, move—moved
3. 以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-ed。如：stop—stopped, trip—tripped
4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先把y变成i，再加-ed。如：study—studied, carry—carried, hurry—hurried, marry—married
不规则动词：
Have-had eat-ate drink-drank go-went come-came see-saw hear-heard put-put cut-cut 等等

表示过去发生的动作或事件， 常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,
含有be动词的句子， 将动词变为过去式，am, is的过去式为was，are的过去式为were
I was at the butcher’s.
You were a student a year ago.
The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.
★变疑问句将be动词移动到句首
Were you at the butcher’s?
Were you a student a year ago?
Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
I was not at the butcher’s.
You were not a student a year ago.
The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.
★肯定回答否定回答
Yes, I was. No, I was not.
Yes, you were. No, you were not.
Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.
★特殊疑问句：
What did you do?
(必背)
不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，动词过去式构成见附录
I finished my homework yesterday.
The boy went to a restaurant.
The Sawyers lived at King Streeta year ago.
King Streeta year ago.
★变疑问句在句首加did， 动词变为原型
Did you finish your homework yesterday?
Did the boy go to a restaurant?
Did the Sawyers live at King Streeta year ago?
King Streeta year ago?
★变否定句在主语和动词之间加did not
I did not finish my homework yesterday.
The boy did not go to a restaurant.
The Sawyers did not live at King Streeta year ago.
King Streeta year ago.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.
Yes, they did. No, they did not.
4. 现在完成时
概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
时间状语：alreaday, just,yet, since…, for…,….
基本结构：have/has + done
否定形式：have/has + not +done.
一般疑问句：have或has。
He has lost his wallet.
I have already had my lunch.
David hasn’t finished his homework yet.
Have you seen this film?
Mary has been a translator for 20 years.
They have lived here since 1987.
How long have you lived here?
动词过去分词变化规则：
规则动词：规则动词的过去分词变化规则与过去式变化规则相同，包括4条。
1. 直接在词尾加-ed。如: want—wanted, work—worked, need—needed, clean—cleaned
2. 以不发音的e结尾的在词尾加-d。如：like—liked, live—lived, use—used, move—moved
3. 以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-ed。如：stop—stopped, trip—tripped
4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先把y变成i，再加-ed。如：study—studied, carry—carried, hurry—hurried, marry—married
不规则动词：需要特殊记忆。
Be动词-been have-had go-gone come-come eat-eaten drink-drunk 等等

构成：主语+助动词have, has+过去分词
用法：
1)        表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用
I have just had lunch. (饱了，不用再吃了)
He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）
They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了）
The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）
2)        询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：
Have you finished your homework?
Have you been to Beijing?
Have he seen the film?
3)        表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作
I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.
I have worked for this school for 1 year.
4)        表示一种经历，经验：去过…地方，做过…事情，经历过…事情
I have never had a bath.
I have never seen a film.
I have never been to cinema.
I have ever been to Paris.
Have been to表示去过，have gone to 表示去了
I have been to London.(人已经回来)
He has gone to London.（人还在那里）
5)        表示一种结果， 一般不和时间副词联用
I have lost my pen.
I have hurt myself.
He has become a teacher.
She has broken my heart.
句型变化：
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.
e.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I have. No, I have not.
★特殊疑问句：
What have you done?
What has he done?
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时
注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用
错：I’ve left Beijing for 3 days.
对：I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.
5. 一般将来时
概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, the day after tomorrow, …
基本结构：①am/is/are going to + do；②will + do.
否定形式：①am/is/are not going to + do；②will not + do
一般疑问句：①be放于句首；②will提到句首。
My family are going to Beijing next week.
It is going to rain.
He will be 11 years old next year.
We will leave in two hours.

表示将来将要发生的动作， 经常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours’ time, etc. 表示将来的词联用
结构： 主语+助动词will+动词原形
I will go to America tomorrow.
The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.
Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首
Will you go to America tomorrow?
Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next?
Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?
★变否定句在助动词后面加not
I will not go to America tomorrow.
The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.
Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I will. No, I will not.
Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.
Yes, he will. No, he will not.
★特殊疑问句：
What will you do?
6. 过去完成时：
概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
时间状语：before, after….
基本结构：had + done.
否定形式：had + not + done.
一般疑问句：had放于句首。
The bus had already left before I arrived at the station.
He went to the park after he had finished his work.

用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。
结构：had+过去分词
After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.
They had sold the car before I asked the price.
The train had left before I arrived at the station.
After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。
★     变疑问句将助动词移到句首
Had she finished her homework?
★     变否定句在助动词后面加not
She hadn’t finished her homework.
★     肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.
★     特殊疑问句：
What had she done?
7. 过去进行时
概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
基本结构：was/were+doing
否定形式：was/were + not + doing.
一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。
I was listening to the radio at 7 this morning.
He was cleaning the car when I arrived.
What was he doing at this time yesterday?

表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。
结构：was/were+doing
When my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.
While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.
8． 过去将来时
结构：would do
She said she would go here the next morning.

一．           特殊句型：there be 句型，be going to 结构
1. Be going to 结构
表示打算，准备，计划做某事
★结构：主语+be动词+going to +动词原型
I am going to make a bookcase.
They are going to paint it.
The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Are you going to make a bookcase?
Are they going to paint it?
Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
I am not going to make a bookcase.
They are going to paint it.
The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Yes, they are. No, they are not.
Yes, he is. No, he is not.
★特殊疑问句
What are you going to do?
What are they going to do?
What is the father going to do?
(必背)
2. There be 句型
表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)
u       There is＋单数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）
There is a book in this room.
There is a pen on the table
u       There are＋复数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）
There are two pens on the table.
There are three schools there.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Is there a book in this room?
Are there two pens on the table?
★变否定句在动词后面加not
There is not a book in this room.
There are not two pens on the table.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, there is. No, there is not.
Yes, there are. No, there are not.

一．           问句：
一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句
²        一般疑问句: 助动词/be动词+主语
Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?
²        特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
What is your name?
²        选择疑问句: or
Do you want beef or lamb?
²        反意疑问句: 肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分， 否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分
You don’t need that pen, do you?
²        否定疑问句: 一般疑问句+否定词
Aren’t you lucky? Don’t you want have a rest?
二．           冠词用法：a/an/the的一般用法
详细见笔记
三．           限定词：some, any, many, much
²        some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some
²        many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.
I have a lot of money. I don’t have much money.
四．           名词：种类，复数，名词所有格
1．名词分为可数名词和不可数名词
²        不可数名词
无法分开的东西：water, tea, bread, milk, rice（米）
抽象的东西：love, beauty, coldness（寒冷）
不可数名词有以下特点：
l         不能用a, an修饰
l         不能加s
l         和单数be动词或动词搭配
²        可数名词：
单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，复数可数名词要在名词后面加s,名词复数共有以下几种变化：
规则变化的名词复数形式
规则1
一