一般过去时与现在完成时的用法区别.doc

一般过去时与现在完成时区别专题 一、前言：初一下学期同学们学习了一般过去时态的相关知识，即将到来的初二上学期英语学习中，现在完成时是重要的学习内容。本文通过对比一般过去时和现在完成时，对现在完成时进行初步讲解，希望使同学们读新学期的学习有所准备。二、现在完成时1. 现在完成时的构成现在完成时是由助动词 have (has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。2. 现在完成时的用法现在完成时表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目前产生的影响。即用过去发生的某个行为来说明现在的某种情况。We are good friends.(现在的情况）I knew him in 1997.（过去的动作）We have known each other since 1997.（现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在）（1）表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如：-Have you had lunch yet?-Yes, I have. Ive just had it.你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）（2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。 如：He has taught here since 1981他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）I havent seen her for four years.我有四年没见到她了。（3）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。3.现在完成时的时间状语（1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。They havent finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗？-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。He has been there three times the last few days.近几天他去过那里三次了。d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now, today, this morning (month, year, term)等。例如：-Have you met him today? -No, I havent.今天你见过他吗？我 没有。How many times have you been there this year?今年你去过那里多少次？（2）现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I havent seen him for two years. 但是，像come,arrive,buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用，必须改为“be（在）”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换： arrivebe here begin(start)be on die be dead come backbe back leave be away fall ill(sick,asleep)be ill(sick,asleep) get upbe up go out be out finish be overput on wear 或be on open be openjoin be in或 be a member of close be closed go to schoolbe a student borrow keep buy have catch(a cold) have(a cold) get to know know begin to studystudy come to workwork等如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。4.几点注意事项（1）have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never, several times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。（2）如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。如：It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有两年了。（3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：I havent left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。(4) 表示行为或状态从过去一直持续到现在时，用现在完成时，要加表示一段时间的时间状语时，常用 for一段时间, since时间点。I have lived here since my childhood.我从小就一直住在这里。I have lived here for 10 years. 我在这已经住了10年了。(5) 在提问现在完成时的时间状语时通常用 how longHow long have you lived here?注意：在表示某一行为状态持续多长时间时，根据终止时间的不同，时态使用是不一样的。如：I lived here for a week last summer.去年夏天我在这里住了一周。I have lived here for a week by now. 到现在为止，我已经在这里住了一周。I will live here for a week next year.明年我会在这里住一周。二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；而一般过去时表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。I have just been to London. I went there last month. 我刚去过伦敦，是上个月去的。1. 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2. 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语 共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 现在完成时的时间状语 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,3.现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。举例： I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了。） Who hasnt handed in his paper? （强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。） She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。 He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White? -Hes already been sent for.句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.三、练习题1. A. 用 already或 yet1) Have they taken down the old pictures _yet_? No, not _havent_.2) Most of us have finished our compositions _阿拉ready_3) He said he hadnt visited the exhibition _yet_.B.用 since或 for1) We have learned five lessons _scince_ the beginning of this term.2) Mrs Liao has been in hospital _scince_last week.3) I have stayed at my aunts _two weeks.C. 用have gone或 have been1) Where are the boy students ? They _ to the school factory.2) Is your father in ? No, he _ to Shenzhen. _he ever _ there before ? Yes, he _ there several times3) He asked me if I_ to Hangzhou before.I told him that I wanted to go there for a visit as I _ never _ to that city before. 2. 选择填空1.Mother _me a new coat yesterday. I _ it on. It fits me well.A. had madehave tried B. madehave triedC. has madetried D. madetried2 “He _to draw horses already”. “When _ he ?” “ Last year “ A. learnedhas B. learneddid C. has learnedhas D. has learneddid3.Tom _up into the tree. Look, he _ high up there !A. has gotis B. has climbedwas C. got wasD. climbedis4._ you _ the text yet ? Yes, we _ it two hours ago.A. Didcopydid B. Havecopiedhave C. Havecopieddid D. Did copyhad5. “Why _ she _ angry ?” “Because he _ at her just now .”A. didgetshouted B. hasgotshouted C. didgethas shouted D. hasgothas shouted6. _you _ the film before ? Where _ you _ it ?A. Have seendidsee B. Did seedidwatchC. HaveseenhaveseenD. Did seehaveseen7.You _ me waiting for two hours. I _ for you since five.A. keptwaited B. have keptwaitedC. kepthave waitedD. have kepthave waited8.Where _ John _ ? To the library. He _ there for an hour.A. hasbeenhas goneB. hasgonehas been C. didgowent D. didbewent9._ the baby still _ ? No, it _ crying.A. Hascriedhas stoppedB. Iscryingstopped C. Did crystopped D. Iscryinghas stopped10. I _ the way. I _ here for quite many years.A. knewhave lived C. knewlive C. knowhave lived D. knowlive11. _ you ever _ America ? Yes, I have.A. Havegone to B. Havegone in C. Havebeen to D. Have been in12. My brother _college for over three years.A. has gone to B. has been to C. has been in D. has been at13.He _ the Army by the end of 1989. He _ in the army since then.A. joinedisB. has joinedhas been C. had joinedis D. had joined has been14. By the time I _ back they _ up ten satellites.A. camehave sent B. camehad sent C. comehave sent D. had comesent15. Jack _ over five lessons by seven oclock. Then he _ a rest.A. wenttook B. wenthad taken C. had gonetook D. had gonehad taken16. We _ out by that time that he _ a spy for a long time.A. had foundhad been B. had foundwas C. foundhad been D. foundwas17. Before the news _ him, he _ to know about it.A. reacheshas got B. reachedhad got C. reachedgot D. had reachedgot18. I _ him a second letter before I _ from him.A. wroteheard B. wrotehad heard C. had writtenheard D. have writtenhear19. People _ that the soldiers _ fighting.A. sayhad stopped B. saidhas stopped C. saystopped D. saidhad stopped20. We _ in a good harvest because we _ enough rain.A. didnt gethad had B. gothad had C. had gothad had D. gothadnt had21. They _ for five hours when they _ in New York.A. flewarrived B. had flownhad arrived C. flewhad arrived D. had flownarrived22. She _ that it _ for two days by that day.A. sayshas rained B. sayshad rained C. saidhad rained D. saidrained23. John _ there since the year before, so he _ them.A. had workedknew B. had workedhad known C. workedknew D. workedhad known24. He _ angry because he _ for a long time.A. had gothad waited B. gotwaited C. had gotwaited D. gothad waited25. -I have seen the film “Titanic” already. -When _ you _ it？ -The day before yesterday. A. have； seen B. will； see C. did； see D. did； seen 26. Mr Black _ in China since five years ago. A. lived B. has lived C. lives D. is going to live 27. We _ trees last Sunday. So far we _ over 3，000 trees there. A. planted； planted B. planted； have planted C. have planted； plantedD. have planted； have planted练习答案：1.A. 1) already, yet 2) already3) yetB. 1) since 2) since3) since C. 1) have been 2) has gone, Has, been, has been 3) have been, have been 2. BDACA ADBDC CDDBC ABCDB DCADC BB