一般过去时与现在完成时的用法区别.doc

一般过去时与现在完成时区别专题
　　一、前言：
　　初一下学期同学们学习了一般过去时态的相关知识，即将到来的初二上学期英语学习中，现在完成时是重要的学习内容。本文通过对比一般过去时和现在完成时，对现在完成时进行初步讲解，希望使同学们读新学期的学习有所准备。

　　二、现在完成时
　　1. 现在完成时的构成
现在完成时是由助动词 have (has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。

　　2. 现在完成时的用法
　　现在完成时表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目前产生的影响。即用过去发生的某个行为来说明现在的某种情况。
　　We are good friends.(现在的情况）
　　I knew him in 1997.（过去的动作）
　　We have known each other since 1997.
　　（现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在）

　　（1）表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如：
　　-Have you had lunch yet?
　　-Yes, I have. I've just had it.
　　你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过现在我不饿了）

　　（2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。　
　　如：He has taught here since 1981
　　　　他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）
　　　　I haven't seen her for four years.
　　　　我有四年没见到她了。

　　（3）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice,ever,
never,three times等时间状语。
　　如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。

　　3.现在完成时的时间状语
　　（1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。
　　a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。
　　如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
　　　　They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。

　　b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。
　　如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗？
　　　　-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。

　　c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。
　　例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.
　　　　　我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。
　　　　　He has been there three times the last few days.
　　　　　近几天他去过那里三次了。

　　d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now, today, this morning (month, year, term)等。
　　例如：-Have you met him today? -No, I haven't.
　　　　　今天你见过他吗？我 没有。
　　　　　How many times have you been there this year?
　　　　　今年你去过那里多少次？

　　（2）现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I haven't seen him for two years.　 但是，像come,arrive,buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用，必须改为“be（在）”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：
　　　 arrive→be here　　　　　　　　 begin(start)→be on
　　　 die　 →be dead　　　　　　　　 come back→be back
　　　 leave →be away　　　　　　　　 fall ill(sick,asleep)→be ill(sick,asleep)
　　　 get up→be up　　　　　　　　　 go out　　 →be out
　　　 finish →be over　　　　　　　　put on　 →wear 或be on
　　　 open　 →be open　　　　　　　　join　　 →be in或 be a member of…
　　　 close　 →be closed　　　　　　 go to school→be a student
　　　 borrow　 →keep　　　　　　　 　buy　 →have　　　　　
　　　 catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)　 get to know →know
　　　 begin to study→study　　　　　 come to work→work等

　　如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。
　　　　His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。
　　　　The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。
　　　　We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。

　　4.几点注意事项
　　（1）have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never, several times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
　　He has gone to Beijing .　 他去北京了。

　　（2）如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。
　　如：It is two years since his father died.
　　　　=His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有两年了。

　　（3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
　　如：I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。

　　(4) 表示行为或状态从过去一直持续到现在时，用现在完成时，要加表示一段时间的时间状语时，常用 for＋一段时间, since＋时间点。
　　I have lived here since my childhood.我从小就一直住在这里。
　　I have lived here for 10 years. 我在这已经住了10年了。

　　(5) 在提问现在完成时的时间状语时通常用 how long
　　How long have you lived here?
　　注意：在表示某一行为状态持续多长时间时，根据终止时间的不同，时态使用是不一样的。如：
　　I lived here for a week last summer.去年夏天我在这里住了一周。
　　I have lived here for a week by now. 到现在为止，我已经在这里住了一周。
　　I will live here for a week next year.明年我会在这里住一周。

　　二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
　　现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；而一般过去时表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。

　　I have just been to London. I went there last month. 我刚去过伦敦，是上个月去的。

　　1. 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。　

　　2. 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
　　一般过去时的时间状语:
　　yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语

　　共同的时间状语:
　　this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately

　　现在完成时的时间状语
　　for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,

　　3.现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.　

　　过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。

　　举例：
　　I saw this film yesterday. 　　 （强调看的动作发生过了。）
　　I have seen this film.　 　　　 （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）　　
　　Why did you get up so early? 　 （强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
　　Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
　　She has returned from Paris. 　　她已从巴黎回来了。
　　She returned yesterday.　 　　 　她是昨天回来了。
　　He has been in the League for three years. 　　(在团内的状态可延续)
　　He has been a League member for three years. 　(是团员的状态可持续)
　　He joined the League three years ago. 　　　　　( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
　　I have finished my homework now.　
　　---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
　　---He's already been sent for.

　　句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
　　（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
　　（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

　　三、练习题
　　1. A. 用 already或 yet
　　1) Have they taken down the old pictures ___yet___? No, not ___haven’t_______.
　　2) Most of us have finished our compositions _____阿拉ready___
　　3) He said he hadn’t visited the exhibition _____yet___.
　　B.用 since或 for
　　1) We have learned five lessons __scince____ the beginning of this term.
　　2) Mrs Liao has been in hospital ___scince___last week.
　　3) I have stayed at my aunt’s _____two weeks.
　　C. 用have gone或 have been
　　1) Where are the boy students ? They _____ to the school factory.
　　2) Is your father in ? No, he ____ to Shenzhen. _______he ever ______ there before ? Yes, he ___ there several times
　　3) He asked me if I_____ to Hangzhou before.
　　I told him that I wanted to go there for a visit as I ____ never ____ to that city before.
　　2. 选择填空
　　1.Mother ____me a new coat yesterday. I _______ it on. It fits me well.
　　A. had made…have tried 　B. made…have tried
　　C. has made…tried　　　　 D. made…tried

　　2 “He ____to draw horses already”. “When ______ he ?” Last year “
　　A. learned…has 　B. learned…did 　C. has learned…has　 D. has learned…did

　　3.Tom _____up into the tree. Look, he ____ high up there !
　　A. has got…is 　B. has climbed…was　 C. got …was　　D. climbed…is

　　4.____ you _____ the text yet ? Yes, we ____ it two hours ago.
　　A. Did…copy…did　 B. Have…copied…have 　C. Have…copied…did 　D. Did …copy…had

　　5. “Why ______ she _______ angry ?” “Because he _____ at her just now .”
　　A. did…get…shouted 　　　　B. has…got…shouted
　　C. did…get…has shouted 　　D. has…got…has shouted

　　6. ______you __________ the film before ? Where _____ you ____ it ?
　　A. Have …seen…did…see　　 B. Did …see…did…watch
　　C. Have…seen…have…seen　　D. Did …see…have…seen

　　7.You ____ me waiting for two hours. I ____ for you since five.
　　A. kept…waited　　　　　 B. have kept…waited
　　C. kept…have waited　　　D. have kept…have waited

　　8.Where ______ John ___ ? To the library. He _________ there for an hour.
　　A. has…been…has gone　B. has…gone…has been 　C. did…go…went　 D. did…be…went

　　9.______ the baby still _____ ? No, it _______ crying.
　　A. Has…cried…has stopped　　　B. Is…crying…stopped
　　C. Did …cry…stopped 　　　　　D. Is…crying…has stopped

　　10. I _______ the way. I ________ here for quite many years.
　　A. knew…have lived 　C. knew…live　 C. know…have lived 　D. know…live

　　11. _____ you ever _____ America ? Yes, I have.
　　A. Have…gone to 　B. Have…gone in 　C. Have…been to 　D. Have …been in

　　12. My brother ____college for over three years.
　　A. has gone to　 B. has been to　 C. has been in　 D. has been at

　　13.He ________ the Army by the end of 1989. He ______ in the army since then.
　　A. joined…is　　B. has joined…has been 　　C. had joined…is　　 D. had joined …has been

　　14. By the time I _____ back they ____ up ten satellites.
　　A. came…have sent　 B. came…had sent　 C. come…have sent　 D. had come…sent

　　15. Jack ____ over five lessons by seven o’clock. Then he ____ a rest.
　　A. went…took　 B. went…had taken 　C. had gone…took 　D. had gone…had taken

　　16. We ____ out by that time that he ____ a spy for a long time.
　　A. had found…had been 　B. had found…was 　C. found…had been 　D. found…was

　　17. Before the news ____ him, he ____ to know about it.
　　A. reaches…has got　　 B. reached…had got　 　C. reached…got 　　D. had reached…got

　　18. I _____ him a second letter before I ____ from him.
　　A. wrote…heard 　　B. wrote…had heard 　　C. had written…heard 　　D. have written…hear

　　19. People ____ that the soldiers _____ fighting.
　　A. say…had stopped 　　B. said…has stopped 　　C. say…stopped 　　D. said…had stopped

　　20. We ____ in a good harvest because we ____ enough rain.
　　A. didn’t get…had had　　 B got…had had　　 C. had got…had had 　　D. got…hadn’t had

　　21. They _______ for five hours when they ______ in New York.
　　A. flew…arrived 　　　　B. had flown…had arrived
　　C. flew…had arrived 　　D. had flown…arrived

　　22. She ____ that it _____ for two days by that day.
　　A. says…has rained 　　B says…had rained 　　C. said…had rained 　　D. said…rained

　　23. John _____ there since the year before, so he _____ them.
　　A. had worked…knew 　　B. had worked…had known
　　C. worked…knew 　　　　D. worked…had known

　　24. He _____ angry because he ____ for a long time.
　　A. had got…had waited 　　B. got…waited 　　C. had got…waited 　　D. got…had waited

　　25. -I have seen the film “Titanic” already.
　　　　-When __________ you __________ it？
　　　　-The day before yesterday.
　　A. have； seen　　 B. will； see　　 C. did； see　　 D. did； seen

　　26. Mr Black __________ in China since five years ago.
　　A. lived　 　B. has lived　　 C. lives　　 D. is going to live

　　27. We ____________ trees last Sunday. So far we __________ over 3，000 trees there.
　　A. planted； planted　　　　 B. planted； have planted
　　C. have planted； planted　　D. have planted； have planted
　　练习答案：
　　1.A. 1) already, yet　　 2) already　　　　　　　3) yet
　　　B. 1) since　　　　　　 2) since　　　　　　　　3) since
　　　C. 1) have been　　　　 2) has gone, Has, been, has been　　　 3) have been, have been

　　2. BDACA　　 ADBDC　　 CDDBC　　 ABCDB　　 DCADC　　 BB