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初中英语基础语法讲座文字教程
一 名词
第一节 语法知识精讲
1. 名词的定义
表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词,叫做名词。
baby 婴儿 time 时间 Shanghai 上海
pencil 铅笔 air 空气
2. 名词的分类
专有名词
名词
个体名词 可数名词
集体名词
普通名词 物质名词 不可数名词
抽象名词
个体名词:表示某类人或东西的个体。如 student学生,book书,dog狗,…等。
集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集体。如class班级,family家庭,people人们,民族,…等。
物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物。如air空气,water水,rice米,wood木头,…等。
抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。如work工作,heat热,love爱,time时间,…等。
3. 名词的数
㈠可数名词复数的变化分为规则和不规则变化。
规则变化
构成法
例词
读音
一般情况在词尾加-s
shop—shops
desk –desks
bag—bags
-s 在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音和元音后读/z/
在以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词在词尾加-es
bus—buses
box—boxes
watch—watches
brush—brushes
-es读/iz /
在以ce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾的词直接加-s
face—faces
house—houses
page—pages
bridge—bridges
-es读/iz/
以辅音字母+y结尾的词,变y为i再加-es
baby—babies
city—cities
factory—factories
story—stories
-ies读/iz/
以“辅音字母+o”结尾的词,多在词尾加-es
tomato—tomatoes
hero—heroes
Negro—Negroes
-es读/z/
以“元音字母+o”结尾的词和某些以o结尾的外来词,加-s
radio—radios
photo—photos
piano—pianos
zoo—zoos
bamboo—bamboos
-s读/z/
以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f或fe为v再加-es,少数不变,直接加-s
life—lives
knife—knives
wife—wives
leaf—leaves
thief--thieves
roof—roofs
scarf—scarfs/scarves
-es读/z/,
-s读/s/
不规则变化
⑴改变内部元音字母。如:
man—men woman—women Englishman—Englishmen (注:German—Germans) foot—feet tooth—teeth mouse—mice
⑵单复同形。如:
sheep—sheep deer—deer fish(鱼)—fish Chinese—Chinese Japanese—Japanese
⑶在词尾加-en或-ren。如:
ox(公牛)—oxen child—chilren
⑷复合名词,只将其主体词变为复数。如:
boy student( 男学生)—boy students
son-in-law(女婿)—sons-in-law
new-comer(新来的人)—new-comers
⑸由man和woman构成的复合名词,两部分都要变复数。如:
man worker—men workers
woman teacher—woman teachers
⑹姓氏后加-s,表示“一家”或“夫妇二人”。如:
the Wangs 王家 the Kings 金一家
㈡不可数名词的数
⑴物质名词属于不可数名词,一般没有复数形式,在表示数量时,用量词,量词有复数形式。
个数单位词
piece
张、条、则
a piece of paper;
two pieces of advice
drop
滴
a drop of ink,
three drops of water
pile
堆
a pile of wood(木头),many piles of wood
grain
粒
a grain of sand
block
块
a block of stone(石头)
容器单位词
cup
杯
a cup of coffee
glass
(玻璃)杯
a glass of water
bottle
瓶
two bottles of milk
box
盒、箱
ten boxes of apples
bag
袋
a bad of rice
类别单位词
type
类型
a type of juice
kind
种
many kinds of pollution
度量单位词
pound
磅
a pound of meat
⑵抽象名词一般属于不可数名词,但有些例外。如:
hope—hopes 希望 idea—ideas 想法
job—jobs 工作 change—changes 变化
⑶有些物质名词和抽象名词的复数表示特别的含义。如:
cloth 布—clothes 衣服 glass 玻璃—glasses 眼镜
green 绿色—greens青菜 look看—looks外貌
paper纸—papers文件,论文 sand沙—sands沙漠
time时间—times时代,情况
work工作—works著作,作品,工厂
⑷有些物质名词的复数形式,表示不同的种类。如:
grass—grasses 各种草 food—foods 各种食品
fruit—fruits 各种水果 tea—teas 各种茶
⑸有些词以-s结尾,但本身是单数。如:
news消息 mathmatics数学 physics物理…等。
㈢有些表示“成双”,“成套”的名词,只有复数形式。如:
clothes 衣服 a pair of trousers一条裤子
a pair of scissors一把剪刀 a pair of glasses一副眼镜
㈣集体名词的数
⑴单数集体名词被看作一个整体时,它具有单数概念。如:
His class is well-known in our school.
他的班在我们学校很有名。
⑵单数集体名词被看作若干个体时,它具有复数概
念。如:
The class are waiting for the bus.
全班同学们正在等车。
⑶有几个只有单数形式的集体名词,只能与复数谓语动词连用。如:
The police have caught the murderer.
警察已经抓住了杀人凶手。
Our poultry are kept in the garden.
我们的家禽在花园里养着。
4. 名词所有格
㈠“’s”所有格
⑴表示有生命体(人或动物)的名词所有关系。如:
John’s bike 约翰的自行车
my sister’s name我妹妹的名字
someone’s bag 某人的书包
⑵有些指时间、距离、重量、国家、城市的无生命体名词的所有关系。如:
today’s paper 今天的报纸
two hour’s walk 两个小时的步行
a pound’s weight 一磅的重量
Shanghai’s factories 上海的工厂
China’s industry 中国的工业
⑶以“s”结尾的名词复数,要加“’”。如:
the students’ book 学生用书
⑷以“s”结尾的专有名词(如人名),有的加“’”,但普遍是加“’s”。如:
Mr. Williams’s brother 威廉姆斯先生的兄弟
⑸如果一样东西为两个人共有,则只在后一个名词后面加“’s”。如:
Lucy and Lily’s father 露西和莉莉的父亲(共有)
⑹如果不是两人共有,则在须分别加“’s”。如:
Lucy’s and Tom’s fathers 露西和汤姆各自的父亲
㈡“of+名词”所有格
⑴表示无生命体的名词的所有关系。如:
the window of the room 房间的窗户
the end of the week 周末
the title of the film 影片的名字
⑵如果名词较长,表示有生命体的名词也可以用这种结构。如:
the story of Dr. Norman Bethune 白求恩的故事
㈢双重所有格 “of +名词所有格”
表示部分概念:当冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词(如:a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those)等词与所有格名词同时修饰一个名词时,要用双重所有格来表示所有关系。如:
a friend of my father’s = one of my father’s friends
我父亲的一个朋友
that toy of her sister’s 她妹妹的那个玩具
a picture of Mr. Wu’s 吴先生(拥有)的一张照片
比较:a picture of Mr. Wu 吴先生本人的一张照片 (即照片上是吴的像)
㈣“’s”所有格与“of”所有格互用。如:
He is my father’s student.
He is a student of my father. 他是我父亲的学生。
with my teacher’s help
with the help of my teacher 在我老师的帮助下
5. 名词的性
⑴在阳性名词后加-ess来构成阴性名词。如:
阳性:actor 男演员 host 男主人 prince王子
阴性:actress 女演员 hostess 女主人 princess公主
⑵不分性的名词如要表示所指人物的性别,可在其前加woman, man, girl, boy等词。如:
a girl student a man driver a woman worker
⑶也可以用he, she来表示性。如:
he-goat 公山羊 she-goat 母山羊
第二节 强化提高训练
1. 写出下列名词的复数形式。
1) shoe________ orange ________ eye ________
bridge________ tree________ lake_________
2) bus_________ fox_________ glass__________
wish________ match________ brush_________
3) body_________ city_________ enemy________
family_______ country______ party __________
4) boy_______ key_________ way __________
holiday _______ toy ________ valley_________
5) zoo_________ piano__________ radio_______
6) life_________ leaf_________ self__________
shelf________ wolf_________ thief__________
7) tooth_________ foot__________ goose________
8) man________ woman_______policeman_______
9) German_______ Chinese_______Japanese_____
roof________ chief_________ sheep_________
10) man doctor __________ woman driver ________
11) step-son __________ sister-in-law____________
2. 填出表示量的词。
1) a __________ of good news (条)
2) a ___________ of trousers (条)
3) a ___________ of advice (条)
4) a ________ of paper (张)
5) a ___________of rice (碗)
6) a ________ of oil (滴)
7) a ________ of food (种)
8) a _________ of glasses (副)
9) a _________of basketball(场)
10) a _________ of meat (块)
11)a ________ of time (段)
12) a _________ of ink (瓶)
13)a __________ of chocolate (块)
14)two ________ of water (杯)
15)three ________of milk (袋)
16)four _________of apples (公斤)
17)an old __________ of clothes (套)
3.用be的适当形式填空。
1)Half of the fruit _________ bad.
2) There ________ a desk and three chairs here.
3) He thinks maths ________ important.
4) Look, there ________ so much rain here!
5) Tom and Mark’s room ________ very small.
6) These TVs __________ a new product.
7)150 Kilometers __________ a long distance.
8)This pair of glasses___________ too big for me.
9)The Chinese police ___________ strong.
10)Yesterday’s news __________ quite interesting.
4.选择填空。
1)He believes that Physics _______ much easier.
A. are B. is C. were D. will
2) The boys have got _________ already.
A. two pieces of breads B. two bread
C. two breads D. two pieces of bread
3) I can’t help you because I have _________ money.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
4) Kate went to __________ last night.
A. the house of her father B. hers father’s house
C. the house’s her father D. her father’s house
5) Which do you prefer, ____ or________?
A. meat, vegetable B. meats, vegetables
C. meat, vegetables D. meats, vegetables
6) Could you please give us _________?
A. a adive B. an advice
C. some advice D. some advices
7) What is she?
She is _________
A. a singer and a dancer B. a singer and dancer
C. the singer and dancer D. singer and dancer
8) The young man wanted _________.
A. six boxes of match B. six boxes of matchs
C. six boxes of matches D. six boxs of matches
9)This is not your raido, but _______.
A. your brother’s B. yours brother’s
C. you brother’s D. yours brother
10)It’s about _______ walk from this shop to the nearest bus stop.
A. 5minutes B. 5minute C. 5 minute’s D. 5 minutes’
第三节 直击中考
1. (08,绵阳)Tomatoes, broccoli and _______ are vegetables.
A. banana B. potatoes C. noodles D. eggs
2.(08,资阳)All the _______ teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th, because it was their own holiday.
A. man B. men C. woman D. women
3 (08,乐山) —________milk do you want?
—Three bottles, please.
A. How much B. How many C. What
4.(08,达州) ---Which one would you like to work for in the following groups , Li Mei ?
---Let me see . I'd like to work for _______.Because this group helps children in poor countries.
A. Greenpeace B.NBA C. UNICEF D.WTO
5.(08,攀枝花) – Hello!May I speak to Tina, please?
– Sorry, I’m afraid you have the wrong ____________.
A. name B. way C. number D. telephone
6.(08,泸州) She can speak Chinese, English and ______ French.
A. a little B. a few C. few
7 (绵阳)—Do you like movies?
---Yes, I have many _____on my wall.
A. cinema B. books C. photos D. posters
8. (成都)We have _______ rain this spring.The trees and grass don’t grow well。
A.1ittle B.a little C.a few D. few
9.(资阳)Mrs. Black is a friend of .
A.Mary’s mother’s B.Mary’s mother
C.mother’s of Mary D.Mary mother’s
10. (四川) ---Where shall we go for dinner?
---______.
A. At Uncle Tom B. At Uncle Tom’s
C. With Uncle Tom
11. (广西)There is some in the cup, but is’t too hot to drink.
A.tea B.apples C.ice D.meat
12(08,广东) mothers both work in the same hospital.
A.Tim and Peter’s B Tim’s and Peter C.Tim’s and Peter’s D.Tim and Peter
参考答案
(一)名词
1。写出下了名词的复数形式
1) shoes oranges eyes bridges trees lakes
2) buses foxes glasses wishes matches brushes
3) bodies cities enemies families countries parties
4) boys keys ways holidays toys valleys
5) zoos pianos radios
6)lives leaves selves shelves wolves thieves
7) teeth feet geese
8) men women policemen
9) Germans Chinese Japanese roofs chiefs sheep
10) men doctors women drivers
11) step-sons sisters-in-law
2. 填出表示量词的词
piece, pair, piece, piece , bowl, drop, kind, pair, game , piece, period, bottle, bar, glasses, bags, kilos, suit
3.用be的适当形式填空。
1)is: fruit为不可数名词 2)is: there be句型的就近原则
3)is: maths为不可数名词 4)is: rain为不可数名词
5)is: 两人共有的一间房子 6)are: 主语为复数
7)is:距离看做整体 8)is: 主语为this pair,为单数
9)is: 集体名词 10)is: 主语为不可数名词
4.选择填空
1)-----10): B D C (money 为不可数名词)D C C B C A D
直击中考
B B A C C A D A A B A C
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