解读工程建设中如何对建筑预算进行有效控制.doc

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解读工程建设中如何对建筑预算进行有效控制

建筑工程造价预算是建筑施工过程的一个主要部分，对工程造价预算进行有效控制，可以减少资金投入,缩短建筑工期。而建筑工程的造价预算是投资者进行资本投入控制的重要依据,在实际的工程建设中具有非常重要的地位和作用。因此，研究建筑工程造价预算控制问题从而对造价预算进行有效控制，成为关注焦点.
Construction project cost budget is a main part of the construction process, effective control of project cost budget, can reduce capital investment， shorten the construction period. While the cost budget of building engineering is an important basis for investors to capital controls, has very important position and function in the actual engineering construction. Therefore, cost budget control problems of construction so as to effectively control the cost budget, become the focus of attention。
1工程项目造价特点及其构成　
1 project cost characteristics and composition
　1。1工程项目造价特点　
The characteristics of engineering project cost 1。1
　1。1.1多次性　
1。1.1 repeatedly
　工程项目的生产过程是一个周期长、数量大的生产消费过程.一般包括：提出项目建议书进行可行性研究、初步设计、施工图设计、工程招标、合同实施和竣工验收等阶段。为了适应工程项目建设过程中各方经济关系和项目管理以及工程造价控制的要求，需要按照设计和建设阶段多次进行计价.　　 1。1.2分项性
The production process of engineering project is the production and consumption of a long cycle, large quantity. Generally include： the project proposal， feasibility study， preliminary design and construction drawing design， project bidding, contract execution and completion and acceptance stage。 In order to adapt to the construction process of engineering project economic relations and project management and project cost control requirements, the need to design and construction phase of several valuation. 1。1.2 sub—item个人收集整理,勿做商业用途文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络
　　一般每个工程项目都是由多个单项工程组成的,一个单项工程由几个单位工程组成，一个单位工程由几个分部工程组成，一个分部工程又可分成若干个分项工程，而编制工程项目造价是从分项工程开始的。通过工程费用的层层汇总，再加上设备购置费、工器具及生产家具购置费和工程建设其他费用，就构成了整个工程的造价.
Each project is composed of a plurality of single project， a single project by several units of the project， a construction unit consists of several engineering division， a division of engineering can be divided into several sub-projects, and preparation of project cost from the beginning of subentry project。 Summary layers through the engineering cost, plus the purchase cost, equipment and instruments and production of furniture purchase costs and other expenses of engineering construction， constitute the whole project cost.本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途个人收集整理，勿做商业用途
　　1.1。3单件性
1.1.3 single
　　每一个工程项目都有特定的用途,具有不同的结构、造型和装饰，不同的体积和面积，建设时要采用不同的工艺、设备和建筑材料。即使是用途相同的工程项目,其技术水平、建筑等级和建筑标准也有差别，这就使得工程项目的实物形态千差万别，也导致工程造价的千差万别。因此，对于工程项目就不能像工业产品那样可以按品种、规格、型号和质量成批地定价，而只能是单件计价。　
Each project has a specific purpose, structure, shape and decoration of different， different volume and area， construction will be the process， equipment and building materials of different. Even if the project uses the same, its technical level, architecture level and building standards are different， which makes the physical project differ in thousands of ways， also causes the differ in thousands of ways of project cost. Therefore， the project can not be like the industrial products that can press the varieties， specifications, types and quality of bulk pricing, and can only be a single valuation。 本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途
　1.2工程项目造价构成
1。2 project cost
　　工程造价由建筑安装工程费用、设备及工器具购置费、工程建设其他费用、预备费、财务费用构成。建筑安装工程费用是指建设单位支付给从事建筑安装工程施工单位的全部生产费用，由直接工程费、间接费、计划利润和税金构成。设备、工器具费用由设备购置费和工器具、生产家具购置费组成。
The project cost by construction and installation costs， purchase of equipments and tools, other construction costs, reserve funds， financial costs。 The construction and installation cost refers to the construction unit to pay for the construction unit construction and installation of all production costs， composed of direct project costs, indirect costs, profits and taxes plan. Equipment, equipment costs by the equipment purchase costs and utensils， furniture purchase costs。
2建筑工程造价超预算的原因
2 construction project cost budget
　　2.1对工程造价预算影响因素的调查考虑不周全　　影响建筑工程造价预算的因素有很多，有些工程预算编制人员未对整个工程进行深入调查和研究，他们所编制出的造价预算存在缺少项目、遗漏项目的纰漏，缺乏科学性和合理性，不能准确而且全面地反映和预测建筑工程施工过程中的具体每个项目的费用支出情况，造价预算在实际施工中丧失了原本的指导性作用，这一点可以理解为概预算编制不合理。
There are many factors affecting the project cost budget 2。1 considerations of survey is not comprehensive effect of construction project cost budget， some engineering budget staff not to the entire project in—depth investigations and studies， cost budget they compile the lack of project， omissions of flaws， the lack of scientific and reasonable, can not accurately and comprehensively reflection and expenditures for specific each project forecast in the process of construction, cost budget has lost the original guiding role in actual construction， which can be understood as the budget is not reasonable。本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络
　　建筑工程所处的整体环境和经济市场会对造价预算产生很大影响，一般来讲,建筑工程项目的时间跨度较大,工程涉及到的范围也比较广，建筑工程造价概预算虽然对市场和环境因素引起的风险和价格的变动预留了一定空间,但无法做出准确的预测，一旦出现异常情况，就很可能出现工程造价超预算的情况。　
The construction project of the overall environment and the economic market will have a significant impact on the cost budget, generally speaking， the construction project of the large time span, the project scope is quite wide, construction project cost budget is set aside a certain space caused by the market and the environmental factors of risk and price changes, but not to make accurate predictions, once the abnormal situation， it is very likely that engineering cost budget.
　2.2施工图结算存在缺陷
2.2 construction settlement defects
　　工程施工图结算影响造价，在结算中建筑材料和设备的种类比较多，价格难以确定,但在定额中只提供了其中一部分的价格，材料结算失控。结算现场签证，预算人员难以了解具体施工情况,在结算中可能仅增加工程项目和工程量的造价，没有减掉施工中减少工程量的造价。
Engineering drawings and settlement cost， species in the settlement of building materials and equipment are more difficult to determine, price， but in the quota provided only one part of the price， materials clearing out of control. Settlement visa on the spot， the staff to understand specific construction situation, may only increase the project and project cost in the settlement, no cost decreases the amount of Engineering — construction。
　　2。3建设施工方工程管理不善
The 2。3 Construction Engineering Management
　　建筑工程时间跨度大、涉及范围广、工序复杂，建筑施工方在对整个工程项目管理不合理,无法及时有效地把控工程施工过程，不能有效调配资源，容易造成资金的浪费.　
Construction time span, involving a wide range， complex process， the construction side in the unreasonable for the whole project management， unable to effectively control the project construction process， can not effectively allocate resources， easy to cause the waste of money.
　2。4忽视施工过程中的造价控制　
Cost control in the construction process of the 2。4 ignored
　有些建筑单位将工程造价预算看作一个独立的阶段，只重视工程的招标投标和工程竣工结算，忽视了施工过程中造价的变化,没有对造价超预算部分进行及时的控制。
Some construction units will cost budget as an independent stage， only to the project bidding and project completion settlement, ignore changes in cost in the process of construction， not timely control of cost budget section。
3建筑工程造价预算的控制要点及其把握
3 control points of construction project cost budget and control
　　3。1严格工程造价调整审批，最大限度减少项目变更的影响　　在工程的实施中，经常会出现项目的变更，包括设计缺陷引起的变更、业主意愿引起的变更、客观条件变化引起的变更等。我们十分清楚，项目的变更往往意味着以增加工程造价作为代价，工程造价预算控制人员最大限度地减少项目变更对造价带来的影响。造价预算控制人员要对变更部分进行技术经济论证，确认变更的必要性和可行性，尽量缩小因设计变更带来的造价超支。同时，在考虑项目变更对引起造价因素(如工期、工程质量等)影响的基础上，将项目变更朝向有利于节约造价的方向引导，还要严格工程造价调整审批,加强事前批准、事中监督和事后审查，对工程超量、超价部分以严控制,力争将项目变更对工程造价的影响降到最低。
3.1 strict examination and approval of project cost adjustment, minimize the impact of project change in the implementation of the project, often there will be changes to the project, including the design defects caused by change, owners will caused changes caused by changes in objective conditions change， etc。。 We are very clear, project change often means as the cost to increase the project cost， project cost budget control personnel to minimize the effects of the change on the cost of the project。 Cost budget control officers to technical and economic analysis on the change part, confirm the necessity and feasibility of changes due to the change of design， reduce the cost overruns。 At the same time， considering the project change due to cost factors （ such as project， project quality ） influence on the basis of the project change， to help guide to reduce the cost of project cost adjustment direction, more stringent examination and approval, to strengthen the prior approval, the matter of supervision and examination， strict control on the part of hypervalent engineering excess,， strive to project change influence on the engineering cost is reduced to the minimum。个人收集整理，勿做商业用途文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络
　　3。2做好工程造价预算编制
3.2 well in project cost budgeting
　　工程造价预算的编制工作非常重要,编制科学合理的工程造价概预算是对工程造价进行有效控制的基础。　
Preparation of project cost budget is very important, making scientific and reasonable project cost budget is the basis for the effective control of project cost.
　笔者认为,做好工程造价预算编制工作要重点把握几个方面。　
The author thinks, do a good job in the preparation cost budget projects to focus on several aspects.
　一是预算编制人员应掌握项目现场的具体情况，在综合考虑工程的施工组织特点的基础上进行预算编制.在编制之前先做好前期准备工作，收集工程勘查报告、地形测量图、施工设计图纸、各类标准图集等相关资料，深入现场勘察、调查施工环境并进行施工案例探讨，了解现行建筑工程预算定额、取费标准、统一工程量计算规则及材料预算价格。　
One is the budget staff should grasp the specific circumstances of the project site， budgeting based on construction organization characteristics considering engineering。 To do the preparatory work before the collection of engineering exploration in the preparation, reporting， topographic map， construction design drawings, all kinds of standard atlas and other related materials, construction of case for in-depth on—site investigation， survey and construction environment, understand the current construction budget， calculation rule and the materials budget price fee standard， unified quantity。 文档为个人收集整理，来源于网络本文为互联网收集,请勿用作商业用途
　二是要熟悉施工图纸，精确计算工程量及套用定额单价。在造价预算编制过程当中，反复阅读设计图纸直至深刻理解设计者的意图，将阅读图纸的过程与熟悉工程、审核图纸的过程有机结合起来，以而做出准确的预算编制分项，计算出相应工程量，熟练套用单价，最大限度地防止漏记、重记、错套等失误出现。
The two is to be familiar with the construction drawings, accurate calculation of engineering quantity and fixed price。 Cost budgeting process， repeated reading intention design drawings until deep understanding of designers, will read the drawing process and familiar with the engineering drawings， the audit process organically, to make accurate budget item, calculate the corresponding quantities, skilled uses the unit price, the maximum to prevent leak, heavy note， the wrong set of errors.
　　三是客观浅析价格因素，对价差调整留有余地。建筑工程建设所需要的设备与材料品种多、价格不一，购置设备材料的费用在造价构成中占有很大的比重（约占60％～70％），这就要求工程造价编制人员对设备材料的品种、规格、性能和价格做到心中有数.设备材料的价格水平是依市场价格确定的,还要对其进行差价调整和动态管理.为防止因价格波动影响预算对投资的制约效果，建立工程造价差价预测系统，对各项工程造价指标的变化走势做出合理预测,以适时调整差价.　　
The three is the objective of price factors, the price adjustment leave adequate leeway. Equipment needed for building construction and materials varieties， prices are not a purchase of equipment， material costs account for a large proportion in the cost structure （ about 60％ ～ 70％ ）， which requires the staff of project cost for equipment material varieties, specifications, performance and price do know the score. Equipment and materials price level is in accordance with the market price， but also for the post adjustment and dynamic management of the. In order to prevent price fluctuations， restrict the effect of budget for investment， establishment of project cost price forecasting system， change of the engineering cost index trend forecast, to adjust the price difference. 本文为互联网收集,请勿用作商业用途个人收集整理,勿做商业用途
3.3加强工程造价预算编制和预算管理人员的素质
3.3 to strengthen the project cost budgeting and budget management the quality of personnel
　　建筑工程造价整个过程的预算和管理都是由人员来完成的，这是一项对知识和政策知识要求高的专门性的工作，具有多学科性和综合性，这对造价预算编制和管理人员提出了较高要求。　
Budget and management of construction engineering cost of the whole process is composed of personnel to complete, this is a special high requirement on the knowledge and policy knowledge work, with a multidisciplinary and comprehensive, this puts forward higher requirements for the cost budgeting and management personnel。
　工程造价预算编制和管理人员不仅要掌握专业知识,还需要对政策、法律法规以及设备材料采购、工程概况和投资控制比较熟悉，并且对市场和环境的变化有一定的敏感度，在具体的操作中，要深入工程一线进行资料的收集和研究，细致地进行工程造价预算编制和管理,发挥爱岗敬业的精神。
Project cost budgeting and management staff should not only master the professional knowledge， but also the need for policies， laws and regulations as well as the equipment and materials procurement, engineering and investment control are more familiar with, and the change of market and environment has certain sensitivity, in the specific operation， to in-depth engineering line data collection and study, detailed to project cost budget management, play the spirit of dedication。
　　　3。4重视项目实施阶段的预算控制
Budget control 3.4 importance of project implementation stage
　　不少建设单位忽视了建筑工程项目实施阶段的造价预算控制。其实，在建设工程项目的实施阶段，施工浪费投资的可能性非常大，造成工程造价上升的理由有两个：一是受造价控制人员控制或较难控制的因素影响（如自然灾害、社会动荡等)；二是受施工组织失误、技术限制、合同变更等人为因素影响（此类造价上升是可以得到控制的）。比如某建筑工程项目，就曾经因为对现场施工的造价监控安排失当，导致不合理的开支费用得以通过审核，造成了不小的经济损失。可见,建筑单位必须重视建筑工程项目阶段的预算控制。
Many construction units ignored the construction project cost budget control stage。 In fact， in the implementation stage of construction project， the possibility of construction waste of investment is very large, resulting in project cost rising for two reasons： one is influenced by the factors of cost control personnel control or difficult to control ( such as social unrest and natural disasters， etc。）; two is affected by construction organization error, technical limitations， the contract change the man-made effects （ such costs rise can be controlled. ）. For example， a construction project， once because of the improper construction cost control arrangements, lead to unreasonable expenses can through the audit， caused no small economic loss. Therefore, the construction unit must pay attention to the construction project budget control.本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途本文为互联网收集，请勿用作商业用途
　　建筑工程造价预算控制是建筑工程项目造价管理的重要组成部分，显然,建设单位只有充分利用自身在项目建设及投资控制中的主导地位,对建筑工程造价预算进行有效控制．有利于控制工程造价、有效地节约建设资金,提高工程投资效益。
Construction project cost budget control is an important part of cost management of construction project， the construction unit obviously, only take full advantage of its dominant position in the project construction and the investment control, effectively control the construction project cost budget. Conducive to the control of engineering cost, effectively save construction funds， improve the project investment benefit.

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