非谓语动词——分词.doc

(完整word)非谓语动词——分词
第十六讲:非谓语动词--分词
教学重点：
掌握分词这一语法知识.了解这一语法知识在高考中的应用.
命题趋势：
分词的考点依次为作状语，作定语，做宾补及表语。一些固定的基本知识应记牢.
知识点回顾：
1。分词的基本概念：
分词也是非谓语动词之一。
分词在形式上有两种形式：
(1）现在分词,动词原形 + ing(同动名词形式)
（2）过去分词，（规则动词）动词原形 + ed
(不规则动词）构成没有什么规律
2。分词时态语态一览表
非谓语动词形式
时态/语态
主动形式
被动形式
分词
一般式
doing
Being done
完成式
Having done
Having been
完成进行式
Having been doing
（基本不用)
否定形式：not + 现在分词

3.分词在句中所能充当的成分

主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
补语
现在分词
×
×
√
√
√
√
过去分词
×
×
√
√
√
√

4.分词的用法
(1）分词做表语
①跟在系动词之后
分词做表语,一般跟在be, get， become, look， sound, feel, keep, remain， grow, seem, appear等系动词后面。
现在分词做表语:一般表主动或主语的性质和特征.含有“令人…。”的意思。
主语多数为物。
过去分词做表语：一般表示被动或主语所处的状态.含有“感到….”的意思。
主语多数情况是人。
例如：
The news sounds encouraging。
His father seems pleased with his results.
②做表语的过去分词与被动语态中的过去分词的区别
被动语态表示主语受到的动作表示主语的动作，而作表语的分词表示主语所处的状态.
The blackboard was broken by LiMing.
The blackboard is broken。
③作表语的现在分词和进行时态的现在分词的区别
作表语的现在分词表示主语的特征和性质。
The situation in our country is encouraging。
进行时态中的分词表示主语正在进行的动作。
The situation in our country is encouraging the people。
另外，在分词作表语的结构中，可以用其它系动词来代替be，但在进行结构中，则不可以.因为进行时的句型必须是be + doing。
The news is surprising。 = The news sounds surprising.
④分词、动名词和不定式作表语的区别
分词作表语：主要是表示主语的特点和所处的状态
主语和表语的位置不可以互换。
动名词和不定式作表语：主要是表示主语的具体内容。
主语和表语的位置常常可以互换。
The film is disappointing.
这部电影令人失望。
We are disappointed with the film.
我们对这部电影感到失望.
My job is teaching English. = Teaching English is my job.
Our aim is to enter the universities。 = To enter the universities is our aim.
（2)分词作定语
一般来讲，和分词做表语一样，现在分词修饰事物,过去分词修饰人.
When they heard the exciting news, they got excited。 Then the excited people shouted and cheered。
当他们听到这一激动人心的消息时，他们变得激动起来。然后这些激动的人们大声叫喊,欢呼。
①何时用现在分词的被动语态形式？
如果一个及物动词作定语，既要表达进行意味，又要表达被动意味时，用此形式。
The question being discussed is very important.
= The question that is being discussed is very important.
Do you know the boy being punished by our teacher?
= Do you know the boy who is being punished by our teacher?
如果指的是将来的动作就要用不定式的被动形式(或定语从句）来表示。
You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7：30 pm。Dec.25.
②何时用过去分词作定语？
过去分词包含完成和被动意味，一般表示的动作是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。
This is a picture painted by my father。
= This is a picture that was painted by my father。
（3）分词作宾语补足语
I heard someone calling me.
I had a decayed tooth pulled off.
我让大夫把我一颗蛀牙拔了。
常用的动词有：
感觉动词:hear， see， notice， watch, feel, find， leave
使役动词:make， let, have, get， keep
①现在分词和过去分词做宾补的区别
现在分词：与句子的宾语是主动关系,它表示动作的进行。
过去分词：与句子的宾语是被动关系，它表示动作的完成和结果。
I heard someone calling me。
（someone calling me = someone is calling me。）
I heard my name called.
（my name called = my name was called。）
We found the snake eating the eggs.
We found the eggs eaten by the snake。
②过去分词在动词have, get两词后面作宾语时,常常表示这个动作不是由主语完成的，而是由别人完成的，还有一种情况就是表示这是主语的经历。
You’d better have (get） the dangerous building pulled down。
你最好叫人把这座危楼推倒了。
How ofter do you have (get) your hair cut？
你每隔多久理一次发？
LiMing had his bike stolen。
李明的自行车被偷了。(是主语的一种经历，遭遇）
③重要的词组：make oneself done
make oneself understood = to make one’s meaning clear to others
make oneself heard
I can’t make myself understood because of my broken English。
I didn’t make myself heard because a lot of people cried in the hall.
④现在分词、过去分词和不定式作宾补的区别

形式
语态
内容
被动语态
现在分词
v + ing
与宾语是主动关系
动作正在进行还没有结束
没有变化
过去分词
v + ed
与宾语是被动关系
动作已经结束
没有变化
不定式
不带to，动词原形
与宾语是主动关系
动作发生了，全过程已结束
to要还原

例如:
Do you hear someone calling you？(现在分词）
（= Someone is calling you, do you hear？）
Yes, I did。 I heard him call me several times。（不定式)
Oh， you mean you hear your name called several times。（过去分词）
(= Your name was called several times, do you hear？）
When he was decorating his house， he got the bedroom painted first.（过去分词作宾补)
当他装修他的房子时，他首先把卧室粉刷了。
When he was decorating his house， he had some workers paint his bedroom first。(不定式作宾补）
当他装修他的房子时,他首先让工人把卧室粉刷一新。
In order to finish it， he had the workers painting his bedroom all the day and night.
为了完成它,他让工人们从早一直干到晚。
注意：
<1>由省去to的不定式构成的符合宾语在变为被动语态时，要把原来省去的小品词to还原，但let这个词例外,被动语态时,to可还原，也可省略。
I watched the boy cross the street. → The boy was watched to cross the street。
The teacher let the students write the composition at class。
→The students were let （to） write the composition at class.
〈2〉have…do这一句型不可以变为被动式，而make…do和let…do则可以.
The boss had Tom clean the room. → Tom was made to clean the room.(√)
Tom was had to clean the room.（×)
<3〉find的用法
find + 宾语 + doing (宾补）（√)
find + 宾语 + done （宾补）（√)
find + 宾语 + 不定式（√）
He found a wallet lying on the ground。
He found the city changed a lot。
He found them change the city。（×）
〈4>seat和sit的用法
Please be seated。 = Please sit down.
What surprised me most was to see some of the village people seated (sitting) on the benches at the end of room。
最使我惊奇的是看见村民们坐在房后的长登上。
（此句中的seated不能写成seating，但可以写成sitting)
<5>如果有一系列动作作宾语时，一般用不定式，而不用现在分词.
I saw her enter the room， sit in a chair， open a book and begin to read。
我看见她走进房间，坐在一把椅子上打开一本书开始读起来了。
（4）分词作状语
分词和分词短语可以在句子中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随等情况。但分词状语一般表示一个次要的动作。分词作状语时,一般都可以变为相应的状语从句或并列句.
①分词作时间状语
<1>分词所表示的动作一发生，谓语动词表示的动作立即发生，可以用分词短语作状语。
分词位置：放在前面。
可以译为：“当……的时候”
可以换成：on + 动名词结构。
常用的动词多是表示一个极短暂动作的动词，如hear， see， return, look, open, close, arrive, leave
Hearing the bad news, they couldn’t help crying。
= When they heard the bad news they couldn’t help crying.
= On hearing the bad news， they couldn’t help crying.
当听到这个不幸的消息时,他们情不自禁地哭了起来。
<2>分词所表示的动作在进行过程中,谓语动作发生了，此时可以用分词短语作状语，但一般在它的前面加上when或while。
分词位置：前后都可以。
可以译为：“当……时”
While playing the piano, she got very excited。
= While she was playing the piano， she got very excited.
<3〉分词所表示的动作完成了之后，谓语动词所表示的动作才发生,用分词的完成形式作状语。
分词位置:放在句子前面。
可以译为：“在……之后".
可以换成：after + 动名词这一结构.
Having turned off the radio, he began to go over his lessons.
= After he had turned off the radio， he began to go over his lessons。
= After turning off the radio, he began to go over his lessons.
②分词作原因状语
分词短语作原因状语时，相当于一个原因状语从句,同时也可以转变为一个原因状语从句,分词的完成形式也经常用来作原因状语。
〈1>分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生时，用分词的一般形式。
Forgetting his manners， he put his feet up on the desk。
= As he forgot his manners, he put his feet up on the desk.
忘掉了他的举止（要文明了）他把脚放在书桌上。
Being so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep。
= because he was so angry, he couldn't go to sleep.
因为太生气了，他不能入睡。
〈2〉分词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,用分词的完成式。
Having been to the Great Wall many times， he didn’t go last week。
= Because (As） he had been to the Great Wall many times, he didn’t go last week.
因为他已经去过长城许多次了，上周他就没去。
③分词作条件状语
分词短语有时表示一种假设情况，相当于一个条件从句，这种情况下，有时在分词短语前加上of， unless是条件更明确.
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
= If they had been given more attention， the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树再多注意些,它们可能长得更好。
④分词作让步状语
分词短语作让步状语时，相当于一个让步状语从句,有时分词前可带连词although, whether， even if, even though.
Although working from morning till night his father didn’t get enough food。
= Although his father worked from morning till night he didn’t get enough food。
虽然他父亲从早到晚的拼命干,但是他还是挣不够吃的。
⑤表示方式或伴随情况
分词短语表示方式或伴随情况是比较常用的，它用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。一般情况下，分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。他没有相应的状语从句可转换，但可以用并列句来转换。
They came into the classroom, singing and laughing。
= They sang and laughed and they came into the classroom.
他们又唱又笑地走进教室.
⑥分词作结果状语
分词短语作结果状语时，通常放在句末，中间有逗号，有时为了突出结果，分词前带有thus.
The bus was helped up by the snowstorm, thus causing the delay.
= The bus was helped up by the snowsorm， so it caused the delay。
⑦分词作状语和不定式作状语的区别
分词和不定式虽然都可以当状语，但区别较大。
不定式作状语：主要是作目的状语和结果状语，还有一些作原因状语。
分词作状语：一般表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随等情况（用作目的和结果状语的时候不多）
I’m sorry to hear that.
The doctor， not wishing to make her nervous， didn't fully explain the seriousness of her condition。
⑧分词作状语时需注意事项
<1>分词短语作状语时，他的逻辑主语通常应是句子的主语，这一点需特别注意。
Seen from the hill， the city is beautiful。（句子的主语是the city）
Seeing from the hill， you can see the whole city。(句子的主语是you)
Seeing from the hill, the city is beautiful。（×）
<2>例外的情况
被用作介词或连词的分词
supposing 假设、设想 considering 认为
including 包括 according to 按照
granted 认为
Supposing he won’t pass the exam, what should he do？
Many people including the old go to work without any pay on Sunday.
According to his report， the situation is getting serious.
独立成分
Generally speaking….。一般说来
Frankly speaking…。坦白地说
Judging from…。根据…..来判断
Considering….。考虑到…..
5。独立主格
前面讲到的分词短语作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时分词短语带有自己的主语.它们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,这个逻辑上的主语一般由名词担任，在分词短语之前，我们称为独立主格。
独立主格在句中作状语,可以表示时间、原因、条件和方式、伴随。
Because it is Sunday， you needn’t go to school.
→It being Sunday， you needn't go to school。
After all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open.
→All the officials having arrived， the meeting was declared open.
If weather permits, we’ll go to the Summer Palace。
→Weather permitting， we’ll go to the Summer Palace.
with的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构.
with + 名词（代词）+ 现在分词/ 过去分词/ 形容词/ 副词/ 不定式/ 介词短语