湖北大学考博英语真题2006年.doc

(完整版)湖北大学考博英语真题2006年
湖北大学真题2006年
（总分100, 考试时间90分钟）
Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension

Directions： There are 4 reading passages in this part。 Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements。 For each of them there are four choices marked A， B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets。

In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to act a potential buyer with various inducements of price， quality， and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. In the health care industry, however, the doctor—patient relationship is a mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer。 Once an individual has chosen to see a physician， the physician usually makes all significant purchasing decisions： whether the patient should return "next Wednesday", whether X—rays are needed， whether drugs should be prescribed， etc。
This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care。 The physician must certify the need for hospitalization， determine what procedures will be performed， and announce when the patient may be discharged。 The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the doctor’s judgments that are final。 Little wonder then that in the eyes of the hospital it is the physician who is the real ”consumer”。 As a consequence， the medical staff represents the "power centre” in hospital policy and decision—making, not the administration。
Although usually, there are in this situation four identifiable participants——the physician， the hospital， the patient and the payer (generally an insurance carrier or government） —- the physician makes the essential decision for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physician, the payer generally meets most of the bona fide bills generated by the physician/ hospital， and for the most part, the patient plays a passive role。 In routine or minor illensses， or just plain worries， the patient's options are, of course， much greater with respect to use and price。 But in illnesses that are of some significance， such choice tends to evaporate. And it is for these illnesses that the bulk of the health care dollar is spent. We estimate that about 75 -—80 percent of health care expenditures are determined by physicians. For this reason， economy measures directed at patients or the general public are relatively ineffective。

1。 In this passage， the author's primary purpose is to ______。
A criticize doctors for exercising too much control over patient
B analyze some important economic factors in health care
C urge hospitals to reclaim their decision—making authority
D inform potential patients of their health care rights

2. It can be inferred that doctors are able to determine hospital policies because ______。
A it is doctors who generate income for the hospital
B most of a patient's bills are paid by his health insurance
C a doctor is ultimately responsible for a patient's health
D administrations lack the expertise to question medical decisions
3. According to the author, when a doctor tells a patient to ”return next Wednesday"， the doctor is in effect ______.
A taking advantage of the patient's concern for his health
B instructing the patient to buy more medical service
C warning the patient that a hospital stay might be necessary
D advising the patient to seek a second opinion

4. The author is most probably leading up to ______.
A proposal to control medical cost
B discussion of new med
C a comparison of hospitals and factories
D an analysis of causes of inflation in the US

5. The tone of the author can be best described as ______.
A whimsical
B cautious
C analytical
D inquisitive

It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choice in that matter。 You either have science or you don't have， and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits.
The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. I regard this as the maj or discovery of the past hundred years of biology。 It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we known and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times， we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply make up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in eamest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far they are from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant. The hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance， the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted。
But we are making a beginning， and there ought to be some satisfaction。 There are probably no questions we can think up that can't be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure， there may well be questions we can't think up ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter。 Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers， if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.

6. The author claims in the first paragraph that good science ______。
A defies prediction
B should study the unknown
C should discover scientific truth
D should offer choices rather than prescribe

7. It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century ______.
A thought they knew a lot and could solve most problems of science
B knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about nature
C did more harm than good in promoting man’s understanding of nature
D were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific research

8。 Which of the following is NOT mentioned about scientists in earlier times？
A They invented false theories to explain things they didn't understand.
B They paid little attention to the problems they didn't understand.
C They did not believe in results from scientific observation.
D They falsely claimed to know all about nature.

9. What is the author's attitude towards science？
A He is depressed when he has found the ignorance of scientists。
B He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific findings.
C He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties in scientific research。
D He is confident though there are many diffculties in scientific research。

10。 The author believes that ______。
A man can find solutions sooner or later to whatever questions concerning nature he can think up
B man can not solve the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellect
C sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer them
D questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scientific research
The most effective attacks against globalization are usually not those related to economics。 Instead, they are social, ethical and, above all, cultural。 These arguments surfaced amid the disturbance of Seattle in 1999 and have resonated (产生反响） more recently in Davos, Bangkok and Prague. They say this. The disappearance of national borders and the establishment of a world interconnected by markets will deal a death blow to regional and national cultures, and to the traditions, customs， myths and mores that determine each country's or region’s cultural identity。 Since most of the world is incapable of resisting the invasion of cultural products from developed countries—-or, more to the point, from the superpower， the United States-—that inevitably trails the great transnational corporations， North American culture will ultimately impose itself, standardizing the world and annihilating its rich flora of diverse cultures. In this manner， all other peoples， and not just the small and weak ones， will lose their identity， their soul, and will become no more than 21st century colonies modeled after the cultural norms of a new imperialism that, in addition to ruling over the plant with its capital, military strength and scientific knowledge, will impose on others its language and its ways of thinking, believing， enjoying and dreaming.
Even though I believe this cultural argument against globalization is unacceptable， we should recognize that deep within it lies an unquestionable truth. This century， the world in which we will live will be less picturesque and filled with less local color than the one we left behind. The festivals， clothing， customs， ceremonies， rites and beliefs that in the past gave humanity its folkloric and ethnological （民族的) variety are progressively disappearing or confining themselves to minority sectors， while the bulk of society abandons them and adopts others more suited to the reality of our time。
All countries of the earth experience this process， some more quickly than others， but it is not due to globalization. Rather, it is due to modernization， of which the former is effect， not cause。 It is possible to feel deep sorrow， certainly， that this process occurs， and to feel nostalgia （怀旧） for the past ways of life that， particularly from our comfortable position of the present, seem full of amusement， originality and color。 But this process is unavoidable. In theory， perhaps， a country could keep this identity， but only if like certain remote tribes in Africa or the Amazon-—it decides to live in total isolation, cutting off change with other nations and practicing self—sufficiency， a cultural identity preserved in this form would take that society back to prehistoric standards of living。
It is true that modernization makes many forms of traditional life disappear。 But at the same time, it opens opportunities and constitutes an important step forward for a society as a whole。 This is why, when given the option to choose freely, peoples, sometimes counter to what their leaders or intellectual traditionalists would like, choose for modernization without the slightest ambiguity。

11. Which of the following is the argument against globalization?
A Countries will be exploited by big transnational corporations.
B Countries will lose their cultural identity。
C Countries will be invaded by other militarily powerful countries.
D Countries will become colonies under imperialist rules。

12. What does the word ”annihilate" （Paragraph 1) most probably mean？
A Enrich。
B Enhance。
C Eliminate。
D Enforce。
13。 Which of the following is true according to the text?
A Globalization will enrich cultural diversity。
B Modernization will succeed in some countries but not in others.
C Countries should strive to reserve their unique customs and practices。
D The World will be culturally less diversified because of globalization.

14。 Which of the following would the author agree with？
A Cultural identity should be preserved even if a country embraces modenization。
B Cultural identity should be preserved in countries that have strong cultural traditions.
C It's absolutely impossible to preserve a country's cultural identity.
D It's impossible for a country to modernize and still keep its cultural identity intact.

15。 The main purpose of the passage is to ______。
A discuss the relationship between globalization and cultural identity
B refute the cultural argument against globalization
C discuss the consequences of globalization
D explain why modernization is inevitable
Much has been written about poverty but none of the accounts seem to get at the root of the problem。 It must be noted that the weakening effects of poverty are not only the result of lack of money but are also the result of powerlessness. The poor are subject to their social situation instead of being able to affect it through action， that is, through behavior that flows from an individual's decisions and plans， in other words, when social scientists have reported on the psychological consequences of poverty, it seems reasonable to believe that they have described the psychological consequences or powerlessness。 The solution to poverty most frequently suggested is to help the poor secure more money without otherwise changing the present power relationship. This appears to implement the idea of equality while avoiding any unnecessary threat to the established centers of power。 But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness, not absolute supply of money available to the poor， and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a large supply of goods and services, the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely， unless accomplished by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society。
In order to reduce poverty-related psychological and social problems in the United States， the major community will have to change its relationship to neighborhoods of poverty in such a fashion that families in the neighborhoods have a greater interest in the broader society and can more successfully participate in the decision—making process of the surrounding community.
Social action to help the poor should have the following characteristics: the poor should see themselves as the source of the action。 The action should affect in major ways the preconceptions of institutions and persons who define the poor。 The action should demand much in effect or skill。 The action should be successful and the successful self—originated important action should increase the feeling of potential worth and individual power of individuals who are poor。
The only initial resource which a community should provide to neighborhoods of poverty should be on a temporary basis and should consist of organizers who will enable the neighborhoods quickly to create powerful independent democratic organizations of the poor。 Through such organizations, the poor will then negotiate with the outsiders for resources and opportuities without having to submit to concurrent control from outside.

16。 By "powerlessness" （Sentence 2， Paragraph 1) the author most probably means that the poor ______.
A have no right to make individual decisions and plans
B can not exercise control over other groups of people
C are not in a conditi