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Chapter 17:Error ReductionnERROR:An event when an action other than desired takes place.nSequence:nConsider accidents to be predictable and preventable.i.e.,break the sequenceNormality error accident minor loss major loss catastropheISE 311-171Error reduction cognitive ergonomics.nJustifications of ergonomics center around Reduction of physical stressReduction of errors(waste)nBenefits of reducing errorsImproves safetyImproves qualityImproves productivityISE 311-172Causes of errorsnPoor design of equipmentnPoor management of equipmentnPoor proceduresnPoor trainingnOther factorsISE 311-173Errors in the workplacenCostsRange from seconds of time to injury and death.Include cleanup,fines,loss of market share,legal costs.Are difficult to quantify.Are often concealed.Are perceived unequally.ISE 311-174Errors in the workplacenReduce costs byGive more attention to problems where potential cost is higher.Be a scientist,not an advocate.Seek root causes,not blame.Avoid punishment.ISE 311-175TypesnOmission or commissionnType 1 or Type 2nSystem or measurement(of the system)Observed error=System+MeasurementnPerception,decision,or actionnSlip vs mistakeSlip:non-deliberate failure to follow ruleMistake:nConscious planning results in unanticipated actionnFailure of knowledgenMalice:deliberate violation of rules or proceduresISE 311-176Error analysis techniquesnChecklistsnFMEA/FMECAnDecision structure tablesnFish diagramsnFault treesISE 311-177Making decisions/actions in publicnEliminating privacy can eliminate many errors.nAdd lighting or move objects/people to visible places.nRequire approval for deviations from policy.nIncrease the number of required decision makers.nDecisions tend to be slower but better quality.nExceptions:Emergency situationsHigh risk environmentsISE 311-178Guideline 1:Get enough informationnGenerate relevant information.May be difficult if information is subjective.Provide additional information for novices.nEnsure information reception.Be sure people know how to get and use information.Be sure novices know how to find it.ISE 311-179Guideline 2:Ensure that information is understoodnCommunicating with the general public is more difficult than with employees.nFor directions,use a series of signs instead of maps.nFor maps,use“track up”rather than north.nTranslate and standardize words.nAvoid double negatives.nField-test procedures.nUse information feedback.ISE 311-1710Guideline 3:Have proper equipment/procedures/skillnEquipmentDesignAmountArrangementMaintenancenProceduresComputer proceduresHuman proceduresnSkillConsider skill of machine vs.person.Do not assume a fully capable and trained operator.Provide job aids and refresher training.Novices make more errors than experienced operators.ISE 311-1711Guideline 4:Dont forgetnReduce the need to remember.Avoid verbal orders.Make a list.Do it now.Have standard places for things.nUse memory aids.Make them complete,convenient,and accessible.Use forms to indicate when information is missing.Consider downsides.Create a pattern or standard sequence.Use calendars,appointment cards,and reminders.ISE 311-1712Guideline 5:Simplify the tasknImprove communication.nField-test instructions.nUse all-letter or all-numeric codes.nAvoid complex words.nEmphasize important information.nLet the operator filter information.ISE 311-1713Guideline 6:Allow enough timenToo little time results in stress and errors.nTime stress is one stress than can be reduced.nAssign additional staff when necessary.nCross-train employees to provide flexibility.ISE 311-1714Guideline 7:Have sufficient motivation /attentionnMotivationMotivation is not a substitute for engineering.Social pressure can help or hinder performance.What motivates people is not always obvious.nAttentionLack of sleep and substance abuse may cause lapses.For critical decisions and actions,minimize distractions.ISE 311-1715Guideline 8:Give immediate feedbacknCalibrate instruments periodically.nUse closed-loop systems.nNotify the operator when an error has been corrected.nMake error messages specific and understandable.nConsider that operators may disable alarms.nReduce delay between error and detection.ISE 311-1716Error message guidelinesnTry to reduce or eliminate the need for them.nBe specific and precise.nBe positive and constructive.nBe consistent in language use and display format.nUse user-centered phrasing.nTest their usability.ISE 311-1717Guideline 9:Improve error detectabilitynAmplify the signal:Match it to enable paired comparison.Do not contradict population stereotypes.Consider location and time.nReduce the noise.ISE 311-1718Guideline 10:Minimize consequences of errorsnMake important decisions or actions multi-step and reversible.nMake equipment and procedures fail-safe.nConsider ease of recovery.nEnsure recovery does not cause additional problems.nMinimize spread of the error through the system.nProvide guards.ISE 311-1719InspectionnCan be manual,fully automatic,or semiautomatic.nInspect all items for one characteristic at a time.nFor searches,consider task,environment,and personnel factors.nTrain inspectors and provide an inspection manual.nInspection WorkstationsConsider replacing microscopes with video cameras.Use an appropriate colored background.Make chair,work surface,and lighting adjustable.ISE 311-1720docin/sanshengshiyuandoc88/sanshenglu 更多精品资源请访问更多精品资源请访问
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