学前教育研究方法chapter-6-interviewing-survey.ppt

Chapter 6 Interviewing Survey1 1Interviews are a prime qualitative data collecting tool and serve many useful purposes,including those of sample surveys.2 2Although interview may be spontaneous events,once certain needed information is targeted,interviews typically become planned events,sometimes with structured questions to assure obtaining the desired information.3 3Whether structured or not,spontaneous or planned,getting a response as close to natural conversation,unbiased by the fact that it is an interview,is critical.4 4The pursuitsExploring,probing,and searching to determine Exploring,probing,and searching to determine what is especially significant about a person or what is especially significant about a person or situation.situation.Determining how individuals perceive their Determining how individuals perceive their situation its meaning to them,what is especially situation its meaning to them,what is especially significant about it to them,what might be significant about it to them,what might be significant to others but is less so or unimportant significant to others but is less so or unimportant to them,how it came to be what it is,how they to them,how it came to be what it is,how they think it will be changed in the future.think it will be changed in the future.5 5Identifying the cause in cause and effect relationships.Finding explanations for discrepancies between observed and expected effects.Finding explanations for deviations from common behaviors by individuals or subgroups.Providing clues to the processes and mechanisms called into play by the situation.6 6Making sure the respondent correctly understands what was asked.Following up incomplete or nonresponsive answers.Getting responses from individuals who might not respond to or might not understand a questionnaire.7 7Certainly,wherever there is a desire to tap an internal process,to gain knowledge of a personss perceptions,feelings,or emotions,or to study a complex individual or social behavior,some form of interviewing is most helpful.It is the major means of tapping thought processes.8 8We tend to think of interviewing as straightforward question-and-answer conversation between two individuals directed by the interviewer.Interviews vary depending on whether the researcher is simply exploring,verifying a hypothesis,or determining the limits of its generality.9 9Types of Interviewing SurveyUnstructured interviewPartially structured interviewSemistructured interviewStructured interviewTotally structured interview1010A ContinuumWe can combine these alternatives into a continuum ordered by the amount of structure-the predetermining of specific wording,order of presentation,and response recording process.1111 direct interview face to face interview indirect interview telephone interview1212 individual interview one to one interview group interview focus interview1313Procedure of Interviewing SurveyBuild up the destination of research Consider the type of interview and the choose intervieweesDesign the questions of interviewPrepare for the interviewPre-interview and modify the interview plan1414Interview question designingClosed-end questions Open-end questions 1515Interviewing skillsHow to questionHow to listenAnd how to respond1616Tips of InterviewingIdentify yourself and set the respondent at easeThe respondents reaction often mirrors that of the interviewerIf you want longer and detailed responses,reinforce those kinds of answers-say,“Yes,”“Okay,”or“I see,”or nod.1717To teach and motivate the respondent,use feedback expressions like these:“Thanks,this is the sort of information were looking for in this research.”“Its important to us to get this information.”“Its important to us to get this information.”“These details are helpful.”“Its useful to get your ideas(your opinion)on this.”1818Master the probe(pp251-252)Where probing recall,use probes that give memory cues of items likely to be forgottenWhen overtly interviewing,sit in a comfortable spot where you can record the responses verbatim,using abbreviations to get them down1919