综合教程Book4Unit4Vocabulary.doc

Words and Expressions
Paragraph 1
dispatch: v. send sb. / sth. somewhere, especially for a special purpose
e.g. Even the air force was mobilized to dispatch relief to the quake-stricken area.
The government was preparing to dispatch 4,000 soldiers to search the island.

constitute: v.
a. [linking verb, not in progressive] be considered to be sth.
e.g. Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract.
Nitrogen constitutes 78% of the earth’s atmosphere.
b. if several people or things constitute sth., they are the parts that form it
e.g. We must redefine what constitutes a family.
It is up to the teacher to decide what constitutes satisfactory work.
Practice: Translate the following sentence into English.
西海角省（Western Cape）的大部分居民是有色人种。
Colored people constitute a majority of the population in Western Cape.

brand: v. label or mark with or as if with a brand to describe sb. or sth. as a very bad type of person or thing, often unfairly
Collocation: brand sb. as sth.
brand sth. with sth. (often in passive)
e.g. They branded the cattle one by one.
The US administration recently branded him as a war criminal.
Note:
brand: n. a type of product made by a particular company
Practice: Translate the following sentence into English.
我很高兴地告诉您，你们的“永久”牌自行车已成为我方市场上最畅销的商品之一。
I am glad to tell you that your “Forever” bicycle has become one of the best selling brands on our market.

witness: v. see, hear, or know by personal presence and perception
e.g. Only one person witnessed the accident.
The Huangpu River has witnessed the development of Shanghai.
Note:
witness: n. a person who sees sth. happen and is able to describe it to other people
Translation:
警方呼吁这个事故的目击者出来作证。
Police have appealed for witnesses to the accident.
Collocation:
be witness to sth.: [formal] see sth. happen
e.g. We were witness to the worst period in the club’s history.
bear witness to sth.: [formal] show that sth. exists or existed
e.g. Bristol’s grand buildings bear witness to the city’s magnificent past.

dot: v. cover or sprinkle with or as if with dots
e.g. The countryside is dotted with beautiful ancient churches.
We have offices dotted all over the region.
Note:
dot: n. a small round mark, especially one that is printed
Collocation: on the dot: exactly on time or at the exact time mentioned
e.g. Breakfast is served at 8 on the dot. 8点整开早饭。

Paragraph 2-3
come into one’s own: acquire, enter into possession of; become very good, useful, or important in a particular situation
e.g. The serial composers have finally come into their own.
On icy roads, a four-wheel drive vehicle really comes into its own.

in the shadow of:
in the shadow of sb.: receiving little attention because sb. else is better known or more skillful
e.g. Tom was a good lawyer, but he was always in the shadow of his famous father.
Living in the shadow of a glamorous sister, Hilda was quiet and shy.

in the shadow of sth.: influenced by sth. bad that has happened or could happen
e.g. The children of the survivors lived their lives in the shadow of the Holocaust.
The organization is trying to protect civil rights in the shadow of terrorism.

cast a shadow over/on sth.: make sth. seem less enjoyable, attractive, or impressive
e.g. The events of September 11 cast a shadow over the celebrations.

stumble: v. walk or go unsteadily
e.g. The room was dark and Stan nearly fell over a chair as he stumbled to the phone.
Having drunk half a bottle of whiskey, I stumbled upstairs and into bed.

ruin: v. devastate; reduce to the remains
e.g. The rain absolutely ruined our barbecue.
If the press should find out about this, his marriage, his reputation, and his career would all be ruined.

hang over: If sth. bad is hanging over you, you are worried or anxious about it.
e.g. The threat of nuclear war hangs over mankind.
With the court case hanging over us, we couldn’t enjoy our vacation.
Extension:
hang out (with)
e.g. I don’t really know who she hangs out with.
Where do the youngsters hang out?

spare: v. refrain from harming, punishing or killing
e.g. It will spare him embarrassment if you speak to him about it in private.
Spare us the suspense and tell us who won the first prize!

Collocation:
spare sb. the trouble/difficulty/pain, etc. (of doing sth.): prevent sb. from having to experience sth. difficult or unpleasant
e.g. I wanted to spare them the trouble of buying me a present.
Thankfully she had been spared the ordeal of surgery.
spare no expense/effort to do sth.: work as hard as possible to achieve sth.
e.g. Emergency services have spared no effort to help people whose homes were destroyed by the tornadoes.
No expense was spared in developing the necessary technology.

not so much A as B: used to say that one description of sb. or sth. is less suitable or correct than another
e.g. The details are not so much wrong as they are incomplete.
He is not so much a film star as an artist.
Practice: Translate the following sentences into English.
与其说是海洋分割了这个世界，不如说是统一了这个世界。
The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.
(=The oceans do not divide the world so much as unite it.)
在这里所说的爱与其说是一种情感，不如说是对别人的一种行为。
Love as used here is not so much an emotion as it is a behavior toward others.

intact: a. entire, unimpaired
e.g. Despite the bombing, the house was still intact.
He dealt the door a tremendous blow but it remained intact.
Translation:
地震过后，有几栋楼仍然完好无损。
Several buildings were still intact after the earthquake.
这部手机掉下台阶后仍然完好无损。
The cellphone remained intact after being dropped down the stairs.

glimpse: n. a very brief passing look, sight, or view
e.g. I caught a glimpse of the driver of the getaway car, but I doubt I would recognize her if I saw her again.
This biography offers only a few glimpses of his life before he became famous.

apprehend: v.
Note that apprehend is a polysemous word.
a. anticipate (sth.) with uneasiness or fear
e.g. apprehend danger in every sound
apprehend a hot summer
b. arrest sb. for a crime
e.g. The police have so far failed to apprehend the killer.
c. understand or perceive
e.g. Now I begin to apprehend much more fully the power of the natural forces.
Translation:
The police are anxious to apprehend a middle-aged man believed to be armed with a gun.
警察急于逮捕一名确信携有枪支的中年人。
He was slow to apprehend danger.
他没有及时意识到危险。
He can’t apprehend the real nature of change.
他不能理解变革的实质。

peril: n. serious or immediate danger
Collocation: in peril
e.g. I never felt that my life was in peril.
They put their own lives in peril to rescue their friends.
The economy is now in grave peril.

dispel: v. cause to vanish
e.g. In his latest novel, he aims to dispel the myth that real men don’t cry.
I’d like to start the speech by dispelling a few rumors that have been spreading recently.

Translation:
能量饮料能帮助驱除疲劳，恢复体力。
Energy drink helps dispel fatigue and restore physical strength.

Paragraph 4
ensure: v. make sth. certain to happen
e.g. Following the plane crash, the airline is taking further steps to ensure public safety on its aircraft.
The role of the police is to ensure that the law is obeyed.
Compare:
assure; insure; ensure
Assure, ensure, and insure all mean “to make secure or certain.” Only assure is used with reference to a person in the sense of “to set the mind at rest”: assured the leader of his loyalty. Although ensure and insure are generally interchangeable, only insure is now widely used in American English in the commercial sense of “to guarantee persons or property against risk.”
Blank filling:
① Money doesn’t _____ happiness. (ensure)
② I can ____ you of his reliability. (assure)
③ It is advisable to _____ your life against accident. (insure)

1. Word Derivation
1) exist v. →existence n. →existing a.
①如果我们不小心保护的话，这种生物可能将不复存在。
If we are not careful, this species may cease to exist.
②我们相信存在外星人。
We believe in the existence of alien intelligence.
③在这一方面，现状不会有所改变。
There will be no change to the existing situation in this regard.

2) survive v. →survival n.
①适者生存是自然竞争中永恒不变的规律。
That the fittest survive is a constant rule in the nature competition.
②医学的新进展意味着幸存下来的希望更大。
New developments in medicine mean that there is a higher chance of survival.

3) earthly a. →unearthly a. antonym
①在现世的生活中，没有什么是完美无缺的。
In this earthly life, nothing is perfect.
②这工作需要起大早赶头班火车。
The job involved getting up at some unearthly hour to catch the first train.

4) wreck v. →wrecked a. →wreckage n.
①店主向那些恐怖分子行了贿，免得他们来糟蹋店铺。
The shop owner paid off the terrorists so that they would not come to wreck his shop.
②他们搜寻失事的残骸寻找生还者的迹象。
They searched the wreckage for signs of survivors.
③许多人乘救生艇离开遇难的船。
Many people get away from the wrecked ship on a raft.

5) exhaust v. →exhaustive a. →exhaustion n.
①新车会花掉他的收入。
The new car will exhaust his income.
②彻底调查事实后发现情况正好相反。
An exhaustive investigation of the facts proves the contrary.
③医生说他的死因是心脏衰竭。
The doctor said that he died from exhaustion of the heart.

6) apprehend v. →apprehension n. →apprehensive a.
①我担心这个冬天很难过。
I apprehend a hard winter.
②他总是为考试成绩担忧。
He is always apprehensive about the results of the exams.
③那名学生忧心忡忡地在检查室里四处看了看。
The student looked around the examination room with apprehension.

7) continue v. →continuous a. →continuity n.
①我建议，休息一会儿再继续工作。
I propose a short rest before we continue the work.
②听他那连篇空话对我的耐心真是一大考验。
Listening to his continuous and empty chatter really tested my patience.
③我们应该确保燃料供给不中断。
We must ensure continuity of fuel supplies.

8) accurate a. →accuracy n. →inaccurate a. antonym
①他对事件的报道，每个细节都准确无误。
His report of the event was accurate in every detail.
②学习外语要达到流利或精确的程度都是不容易的。
Neither fluency nor accuracy is easy to come by in learning a foreign language.
③你的信息不准确，所以你的结论是错误的。
Your information is inaccurate and your conclusion is therefore wrong.

2. Phrase Practice
1) They thought this relative had come just for a short visit, but it seems he is staying for good.
for good: permanently, without the possibility of change in the future
①他最终打点行装，永远离开了。
He packed his bags and left for good.
②由于缺少现金，总计103张床位被永久取消了。
A total of 103 beds are being closed for good because of a shortage of cash.

2) The root of all these events lay in the feudal system that had existed for thousands of years.
lie in: consist or have as a basis
①我们的希望在青年一代。
Our hopes lie in the younger generation.
②他的优势在于解决问题的能力。
His strength lies in problem solving.

3) The two parties have decided to settle the economic disputes between them once and for all, in case these matters undermine their further co-operation.
once and for all: completely and finally
①我们只要把所有的水管换掉就可一劳永逸，永远解决水管的问题了!
We can solve our plumbing problems once and for all if we just replace all the pipes!
②他游历了许多地方，现在落叶归根又回到了英国。
He’s travelled a lot but he’s now come back to Britain once and for all.

4) The company has been in existence since 1945. It was established in the war-torn city of London.
in existence: the state or fact of being
①你是世界上最自私、最没良心的家伙。
You are the most selfish, heartless creature in existence.
②没有人知道这种风俗什么时候开始有的。
No one knows when such a custom first came into existence.

5) In certain respects, history seems to be impossible to be repeating itself. Otherwise, human beings cannot make any progress at all.
in certain respects: in some ways; in some aspects
①只能在某些方面和某种程度上实现对等。
Equivalence can only be attained in certain respects and to a certain degree.
②这一新产品在有些方面超过同类进口产品。
The new product surpasses in certain respects the imported goods of the similar kind.

3. Synonym/Antonym
1. The city of Kokura was spared Nagasaki’s fate only because bad weather protected it from view.
Synonym: save, relieve, refrain
2. Yet, in our day, when the challenge is not just to apprehend the nuclear peril but to seize a God-given opportunity to dispel it once and for all …
Synonym: danger, risk, jeopardy
3. Although every intact city is different from every other, all cities that suffer nuclear destruction will look much the same.
Antonym: incomplete, injured, impaired
4. A third shows a girl who has somehow survived unwounded standing in the open mouth of a bomb shelter and smiling an unearthly smile, shocking us with the sight of ordinary life …
Synonym: supernatural, mysterious, weird
5. The photographs display the fate of a single city, but their meaning is universal, since, in our age of nuclear arms, what happened to Nagasaki can, in a flash, happen to any city in the world.
Synonym: omnipresent, ubiquitous
6. Nagasaki has always been in the shadow of Hiroshima, as if the human imagination had stumbled to exhaustion in the wreckage of the first ruined city without reaching even the outskirts of the second.
Synonym: slip, stagger, flounder
7. Now, they can come into existence only if, through an act of faith and collective will, we ensure their right to exist.
Antonym: individual, personal
8. Some of Yamahata’s pictures show corpses charred in the peculiar way in which a nuclear fireball chars its victims.
Synonym: particular, odd, queer