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(完整版)英语语法之名词
一、名词的分类
1、专有名词:指某人,某地,某机构等专有的名称,其首字母要大写.如HongKong, China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross
2、普通名词:
可数名词:个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如 student,book
集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family,school, group, people
不可数名词:物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:cotton,air,tea
抽象名词:表示抽象概念,如 :work,happiness,news
二、名词的复数
可数名词有单、复数形式,其复数的构成规则如下:
1、绝大多数在词尾加s。如:book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces.
2、以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加es。如:
watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes;
下列以o结尾的词加s构成复数:piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo
3、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改为i,再加es.例如:baby,babies;family,families;
以元音字母+y结尾的名词,直接加s。例如:boy,boys;key,keys
4、以f或fe结尾的名词,先将f或fe改为v,再加es构成复数形式,如:leaf,leaves; wife,wives。但有些以f结尾的名词,是在f后加s构成复数,常见的有:
roof,chief,belief,gulf等。个别的两种方式都可以,如handkerchief's,handkerchieves
5、少数名词的复数形式是不规则的,要一一背记:
man→men; woman→women; Englishman→Englishmen;foot→feet;
tooth→teeth; child→children; mouse→mice
少数名词的单、复数形式相同,如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer, fish, means (注:fishes表不同种类的鱼)
6、复合名词:
A.含man或woman的复合名词,两部分都变为复数形式。如:two men teachers, four women doctors
B.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式,如:
lookers—on旁观者,editors-in-chief总编辑, passers-by过路人
C.如果没有主体名词,就在词尾后加s。如:
grown-ups 成年人,go-betweens 中间人
7、以复数形式出现的名词:trousers,glasses眼镜,scales天平,savings储蓄,findings 调查结果, doings行为,surroundings环境,arms武器,fireworks 烟火,remains残余,thanks感谢,riches财富,ashes灰烬 ,stairs 楼梯
8、有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如:
take pains下功夫,made preparations作准备,give regards to 问候
三、名词的所有格
1、名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词.其构成多在词尾加上“'s",如:Tom's bike,Marx’s works
以s结尾的专有名词,在词尾后加“'"或“'s”。如:Engels’/Engels’s works
以s结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加“’”.如:students’ homework,a workers’ night school 一所工人夜校,不以s结尾的复数名词,仍在词尾加“'s"。如:men’s clothes男士衣服 children’s books 儿童读物
2、如果一个事物为两个人共有,只在后一个名词的词尾加“'s",如果不是共有,就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“'s”。例如:Tom and Mike's room汤姆和迈克合住的房间 Tom's and Mike’s rooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间
3、表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。
如:the tailor’s 裁缝店,the barber’s理发店,go to the doctor's上诊所,at my 'uncle’s在我叔叔家
4、表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”来表示所有格。如:today's newspaper,half an hour’s rest,two weeks’ work,ten minutes′walk,China’s population,Shanghai’s industry
5、表示无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。如:
the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 2
6、表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词,常用“of+所有格”来表示所属关系.例如:
He is an old friend of my father’s。 This is a picture of Mary’s.
△考点分析
1.He gained his _______by printing _______of famous writers
A。wealth; work B.wealths; works C。weaths;work D.wealth ;works
析:此题答案D。因为wealth 是不可数名词故可排除B、C两个选项;work既可作不可数名词表“工作"意,又可作可数名词表“作品"意,常用复数形式.根据题目意思,此处work应作可数名词用,于是又可排除A。
2。Many people agree that_______ knowledge of English is a must in ______ international trade today。
A。a; × B.the ; an C.the ;the D。×;the
析:knowledge 是抽象名词,一般不与不定冠词连用,但指具体“一门学问”或“一门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用,这可称之为抽象名词具体化。类例如:a strong character 坚强的性格;a bright future 光明前途;a waste of time 浪费时间;a pressure on sb.对某人的压力;have a good time玩得痛快;He is a failure /a success as a leader 他当领导不行/很出色。抽象名词不与冠词连用是泛指一般概念、意义。如:what fun! fine weather ;common knowledge 常识;Knowledge begins with practice.foreign trade.因此international trade前不用冠词.由以上两点可确定答案为A。
3。Oh, John _____you gave us !
A.How a great surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D。What pleasant surprise
析:正确答案为C。“a/an+形容词+抽象名词"是抽象名词具体化的常见形式.又如:an advanced culture 一种先进文化;a great interest 极大的兴趣;do him a good kindness帮了他一个大忙。
4. She broke a _______ while she was washing up .
A.glass wine B.wine glass C.wine's glass D.glass of wine
析:根据broke一词及四个选项,可确定空白处应选“酒杯"故可排除A、D;C不是表达“酒杯”的正确形式,只有B才是正确答案。英语中用名词作定语修饰名词的情况很多,这些作定语用的名词可表①分类意义②表时间、地点、称呼③表目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义。
① 例: woman driver ,telephone number ,school education ,research work ,coffee cup ,English teacher ,air pollution
② 例:book store ,winter sleep ,country life ,college student ,South China
③例:milk bottle ,steam boat ,goat skin ,stone wall ,gas station ,lunch room ,tooth brush
5。________terrible weather we’ve been having these days!
A。What B。What a C.How D。How a
析:这是一个感叹句,how修饰形容词,副词或动词,what修饰名词。weather是不可数名词,其前不可加不定冠词a。因此这题正确答案是A。
6.Shortly after the accident ,two _______police were sent to the spot to keep order .
A.dozens of B.dozens C。dozens’ of D。dozen
析: 正确答案是D。dozen, score ,hundred, thousand ,million等名词前面有数词或many ,several等词,且表示具体数目时,这些名词一般不用复数形式,但在下列短语中却加S,并与of连用:dozens of (许多的),scores of (好几十的),hundreds of (成百的),thousands of (上千的),millions of (数百万的)
7。I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible .Just have a little ______.
A.wait B.time C。patience D.rest
析:由题干第一句意“我会尽快调查那件事”,可知下句是要对方不要着急,故答案应为C。这是由情景,语境确定答案题目.
8。If by any chance someone comes to see me ,ask them to leave a _________。
A。message B.letter C。sentence D.notice
析:答案为A。道理同第7题。
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