商务英语毕业论文-论对外经贸合同英语中的旧体词.doc

论对外经贸合同英语中的旧体词论文关键词古英语词经贸合同用词特点论文摘要古英语词(archaicword)在现代英语中虽已不再广泛应用,且正在逐渐消亡，但在法律英语、合同英语中却仍较常见，如副词here,there,where加上一个或几个介词构成的副词，这类古词语的运用可使合同简练、严密、庄重，且具有很强的文体效果，但同时也为初次接触英语合同者带来了极大困难，本文将对这些词进行说明，以使初学者初步了解对外经贸合同的英语用词特点。随着我国改革开放的进一步深化，经济领域的国际交往日趋频繁，经济合作更加密切，国际间的经济活动，如贸易、金融、投资、经济合作等都离不开合同。但我们也发现，在经贸活动中出现了不少涉外经济纠纷，这些纠纷发生的频率越来越高，其中不少纠纷在很大程度上是由合同文字引起的，要避免这些纠纷的发生，首先就需要读懂合同原文。合同文件枯燥、乏味，句子长、术语多，另外一个难点是这些英文合同中包含大量的旧体词，这些旧体词在现代英语中已很少使用，但在合同文本中却很常见，主要是为了避免重复、避免误解、避免歧义，使行文准确、简洁，这些词各有各的含义，但由于篇幅所限，笔者只选择其中几个进行详细说明，以使初学者初步了解对外经贸合同的英语用词特点。一、以here开头的词1.hereby该词意为bymeansof,byreasonofthis,bythisagreement，“特此”，“因此”，“兹”，“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语，在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用，表示当事人借此合约，要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”，如保证、同意、放弃权利等，一般放于主语后，紧邻主语。如：TheCompanyherebycovenantsandwarrantsthat意为：BythisagreementtheCompanycovenantsandwarrantsthat即：公司在此保证再如：Bothpartiesherebyagreethat意为：Bythisagreementbothpartiesagreethat即：双方当事人在此同意2.hereof该词意为：ofthisagreement，“关于此点”；“在本文件中”，表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的”，一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。如：totakeeffectonthedatehereof意为：totakeeffectonthedateofthisagreement即：于本合约之日期生效。再如：theheadingsofthesectionshereof意为：theheadingsofthesectionsofthisagreement即：本合约各条款之标题。3.hereto该词意为：tothisagreement，“至此”，“在此”，表示上文已提及的“本合同的本文件的”，一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。如：bothpartieshereto意为bothpartiestothisagreement，即本合约之当事人双方；itemsspecifiedinAttachmentIandhereto意为：itemsspecifiedinAttachmentItothisagreement即：本合约之附件I所列之各项。4.herein该词意为：inthisagreement，“此中”，“于此”，表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的，本法（中）的”等，一般置于所修饰词后，紧邻所修饰词。如：tofileasuitinthecourtagreedtoherein意为：tofileasuitinthecourtagreedtointhisagreement即：向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼；再如：tofollowthetermsandconditionsherein意为：tofollowthetermsandconditionsinthisagreement，即：遵守本合约所规定的条件。5.hereinafter该词意为：laterinthesameContract，“以下”，“在下文”，一般与tobereferredtoas,referredtoas,called等词组连用，以避免重复。6.hereunder该词意为：underthisagreement，“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如：obligationshereunder，意为obligationsunderthisagreement，即“本合约内的义务”。再如：rightsgrantedhereunder，意为rightsgrantedunderthisagreement，即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。二、以there开头的词1.thereof以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词，如thereafter,thereby,therein,thereinafter,thereinbefore,thereon,thereof,thereunder,thereupon,therewith等，在文中具体指什么，需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断，因而理解起来比较复杂，请看下例：ThisAgreementiswrittenintheEnglishlanguage.IncaseofanydiscrepancybetweentheEnglishversionandanytranslationthereof,theEnglishtextshallgovern.句中”theEnglishversionandanytranslationthereof”从上下文判断意为“theEnglishversionandanytranslationoftheEnglishversion”，即thereof一词代替oftheEnglishversion。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。2.therein该词意为inthat,inthatparticularcontext,inthatrespect，“在那里”，“在那点上”，“在那方面”，表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如：thecontractoranypartthereof意为thecontractoranypartofthecontract，合同或合同的任何部分。3.thereto该词意为：tothat,“随附”，“附之”，如：“ContractProducts”meanstheproductsspecifiedinAppendix2tothisContract,togetherwithallimprovementsandmodificationsthereofordevelopmentswithrespectthereto.句中ordevelopmentswithrespectthereto意为：ordevelopmentswithrespecttothedevelopments。4.thereunder该词意为：underthat,“在其下”，“依照”，如：TheBorrowerfailstopayanyamountpayablethereunderasandwhensuchamountshallbecomepayable.句中anyamountpayablethereunder意为anyamountpayableunderthecontract。三、以where开头的词1.Whereas该词意为：consideringthat,“鉴于”，“就(而论”，常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如：WhereasPartyAdesirestousethePatentedTechnologyofPartyBtomanufactureandselltheContractProducts鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。2.Whereby该词意为：bytheagreement,bythefollowingtermsandconditions,“凭此协议”，“凭此条款”，常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如：Asalescontractreferstoacontractwherebythesellertransferstheownershipofanobjecttothebuyerandthebuyerpaysthepricefortheobject.句中acontractwherebythesellertransfers意为：acontractbywhichthesellertransfers以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点，笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意，有针对性地学习，达到事半功倍的效果；也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点，写出好的外经贸合同，顺利地进行外贸业务往来。TheComparisonofFamilyEducation英语毕业论文-中美家庭教育的比较AbstractInthelastfewyears,withthedevelopmentofdiatheticeducationhasstrickenrootintotheheartsofthepeople,thefamilyeducationhasbeenahotspotofsociety,inwhichtensofthousandsoffamilies#39;vitalbenefitsandurgentneedlie.Because,goodfamilyeducationiscloselyrelatedtochildren#39;squalityandbehaviour,andrelatedtothefutureofourcountry.Atpresent,thesituationoffamilyeducationisgood,largenumberofparentsandschoolshavecreatedsuccessfulexperience,evenmanyparentsstudythefamilyeducationknowledgeinitiatively,theeducationalideahasundergonetheprofoundchange.Nevertheless,thefamilyeducationisstillaweaklink,particularly,AstheWesterneducationalthoughtispenetratingthroughtheEastandfacingthetraditionalandmodernthoughtaboutfamilyeducation,theChineseparentsaretornbetweenthetwochoices.Therefore,developingfamilyeducationiseitheranopportunity,orachallenge.Moreover,ChineseandtheWesternfamilyeducationeachhasitsowngoodpoints,butindifferentaspects,theeducationalmethodsaredifferent,soweneedtounderstandthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternfamilyeducation,makeupforone#39;sdeficiencybylearningfromothers#39;strongpoints,andpushforwardthefamilyeducationalmodernizationinstantaneously,inthatcase,Chinawillhavetheinestimableprospects.keywordsfamilyeducationchinaandthewesttraditiondifferencecomparison摘要近几年来，随着素质教育的深入人心，家庭教育已经成为当今社会关注的一个热点，是千万家庭的切身利益和迫切需求所在。因为，良好的家庭教育直接关系到了孩子的素质和品行，更关系到祖国的未来。就中国目前来看，家庭教育的发展态势良好，一大批家长、学校创造了成功的经验，更有许多学生家长主动学习家庭教育知识，教育观念发生了深刻变化。但是尽管如此，家庭教育仍是一个薄弱环节，尤其是随着西方教育思想的传入，中国家长面对传统与现代家教思想，表现出无所适从的无奈。因此，对于开展家庭教育，既是机遇，又是挑战。而且，中西家庭教育各有千秋，在不同方面，教育方法也不同，所以我们就需要深刻了解中西家庭教育的差异，取长补短，并且不失时机地推进家庭教育现代化，这样中国的未来才具有不可估量的发展前景。关键词家庭教育，中西，传统，差异，比较Fromancienttimestomoderntimes,familyeducationhasbeenplayinganimportantroleinthenationaleducationalcause.Agreatman-XiaopingDengsaid,“Thebasisofacountry#39;smodernizationliesintalents,thebasisoftalentsliesineducation,andthebasisofeducationliesinfamily.Chinaisacountrywithemphasisonthehomeeducation.Theoutstandinghomeeducationinthedeepeducationculture.”Thefamilyeducation,theschooleducationandthesocialeducationarethethreebigpropsofeducation.Theyareindispensable.Nowadays,increasingattentionhasbeenpaidtofamilyeducationbythemodernsociety,anditgetsahotspotofsociety,whichiscloselyrelatedtotensofthousandsoffamilies#39;vitalbenefitsandurgentneed.Atpresent,familyeducationmaintainsagoodmomentumofgrowthinChina.ItgetsmoreandmoreimportanttoChinesefamilies.Throughouttheages,manymenofinsightworkdelightlyinthefieldofhomeeducation,andaccumulatequitesubstantialachievements.AndChinaisanorientalcountrywithalonghistory,itsdeepeducationalcultureincludestheelementsofexcellentfamilyeducation.Asweallknow,Chinasancienteducatinalthoughtwantthroughtheancientfamilyeducationalfield.“FamilyInstructionofYan”,ZhituiYan,SouthernandNorthernDynastiesForexample:moralinstructionsfirst;therespectforold;thecarefortheyoung;thecultivationofmoralcharacter;examplesetting;thedeterminationofbeingstrong;learnedprofoundknowledge,carefulconsideration;andsoon.Theseoutstandingthoughtsaregobacktoancienttimes.Nevertheless,therearestillalotofproblemsemergingoutinthatfamilyeducation,whichisstillweak.Theeducationexpertconcerned,whomadethelong-termpursuitofinvestigations,thoughtthat2/3familyeducationisimproper.Alltheanalysisjustifiestheconclusion:thefirst,malignanteventseruptunceasingly.Itnotonlyindicatestheimportanceoffamilyeducation,butindicatestheimportanceandnecessityofcarryingonscientificfamilyeducation;thesecond,incurrenthomeeducation,thereisstillerroneouszone.Itmaybesummarizedas“threeexcess”and“oneexcessiveheight”:thatis,quitesomeparentsareexcessivelyconcernedwiththechildren,excessivelyreatrainandnosedintothechildren#39;saffairs,excessivelychatterandcriticizethechildren,andsomethingexcessiveisexpectedofthechildern.Theseproblemsareinneedofimmediatesolution;Thethird,underthemarketeconomycondition,thereisthemultipleconceptofvalue,theonlychildcommunitygrowsaswellasthedivorcefamiliesincreaseandsoon,allthisbringsaboutmanyunprecedentednewsituationsandnewproblems;Thefourth,ruralpopulationaccountfor80%,thecountrysidehousingdisperses,theconditionisbad,guardian#39;sculturalqualityissomewhatlow,thecountryside#39;sfamilyeducationhasbecomethekeyanddifficultpointndevelopingfamilyeducation.Andatthesametime,withthedevelopmentofeducationalcause,WesterneducationalthoughtspenetrateslowlythroughtheEast.Whenfacingthetraditionalandmodernthoughts,chineseparentsareatalossastowhattochoose.Therefore,directingatsomebadphenomena,weregarditasnecessarytomakeacomparisonbetweenchinesefamilyeducationandwesternfamilyeducation.But,beforethecomparison,weneedtoknowaboutthesocialbackgroundofChinaandWesternCountries.Asweallknow,ChinaisasocialistcountryandmostWesterncountriesbelongtocapitalistcountries.And,theyhavedifferenthistoryandcultures.ChinaadvocatesConfucianismandthewesterncountriesadvocatetherevivalofliteratureandart.Butthemostimportantpointisthattheirattitudetowardsthepositionoffamilyinstitution#39;spositionisalsodifferent.Inchina#39;straditionalfamily,parents#39;authoritativeconsciousnessplaysaleadingrolewhilewesterncivilizationsmainlyemphasizestruggle,equality,democracyandhumanrights homeOfcourse,homeeducationisakindofhumanity#39;seducationalpractice.ChinaandtheWesternfamilyeducationhavemanythingsincommon.Generallyspeaking,itcanbesummedupasfollows1st,emphasisislaidonfamilyeducation.Nomatterwhichcountryyoucomefrom,whatnationalityyoubelongtoallthinkthefamilyisaperson#39;sfirstschool,andtheparentisthefirstteacher.EitherChinaorWesterncountries,eithertheancienttimesorthemoderntimes,familyeducationisalwaysinthemostfundamentalposition.2nd,familyeducationshouldbestartedsincechildhood,performthedutypromptly.FamilyinstructionofYansaidthat,“Theparentsshoulddothemissionarywork,whentheinfantisyoung.Judgingfromhisfacialexpression,weknowwhetherheisangryorhappy,thengiveinstructions.”“FamilyInstructionofYan”,ZhituiYan,SouthernandNorthernDynastiesBecause“itseasytoconcentrateachildsattention.Afterhegrowsup,hisattentioniseasilydispersed,soachildmustbecaughtearly.”Deweyalsothoughtthefamilyeducationshouldbeexecutedearly.3rd,parents#39;unsuilableroledivisionineducationbringsaboutsomebadresults.EitherinChinaorintheWestmotherisalmostdescribedinmanyculturesasthemainfosterer,andthenfatherplaysonlyapart.Thefatheristhemainundertakerwhoteachesthechildtoknowtherationalityeducation.Motherisresponsibleforchild#39;sfoodanddrinkindailylife,thematerialguarantee,theemotionalsatisfactionandsoon,isalsothemainundertakerofchildsemotionalcultivation.Itsresultisthatthechildholdshisfatherinaweandvenerationandcausesthepoorrelationbetweenchildandfather,andthusaffectschild#39;sperfectdevelopment.4th,payattentiontothetrainingthechildrenslongingforknowledge,valuereading.TheChineseparentsofancienttimes,fullyrealizedthistruth,theyguidedthechilderninreadingtheFourBooksandtheFiveClassicswhentheyareyoung,allthevariousschoolsofthought,stimulatedtheirdesireforseekingknowledge.Thewesternparentsalsofocusonfamilyreading.Thechildernmustlistentosectionofstoriesbeforesleeping,andthisisafinetraditionofWesternfamilyeducation.5th,attachimportancetoteachingbypersonalexampleaswellasverbalinstruction.Theparentsarechild#39;smodels,usuallyasimplemovementismoreeffectivethantheinculcationoftenthousandinstructions.However,thetraditionalfamilyeducationinChina,onaccountoftherespectivedifferencesinmoreaspectsisdifferentfromthatintheWest.Theyhavetheirowncharacteristicsbetweenregionsandcultures. Tobeginwith,thetendencyofeducationisdifferent.TheChineseparentslayemphasisonsocialenlightenment,ignorethegrowthofchildren.TheChineseparentstakethesocialcompatibleenlightenmentseriously,butoftenneglectthedevelopmentofchildren#39;scharacteristics,theyoftentrainthechildrenunderestablishedforms,andlaydownthebroadroadfortheirgrowth.Thewesternparentsprovidethechildrenaenvironmentforgrowthresistanttothem,andfostertheirtenaciousindividualityandthegoodconduct,andtheychoosetheirideaandwayofcultivationaccordingtothechangeofsocietyandthecharacteristicofchildrenphysicalandmental.Secondly,thevalueoffamilyeducationisdifferent.ThefunctionofChinasfamilyeducationisforcedbytheChinastraditionalculture.TheChinesetraditionalConfuciancultureemphasize“thecultivationofonesmoralcharacter,therunningofonesfamily,theadministrationofastate,thepeaceandsecurityoftheworld”.Inthisdirectionalthought,thefamilyeducationisbestowedonthedirectsocialsignificance.Inaddition,theChinesetraditionalculturealsoregardsthefamilyeducationandchildren#39;sindividualgrowthasthedirectcorrelativecausesandeffects.TheChineseparentscareaboutthereputationineducatingthechild,thinkingeducatingthechildtobecomeausefulpersonistheirachievement,butifnot,theparentsfeelshameful.Theeducation#39;sgoalisforearningtheirliving,forhonor.Thewesternfamilyeducationisdifferentfromchinaintheeducationalgoal.Educationisnotthepreparationforearningtheirliving,butforsurvival.“Thelearnededucation”theyemphasizehasthevalueofmoldingonesmind,onekindofvaluewhichhasnothingtodowiththeutilityortheoccupationconsider