主动语态变被动语态的几种类型.doc

主动语态变被动语态的几种类型

一、含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构
有些动词，如give，tell，buy等，在句中作谓语时可有两个宾语，又称双宾语，即“间接宾语+直接宾语”结构形式。含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。一般是主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。如果直接宾语变为被动结构的主语，间接宾语之前应加介词to（可省去）或for（一般不可省）。如：
1 . My mother gave me a pen.~I was given a pen by my mother.或：A pen was given (to) me by my mother.（介词to可省略）
2 .He told her a long story.~She was told a long story.或：A long story was told (to) her.（介词to可省略）
3.Father bought me a new coat.~I was bought a new coat.或：A new coat was bought for me.（介词for不可省略）
注意：被动句中强调间接宾语时，其前的介词to 不可省去。如：
This apple is given to me, not to you.这个苹果是给我的，而不是给你的。
二、含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构
复合宾语指的是“宾语+宾语补足语（简称宾补）”这一结构形式。含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构的主语，宾语补足语保留不动。可充当宾语补足语的有名词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、介词短语等等。如：
1.They call her Xiao Li.(主动结构，宾补为名词Xiao Li )~She is called Xiao LI.(被动结构)
2.They chose Tom monitor.（主动结构，宾补为名词monitor）~Tom was chosen monitor.（被动结构）
3.He told me to wait for you.（主动结构，宾补为不定式短语to wait for you）~I was told to wait for you.（被动语态）
4.I found him lying on the floor.（主动结构，宾补为现在分词短语lying on the floor)~He was found lying on the floor.（被动结构）
注意：在主动语态的句子中，谓语动词make的宾语补足语如果由动词不定式充当，则该动词不定式不带to。感官动词see，hear，watch等，也有这种用法。但当谓语动词是let时，其被动结构后的不定式仍不带to。例如：
They made him go.（主动结构，宾补为不带to的不定式go)~He was made to go.（被动语态）
They let John go.（主动结构）~John was let go.（被动结构）
三、含情态动词的主动结构变为被动结构
含情态动词的主动结构形式是：情态动词（如can,may,must,could等）+原形动词。变为被动结构时，其谓语形式是：情态动词+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词。例如：
1.You must not put the bike here.（主动结构）~The bike must not be put here.（被动结构）
2.You may do that a little later.（主动结构）~That may be done a little later.（被动结构）
3.Can you finish it in two hours?（主动结构）~Can it be finished in two hours?（被动结构）
四、含短语动词的主动语态变为被动语态
有些短语动词，如take good care of （爱护，照料），listen to（听）,look at（看）,look for（寻找）,look after（照看）,laugh at（嘲笑）,put up（搭起，建造，举起，张贴）等，相当于及物动词，可以有被动语态。但应注意，短语动词是一个不可分割的词组，在变为被动语态时，不可去掉末尾的介词或副词。例如：
1.They took good care of the children.（主动语态）~The children were taken good care of.（被动语态）
2.Someone laughed at him.（主动语态）~He was laughed at.（被动语态）
3.They are looking after the children.（主动语态）~The children are being looked after.（被动语态）
4.They have put up a lot of tall buildings in the city in the last few years.（主动语态）~A lot of tall buildings have been put up in the city in the last few years.（被动语态）