综合项目工程造价外文翻译.doc

The stage of the project cost management
Abstract
Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives.
Keywords：cost of the construction project cost management status investment decision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy,
Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world community，China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However，the current budget for the construction projects - estimate，budget，Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost.
As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process，stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage，the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages，use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.
Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s，1980s perfect together. Performance of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government；Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget，content，methods and approval，the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation，approval，management authority，and so on.
With the historical process，after recovery，reform and development，formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management system. However，as the socialist market economic development，the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking，the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy，and，at the time under the conditions of productivity，will inevitably become a shortage in the economy.
In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions，as long as a certain level of investment，will be certain outputs. In this environment，the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices，wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment，the budget estimate for the system approved project cost，help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role.
As the socialist market economic system established，requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years，international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China，the traditional practice in an objective light on the cause decision-making，implementation heavy，light the economy and technology,
First，the consequences of victimization,Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control，cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals.
Second，the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances，My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept，building departments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height.
Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal，learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries，and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system，efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals；conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage，the project's technical and economic decision-making，of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence，The construction cost is an important stage control.
China's current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price，and focusing only on the construction process of cost control，neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. It has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects，the information can not be fully，comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small，estimated inadequate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something.
The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost，many owners have the wrong understanding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue，and should be a number of factors，a combination of practical，comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage，the project's technical and economic decision-making，Cost of the project after the completion of the project and the economic benefits，with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage，rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role.
In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study，the work is done well，returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise，invest more，less effective，resulting in loss of control and waste of investment.
At present，some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue，false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors，actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems，lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project and had to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective，even become hopeless completion of the beard works.
Therefore，in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs，we must do the following aspects：
ⅰImplementation of the construction project and corporate accountability，Construction of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds.
ⅱA realistic approach to market analysis，to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making，reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness，design task more scientific and reliability.
ⅲ Capital financing must have a formal commitment document，the parties must do investment funds in place，and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure.
ⅳ To strengthen the engineering geology，hydrology，geology and land，water，electricity，transport，environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds.
Taking extensive investigation and research，comparison of similar projects，seriously functional analysis，multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economic evaluation，and the final technologically advanced，functional and reliable. Reasonable economic projects，thus calculate a more accurate and realistic estimation of the amount of investment，so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonable level.
The design phase of the project cost control for a long time，China's building control very effective，- investment projects is not uncommon，this will affect owners of investment returns，it adds to the owners and within budget，as well as difficulties in fund owners，the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears，and so on. Hence，the control of the project cost is of great significance，however the project cost is the primary means of control design，
Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost control，and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact，it is wrong，on the contrary，Design phase of the project cost control is the most important step. Because it determines engineering design，construction methods，materials and equipment types，models of the project cost is of critical significance，design optimization phase of the program or minor changes，project cost will have a significant impact，Design phase of the project cost control of the total project cost of 70%. Following is how to control the project from design to create the Law：
ⅰ As the owners must design，the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level，and the design quality products in the level of direct influence on the pricing of the works. Different design units on the same project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost on the existence of differences between，We assume that with a design from two different design institute to design，Construction plans after the completion of a requested advisory unit cost to do the budget，certainly different design institute the total cost of the project is absolutely not the same，and most of the difference between the two over 10% even more than 30%，and not necessarily high cost than the design of low cost，and good design is often low cost，We all know that different people have different design styles and different levels，the design works naturally，therefore chosen to design units is the control on the first step. Through tender to select the design of the units is a good method，the tender documents to elaborate on this particular aspect of the requirements，cost control targets，and so on.

2设计阶段工程造价控制
长期以来,国内建筑控制很有效,因而,控制工程造价具备重要意义，但工程造价重要办法是控制设计。
当前大某些业主在设计阶段很少工程成本控制,而她们以为成本设计不会有太大影响,这是不对,相反,设计阶段工程造价控制是最重要一步。由于它决定了工程设计、施工办法、材料和设备种类,优化设计阶段程序或小变化，工程造价将会产生重大影响,设计阶段工程造价控制项目总成本70% 。如下是如何控制工程从设计到管理。
2.1 作为业主,必要注重设计
设计选定质量水平直接影响产品质量设计水平，而设计产品质量水平,直接影响定价工程量。不同设计单位对同一项目设计是不同。同一项目不同设计研究院工程之间某些方面工程造价就存在分歧之间,咱们假设设计由两个不同设计院设计，施工图完毕后,所规定征询单位成本做预算。固然不同设计院项目总成本是绝对不同样，大某些两者差别超过10% ,甚至超过30% ，而不一定是成本高,比设计成本低,良好设计往往是成本低,咱们都懂得,每个人有不同设计风格,不同层次设计作品自然 因而选取设计单位,是管制第一步。通过招标选取设计单位,是一种较好办法,在招标文献中详细阐明这方面规定,成本控制目的等等。
否则,在后来设计过程中设计单位会提出增长成本设计规定；通过招标项目设计进入市场,为选取最佳设计单位。
2.2 倡导设计招投标和设计优化战役模式设计单位评估
由专家构成，按照合用,经济,美学原理和先进技术，构造合理,以满足建筑节能和环保规定,综合评价长处,规划设计，择优拟定中选方案。
成功投资筹划预计将接近普通建设工程范畴内投资。 这意味着两个设计合约,将协助设计方案选取和竞争机会,以保证获选设计 先进技术,独特新颖性,适应性,以及控制工程造价。设计单位要努力提高自身素质,该项目设计巧妙构思，当代减少工程成本上动脑筋,以提高设计质量，力求把设计阶段工程造价控制批准投资上限。
2.3 加强设计阶段
以加强监督专人,以拟定一种合理设计，成熟技术,减少在施工阶段重要设计变化和在节目中，在有效控制了工程造价将扮演一种角色。工程设计,如果工程监理介入排除不利因素,普通可排除80%错误。 在整个建设过程中成本控制,在开始施工时尽量节约投资20%,核心施工阶段辨认和控制成本。 监督设计阶段,涉及：设计院设计图纸和阐明,协助业主解决不同设计方案经济，资本开支与发展初步预计,以保证投资可以得到最有效运用。与业主,监理,涉及：
依照设计院提供设计图纸和阐明,协助业主解决不同设计方案经济,资本支出发展初步规划,以保证投资可以得到最有效运用；与业主不同设计方案，需要计算自己材料和设备进行成本分析和研究，对设计人员费用,以协助她们在投资限额范畴内设计,以节约投资。谋求一次性投资少,经济好设计方案,获得最合理经济指标。
2.4积极推动所谓上限限额设计
虽然批准设计任务书和投资估算,在保证功能规定前提下。初步设计和概算控制，据初步批准预算总额为设计和施工图设计控制。而每一种专业,每一种均有一种门槛设计一种目的。在设计过程中,设计师要进步多方案,优化设计，保证设计在技术上是先进,合理,创新,潮流,而不是打破限制投资目的，从而杜绝了工程设计,提高安全系数和设计原则，或只考虑技术可行性筹划,而非经济理性现象，这项工程费用,以保证有效控制。
又称价值工程价值分析,是一种当代科学管理技术，是一种新技术经济分析是产品功能分析,以节约资源,减少成本目,一种有效办法。它弥补了老式成本管理单纯强调减少成本和质量管理只强调改进质量缺陷,建设,有助于解决长期存在时间长,挥霍大,质量差,成本高问题。价值工程法普通分为三个环节：评估面向对象技术和经济评分评分；计算对象技术和经济指标；计算几何设计物体,平均从比较中选取最佳设计。
3 建设项目实行阶段单位工程造价管理
控制工程成本,是合理 该项目达到质量原则前提下,在投资决策阶段，设计及建造阶段项目,把项目审批出当前管制范畴内,力求在各项建设工程合理使用人力，物力和财力资源,以获得良好投资效益和社会效益。
项目成本控制和管理是一种动态过程。动态市场经济,使投资在拟定与控制变得更为复杂,这将规定施工单位对工程造价管理项目贯穿整个过程中,它必要有一种全面焦点。
执行阶段项目。实行阶段工程造价管理是实行全过程项目管理。项目实行阶段工程造价管理可分为三个某些：投标管理施工管理和结算管理。
3.1 招标施工阶段施工单位招标制度
控制工程造价有效手段,申办组织,可以提高成本效益工程,并保证工程质量，缩短建设周期,投资回报，施工单位可充分运用招标手段,有效控制成本。
施工编号10月7部令发布了“合同与施工合同定价管理” 明确指出,在工程招标使用库存。这就规定建设单位进行招标，在招标文献中,不但涉及普通内容如债券投标前附表,招标债券合同条件、合同合同条款、合同格式、技术规格、图纸、招标文献及其她参照格式,还必要提供工程清单招标作为参照文献重要构成某些。
建设单位在招标文献中工程量清单，按照国家或地方颁布规则计算办法,统一项目划分，统一计量单位,统一工程计算规则按设计图纸加以计算和记录安排,获得名单。 数量应遵循筹办工作客观,公正,科学,合理原则。编写者必要有一定知识工程设计和施工经验，以及材料与机械施工技术全面科学知识,为了计算容积工程无重大漏掉。此基本上,必要符合国家规定工程计算规则与分包工程处工程单位,并按照设计图纸,设计必不可少爱情招标文献规定计算量项目应当有一种综合测试,作品必要简朴,虽然不露浮现错误定价项目,要保证对的工程。应当规定不同级别分开工程部,状况则有所不同，咱们也许有不同价格,为项目分开。这就规定编写清单编制人员,认真研究设计图纸，分析招标文献中涉及工作内容及不同技术规定，人们熟悉过程,并到现场认真调查,预测,以使施工状况下,会对价格项目得以打破。此外，由于项目清单计算数额项目是不完整工程,并考虑利益施工单位,显然付出代价相似总体价格 该工程量清单数量,实际建设是一种具备实际意义。
在评价和审查投标应做单位,个人总报价和综合评估价格不符合规定个体显示物价符合规定，与最低总价不能解释单一,价低。投标人往往懂得总成本,以维持相似状况下，该筹划很也许会变化较小项目,以减少价格。变化也许较大项目价格上升,以达到竣工结算工程,将增长为目。咱们也做价格和相应数量工程技术综合评估大批量项目注重价格分析。价格会做与工作内容,施工筹划,是一种全面技术评价过程中，因而倾向于选取施工单位。建设施工阶段合同成本控制基本。订立严密施工合同,同步加强施工合同管理,可以保证合同价是合理，合法性,减少履行合同纠纷,维护双方利益合同,有效地控制了工程投资费用。
在签约前,做好管理合同文献，合同及补充合同合同。工作往来等单一内容提出了延长合同,并解释完整必要得到维护，除了建立了技术档案,执行合同动态分析分析成果采用积极积极办法。
3.2施工阶段
施工阶段施工方案,是基于预算或建安工程合同价目的,控制工程造价。现阶段养护余地小,但也许性是挥霍很大。从而控制成本项目予以足够注重。
3.2.1 建筑筹划
加强技术经济比较施工方案是施工组织设计进行了重新工作内容,合理施工方案,缩短建设工期,保证三峡工程质量，提高经济效率,施工方案对的,从技术和经济评价进行了比较，通过定性和定量分析,质量,时间,成本三项技术和经济指标,是理智，并有效地使用人力,物力和财力,获得较好经济效益,良好施工管理人员之间关系，全面成本管理是一种重要途径。
3.2.2 严格涉及更改项目预算控制在概算内
施工导致变化,因素有诸多,涉及工程设计不良,使工程合同与图纸不符规定；当前市场供应材料不符合原则规格设计规定。这些问题已离开初级工程造价因素。因而,在施工过程中,咱们必要加快海关变化通过任何更改设计,扩大建设规模,提高设计原则,增长建设内容，最佳实行“分级控制,限额签证”制度。有权变更设计,特别是涉及到成本设计变更,必要经设计单位