朗文英语听说教程二听力原文.doc

LECTURE AUDIOSCRIPTSUNIT 1 Whats in a Name?TEACHER: Good morning, everybody. Good morning, Felipe, Monica,Theo, and I cant remember your name.STUDENT 1: Patricia.TEACHER: Patricia, right, Patricia. Those are all beautiful names, and thatsour topic today-names. Names are a culture universal. This means everyoneuses names. A persons name can tell us a bit about a persons family. Today,well begin by looking at first names and how people choose names for theirchildren. And then well talk about family names, and look at the differentcategories of family names. Although the scope of the lecture today isEnglish-language names, we can use the same approach, you know, to look atnames from any culture.Lets take a brief look at first, or given names. There are several ways parentschoose the first name for their child.The first way is by family history. Parents may choose a name because it ispassed from generation to generation; for example, the first born son might benamed after his father or grandfather. Although family names are also passedto daughters, it is usually as a middle name. Adding junior or the secondfor example, William Parker the seconds only done with boys, not with girlsnames.The second way parents choose a name is after a family member or friend whohas died recently, or after someone they admire, like a well-known leader ora famous musician. Although most English first names mean something, forexample, Richard means powerful and “Ann means grace, nowadaysmeaning is not the main reason people select their babys name.The third way is to provide a push for the child. Parents want to choose aname that sounds very successful. A strong name might help them in thebusiness world, for example. Or they might choose a name that works foreither gender, like Taylor or Terry. So, given these three methods, what is themost common way parents choose a name? Many parents choose a namesimply because they like it, or because its fashionable or classic. Fashions innames change just as they do in clothes. One hundred years ago, many namescame from the Bible names such as Daniel, and Anna, and Hannah andMatthew. Then fifty years ago, Biblical names went out of fashion. Nowadays,names from the Bible are becoming popular again.Similarly, parents often choose classic names, names that were popular in1900, 1950, and are still popular now. Classic names for boys include Thomas,David, Robert, and Michael. And for girls: Anna, Elizabeth, Emily, andKatherine, just to name a few. Theyre classic. They never go out of style.Lets look at the origin of last names, also called family names or surnames.Researchers have studied thousands of last names, and theyve divided theminto four categories. The categories are: place names, patronymics, addednames, and occupational names. A recent survey showed that of the 7,000most popular names in the United States today, 43 percent were place names,32 percent were patronymics, 15 percent were occupational names, and 9percent were added names.The first category is place names. Place names usually identified where aperson lived or worked. Someone named John Hill lived near a hill, forexample, and the Rivers family lived near a river. If you hear the name EmmaBridges, what image do you see? Do you see a family that lives near a bridge?If you do, you get the idea.The second category is patronymics. Thats P-A-T-R-O-N-Y-M-I-C-S. Apatronymic is the fathers name, plus an ending like S-E-N or S-O-N. Theending means that a child, a boy, is the son of his father. The names Robertson,Petersen, and Wilson are patronymics. Robertson is son of Robert, Petersen isson of Peter, and so on.The third category is added names. Linguists sometimes call this categorynicknames, but when most of us hear the word nickname, we think of aspecial name a friend or a parent might use. The word nickname is actuallyan old English word that means an additional name, an added name. So Illuse the term added name. This category of last names is fun because thenames usually described a person. Reed, Baldwin, and Biggs are examples.Reed was from red for red hair. Baldwin was someone who was bald,someone who had little or no hair. And Biggs.STUDENT 2: Someone big?TEACHER: Yeah, someone big, right. Now, if we look around the room, wecould probably come up with some new last names, like, uh. Curly or Strong.Now, the fourth category is occupational names. The origin of the familyname was the persons occupation. The most common examples ofoccupational names still used today are Baker (someone who bakes bread).Tailor (someone who sews clothes). Miller (someone who makes flour forbread), and Smith. . . . Now, Smith is actually the most common name in thewestern English-speaking world. The name comes from an Old English word,smite, thats S-M-I-T-E, which means to hit or strike. In the old days, a smithmade metal things for daily life, like tools. Every town needed smiths. Whatsinteresting is that many languages have a family name that means Smith. InArabic it is Haddad, H-A-D-D-A-D. In Spanish it is Herrera, H-E-R-R-E-R-A. In Italian it is Ferraro, F-E-R-R-A-R-O. And in German it is Schmidt,spelled S-C-H-M-I-D-T. All these names mean smith.Though names may tell us something about someones family history, youneed to keep in mind that they may not tell us much at all about the present.For example, theres usually not much connection between the origin of thename and the person who has it now. Take the name Cook, for instance. Aperson named Cook today probably doesnt cook for a living. Also, manypeople change their names for various reasons. Lots of people who havemoved to the United States have changed their names to sound more American.This happens less now than in the past, but people still do it. People also usepen names or stage names to give themselves a professional advantage. Forexample, the writer Samuel Clemens used the pen name Mark Twain, andThomas Mapother IV uses the stage name Tom Cruisey.So, lets recap now. In todays lesson, we looked at how parents chooseEnglish first names. We also looked at some common origins of family names.In the next class, well look at how names are given in Korea and in Japan.This is covered in the next section of the book. Thats all for today.Unit 2 English: A Global Language?TEACHER: Todays topic is English as a global language. I know many ofyou speak English as a second language, right? How about you, Hiroshi? IsEnglish your first language?STUDENT 1: No, my first language is Japanese. English is my secondlanguage.TEACHER: And how about you, Patricia?STUDENT 2: English is my second language, too. My first language isSpanish.TEACHER: See, many of you use English as a second language, even as aglobal language to communicate with other people who speak English as asecond language. Today, I want to give you two contrasting points of view onwhether or not English is a global language. The first is that English isobviously a global language. People who support this point of view believeEnglish is the language people all over the world use to communicate, andthat it is gradually replacing other languages. The second point of view is thatEnglish is not truly a global language because it is not the main languagespoken by people worldwide. Supporters of this view say that though manypeople speak some English worldwide, English has not replaced otherlanguages. They acknowledge that people use English every day, for manyreasons, but this doesnt mean English is replacing other languages, nor doesit make English the main language spoken in the world.First, lets examine the first view. First of all, English is the dominant languageof business, travel, and science. When people need a common language, theyoften use English. Think about it. English is often used at tourist informationcenters, in international hotels. If you use a taxi in Rome, and you cant speakItalian, the taxi driver is more likely to use English than any other languages.It is use at business meetings and international sports events. The EuropeanUnion uses English, along with French, at its meetings.ASEAN the Asiantrade group, uses English at its meetings. Can you think of other situations inwhich English is used as common language?STUDENT 2: How about this class? All of in the Philippines, Singapore, andIndian.TEACHER: Absolutely. Educational settings are a great example. Anyothers?STUDENT 2: How about a chatroom on sometimes go to chatrooms andeveryone is using English.TEACHER: Excellent example. The Internet has created a lot ofcommunities and people often use English. In fact, most people who use theInternet know English. This helps support the view that English is a globallanguage.The second major reason that people believe English is a global language isthat it is the official language of more than seventy-five countries. This meansthese countries use English in schools, banks, business, and government. Ofthese seventy-five countries, English may be the only official language of thecountry, like in England, or English may be used along with other officiallanguages, like in the Philippines, Singapore, and India. In countries like India,where so many languages are spoken, you can see how using English as anofficial language makes it easier for people to communicate.The third reason to support the global argument is that every year about 1billion people study English. Why? What are some of the reasons? Hiroshi?How about you?STUDENT 1: Well, now to study, and someday I want to be in internationalbusiness.TEACHER: Thats a solid reason. How about you, Oksana?STUDENT 3: Im not really sure. I just think it will help me in the futuresomehow.TEACHER: OK. Theres a more general reason. The point is, people wantand need to learn English because it offers them opportunities.To sum up, English is used every day by many people. People all over theworld come in contact with each other for many reasons. They need acommon language, a language to facilitate communication. Being proficientin English gives someone an advantage in these situations.OK. I have given you many examples of how English is used in a variety ofsituations. Nevertheless, does this mean that English is a global language?Lets look at why some people dont believe English has replaced otherlanguages. First, there are about three times as many people who speakChinese as their first language as those who speak English as a first language.And in many countries where some people use English for work each day,they dont use English anywhere else. Even in English-speaking countries,there are millions of people who prefer to speak a language other than Englishat home, with friends, or at work.Second, I mentioned before that seventy-five countries have English as theirofficial language. This doesnt mean all, or even most of the people in thesecountries can speak English. For example, in India, most sources agree thatonly about 5 percent of the population speaks English. Thats a smallpercentage!Third, how much English does a person need to know to be called an Englishspeaker? People may learn some English for specific situations, such as thetaxi driver I mentioned earlier. However, I think you would all agree with methat a taxi driver who knows a few phrases like where are you going? orWhat is the name of your hotel? isnt really a proficient English speaker.Another example is Airspeak, the English that is used by air traffic controllersand pilots. A pilot for Japan Airlines or an air traffic controller in Paris needsto know Airspeak. But they may learn only the English words they need forthese jobs, and therefore they cant be considered English speakers.The point here is that people all over the world may use some English forwork or other situations. Nevertheless, this doesnt mean they are fluent inEnglish. They still use their first language for daily communication. Englishis not their main language.So, what does this all mean? I think its safe to say that English will continueto be the main language used in many international settings because, as I saidearlier, people all over the world need a common language. And, for now,English is that language.But, English wont replace other languages for most daily communication andthis, to me, is what a global language really is, one that replaces others formost everyday communication. Some people are afraid of this. They worrythat as people use English more and more, their ability in their first languagewill decline. I think people will use English along with other languages. Weare moving into a global culture, and as this continues, I think people fromnon-English speaking countries will want to maintain their culture, includingtheir first language. They may still want to learn English, but I dont see themgiving up their own language for English. What do you think?Im going to stop there. I know thats a lot of information to digest. Wellcontinue talking about some of the differences in the English words used invarious countries like Australia, Singapore, and the Philippines. Thats all fortoday. Come see me if you have any questions.Unit 3 High Anxiety: PhobiasTEACHER: Good afternoon. Today were going to turn to a new topic inpsychology and start looking at some specific psychological problems. Thereare a variety of mental problems that can affect us in our daily lives-some arenot so serious, like a fear of cats or of insects, and others are more serious.Now as psychologists, we try to study these different problems and find waysto help people.I want to start the discussion by talking about a fairly common kind ofpsychological problem-a phobia, thats P-H-O-B-I-A. First, Ill explain what aphobia is and then Ill talk about some theories on why people have phobias.As you probably know, a phobia is a fear. So do any of you have phobias? Oh,come on, you can tell me; Im a psychologist. Yes, Monica?STUDENT 1: I have a fear of swimming. I dont like to go near the ocean.TEACHER: OK, thats not an unusual phobia. Anyone else? Ali?STUDENT 2: I hate dogs. I mean, I just dont like them. When I see a big dog,actually any dog, I just get nervous, so I avoid them.TEACHER: OK, thats another common phobia. Thanks for sharing thoseexamples of phobias. A phobia is not a normal fear; it is an extreme fearavery strong fear. For example, my brother, whos a s