朗文英语听说教程二听力原文.doc

LECTURE AUDIOSCRIPTS

UNIT 1 What’s in a Name?

TEACHER: Good morning, everybody. Good morning, Felipe, Monica,
Theo, and I can't remember your name.
STUDENT 1: Patricia.
TEACHER: Patricia, right, Patricia. Those are all beautiful names, and that's
our topic todaynames. Names are a culture universal. This means everyone
uses names. A person's name can tell us a bit about a person's family. Today,
we’ll begin by looking at first names and how people choose names for their
children. And then we'll talk about family names, and look at the different
categories of family names. Although the scope of the lecture today is
English-language names, we can use the same approach, you know, to look at
names from any culture.
Let's take a brief look at first, or given names. There are several ways parents
choose the first name for their child.
The first way is by family history. Parents may choose a name because it is
passed from generation to generation; for example, the first born son might be
named after his father or grandfather. Although family names are also passed
to daughters, it is usually as a middle name. Adding "junior" or "the second"
for example, William Parker the seconds only done with boys', not with girls’
names.
The second way parents choose a name is after a family member or friend who
has died recently, or after someone "they admire, like a well-known leader or
a famous musician. Although most English first names mean something, for
example, "Richard" means powerful and “Ann" means grace, nowadays
meaning is not the main reason people select their baby's name.
The third way is to provide a "push" for the child. Parents want to choose a
name that sounds very "successful." A strong name might help them in the
business world, for example. Or they might choose a name that works for
either gender, like Taylor or Terry. So, given these three methods, what is the

most common way parents choose a name? Many parents choose a name
simply because they like it, or because it's fashionable or classic. Fashions in
names change just as they do in clothes. One hundred years ago, many names
came from the Bible names such as Daniel, and Anna, and Hannah and
Matthew. Then fifty years ago, Biblical names went out of fashion. Nowadays,
names from the Bible are becoming popular again.
Similarly, parents often choose classic names, names that were popular in
1900, 1950, and are still popular now. Classic names for boys include Thomas,
David, Robert, and Michael. And for girls: Anna, Elizabeth, Emily, and
Katherine, just to name a few. They're classic. They never go out of style.
Let's look at the origin of last names, also called family names or surnames.
Researchers have studied thousands of last names, and they've divided them
into four categories. The categories are: place names, patronymics, added
names, and occupational names. A recent survey showed that of the 7,000
most popular names in the United States today, 43 percent were place names,
32 percent were patronymics, 15 percent were occupational names, and 9
percent were added names.
The first category is place names. Place names usually identified where a
person lived or worked. Someone named John Hill lived near a hill, for
example, and the Rivers family lived near a river. If you hear the name Emma
Bridges, what image do you see? Do you see a family that lives near a bridge?
If you do, you get the idea.
The second category is patronymics. That's P-A-T-R-O-N-Y-M-I-C-S. A
patronymic is the father’s name, plus an ending like S-E-N or S-O-N. The
ending means that a child, a boy, is the son of his father. The names Robertson,
Petersen, and Wilson are patronymics. Robertson is son of Robert, Petersen is
son of Peter, and so on.
The third category is added names. Linguists sometimes call this category
"nicknames," but when most of us hear the word "nickname," we think of a
special name a friend or a parent might use. The word "nickname" is actually
an old English word that means an additional name, an added name. So I'll
use the term "added name." This category of last names is fun because the
names usually described a person. Reed, Baldwin, and Biggs are examples.
Reed was from "red" for red hair. Baldwin was someone who was bald,
someone who had little or no hair. And Biggs.
STUDENT 2: Someone big?
TEACHER: Yeah, someone big, right. Now, if we look around the room, we

could probably come up with some new last names, like, uh. Curly or Strong.
Now, the fourth category is occupational names. The origin of the family
name was the person's occupation. The most common examples of
occupational names still used today are Baker (someone who bakes bread).
Tailor (someone who sews clothes). Miller (someone who makes flour for
bread), and Smith. . . . Now, Smith is actually the most common name in the
western English-speaking world. The name comes from an Old English word,
smite, that's S-M-I-T-E, which means to hit or strike. In the old days, a smith
made metal things for daily life, like tools. Every town needed smiths. What's
interesting is that many languages have a family name that means Smith. In
Arabic it is Haddad, H-A-D-D-A-D. In Spanish it is Herrera, H-E-R-R-E-R-
A. In Italian it is Ferraro, F-E-R-R-A-R-O. And in German it is Schmidt,
spelled S-C-H-M-I-D-T. All these names mean smith.
Though names may tell us something about someone's family history, you
need to keep in mind that they may not tell us much at all about the present.
For example, there's usually not much connection between the origin of the
name and the person who has it now. Take the name Cook, for instance. A
person named Cook today probably doesn't cook for a living. Also, many
people change their names for various reasons. Lots of people who have
moved to the United States have changed their names to sound more American.
This happens less now than in the past, but people still do it. People also use
pen names or stage names to give themselves a professional advantage. For
example, the writer Samuel Clemens used the pen name Mark Twain, and
Thomas Mapother IV uses the stage name Tom Cruisey.
So, let's recap now. In today’s lesson, we looked at how parents choose
English first names. We also looked at some common origins of family names.
In the next class, we'll look at how names are given in Korea and in Japan.
This is covered in the next section of the book. That’s all for today.

Unit 2 English: A Global Language?
TEACHER: Today’s topic is English as a global language. I know many of
you speak English as a second language, right? How about you, Hiroshi? Is
English your first language?
STUDENT 1: No, my first language is Japanese. English is my second
language.
TEACHER: And how about you, Patricia?
STUDENT 2: English is my second language, too. My first language is
Spanish.
TEACHER: See, many of you use English as a second language, even as a
global language to communicate with other people who speak English as a
second language. Today, I want to give you two contrasting points of view on
whether or not English is a global language. The first is that English is
obviously a global language. People who support this point of view believe
English is the language people all over the world use to communicate, and
that it is gradually replacing other languages. The second point of view is that
English is not truly a global language because it is not the main language
spoken by people worldwide. Supporters of this view say that though many
people speak some English worldwide, English has not replaced other
languages. They acknowledge that people use English every day, for many
reasons, but this doesn't mean English is replacing other languages, nor does
it make English the main language spoken in the world.
First, let's examine the first view. First of all, English is the dominant language
of business, travel, and science. When people need a common language, they
often use English. Think about it. English is often used at tourist information
centers, in international hotels. If you use a taxi in Rome, and you can't speak
Italian, the taxi driver is more likely to use English than any other languages.
It is use at business meetings and international sports events. The European
Union uses English, along with French, at its meetings….ASEAN the Asian
trade group, uses English at its meetings. Can you think of other situations in
which English is used as common language?
STUDENT 2: How about this class? All of in the Philippines, Singapore, and

Indian.
TEACHER: Absolutely. Educational settings are a great example. Any
others?
STUDENT 2: How about a chatroom on sometimes go to chatrooms and

everyone is using English.
TEACHER: Excellent example. The Internet has created a lot of
communities and people often use English. In fact, most people who use the
Internet know English. This helps support the view that English is a global
language.
The second major reason that people believe English is a global language is
that it is the official language of more than seventy-five countries. This means
these countries use English in schools, banks, business, and government. Of
these seventy-five countries, English may be the only official language of the
country, like in England, or English may be used along with other official
languages, like in the Philippines, Singapore, and India. In countries like India,
where so many languages are spoken, you can see how using English as an
official language makes it easier for people to communicate.
The third reason to support the global argument is that every year about 1
billion people study English. Why? What are some of the reasons? Hiroshi?
How about you?
STUDENT 1: Well, now to study, and someday I want to be in international
business.
TEACHER: That's a solid reason. How about you, Oksana?
STUDENT 3: I'm not really sure. I just think it will help me in the future
somehow.
TEACHER: OK. There's a more general reason. The point is, people want
and need to learn English because it offers them opportunities.
To sum up, English is used every day by many people. People all over the
world come in contact with each other for many reasons. They need a
common language, a language to facilitate communication. Being proficient
in English gives someone an advantage in these situations.
OK. I have given you many examples of how English is used in a variety of
situations. Nevertheless, does this mean that English is a global language?
Let's look at why some people don't believe English has replaced other
languages. First, there are about three times as many people who speak
Chinese as their first language as those who speak English as a first language.
And in many countries where some people use English for work each day,
they don't use English anywhere else. Even in English-speaking countries,
there are millions of people who prefer to speak a language other than English
at home, with friends, or at work.

Second, I mentioned before that seventy-five countries have English as their
official language. This doesn't mean all, or even most of the people in these
countries can speak English. For example, in India, most sources agree that
only about 5 percent of the population speaks English. That's a small
percentage!
Third, how much English does a person need to know to be called an English
speaker? People may learn some English for specific situations, such as the
taxi driver I mentioned earlier. However, I think you would all agree with me
that a taxi driver who knows a few phrases like where are you going?" or
"What is the name of your hotel?" isn't really a proficient English speaker.
Another example is Airspeak, the English that is used by air traffic controllers
and pilots. A pilot for Japan Airlines or an air traffic controller in Paris needs
to know Airspeak. But they may learn only the English words they need for
these jobs, and therefore they can't be considered English speakers.
The point here is that people all over the world may use some English for
work or other situations. Nevertheless, this doesn't mean they are fluent in
English. They still use their first language for daily communication. English
is not their main language.
So, what does this all mean? I think it's safe to say that English will continue
to be the main language used in many international settings because, as I said
earlier, people all over the world need a common language. And, for now,
English is that language.
But, English won't replace other languages for most daily communication and
this, to me, is what a global language really is, one that replaces others for
most everyday communication. Some people are afraid of this. They worry
that as people use English more and more, their ability in their first language
will decline. I think people will use English along with other languages. We
are moving into a global culture, and as this continues, I think people from
non-English speaking countries will want to maintain their culture, including
their first language. They may still want to learn English, but I don't see them
giving up their own language for English. What do you think?
I'm going to stop there. I know that's a lot of information to digest. We'll
continue talking about some of the differences in the English words used in
various countries like Australia, Singapore, and the Philippines. That's all for
today. Come see me if you have any questions.

Unit 3 High Anxiety: Phobias

TEACHER: Good afternoon. Today we're going to turn to a new topic in
psychology and start looking at some specific psychological problems. There
are a variety of mental problems that can affect us in our daily lives-some are
not so serious, like a fear of cats or of insects, and others are more serious.
Now as psychologists, we try to study these different problems and find ways
to help people.
I want to start the discussion by talking about a fairly common kind of
psychological problem-a phobia, that's P-H-O-B-I-A. First, I'll explain what a
phobia is and then I'll talk about some theories on why people have phobias.
As you probably know, a phobia is a fear. So do any of you have phobias? Oh,
come on, you can tell me; I'm a psychologist. Yes, Monica?
STUDENT 1: I have a fear of swimming. I don't like to go near the ocean.
TEACHER: OK, that's not an unusual phobia. Anyone else? Ali?
STUDENT 2: I hate dogs. I mean, I just don't like them. When I see a big dog,
actually any dog, I just get nervous, so I avoid them.
TEACHER: OK, that's another common phobia. Thanks for sharing those
examples of phobias. A phobia is not a normal fear; it is an extreme fear―a
very strong fear. For example, my brother, who's a s