1、质谱分析技术Outline of a typical proteome experimentbacterial cell cultureor Iplant tissueMass spectrometry to Proteomics is like PCR to Genomics09.01.2003mass spectrometry7质谱质谱分析法(mass spec trometry,MS):是在高真 空系统中测定样品的分子离子及碎片离子质量,以确 定样品相对分子质量及分子结构的方法。质谱(mass spec trum):化合物分子受到电子流冲击 后,形成的带正电荷分子离子及碎片离子,按照其质
2、 量力和电荷加勺比值zn/z(质荷比)大小依次排列而被 记录下来的图谱。质谱仪(mass spec trometer):是用来测量单个分子 质量的仪器,实际上质谱仪提供的是分子的质荷比。质谱的发展 1911年:世界第一台质谱诞生(JJ.Thomson)40年代:用于同位素测定和无机元素分析 50年代:开始有机物分析(分析石油)60年代:研究GC-MS联用技术 70年代:计算机引入 80年代:基质辅助激光解吸电离,电喷雾电离,快原子轰击电离,大气压化学电离质谱技术的特点应用范围广。测定样品可以是无机物,也可以是有机 物。(1)有机质谱法:生物、医药、聚合物、法医和 环境等方面;(2)无机质谱法:
3、地球化学、地质矿产 和无机元素分析鉴定等方面。被分析的样品可以是气体和液体,也可以是固体。灵敏度高,样品用量少:10pg(pg为lC H2g)或 lOpmoleo分析速度快,并可实现多组分同时测定。仪器结构复杂,价格昂贵,使用及维修比较困难。质谱技术科技发展的新工具质谱技术因解决科学前沿难题屡次获得诺贝尔奖:1.1906年,Thompson.J.J(发明质谱技术);2.1922年,A ston F.W(利用质谱仪发现非放射性同位素);3.1980年,Paul W.(发明离子阱原理与技术);4.1996年,Curl R.F/Sroalley R.E.等(用质谱仪观测到激 光轰击下产生的碳60);
4、5.2002年,美国科学家约翰.芬恩(电喷雾电离)与日本科 学家田中耕一获得了诺贝尔化学奖(基质辅助激光解吸电离)的发明了。质谱分析的基本原理质谱分析法是通过对被测样品离子的质荷比的测定来进 行分析的一种方法。被分析的样品首先要离子化,然后 利用不同离子在电场或磁场的运动行为的不同,把离子 按质荷比(m/z)分开而得到质量图谱,通过样品的质 量图谱和相关信息,可以得到样品的定性定量结果。质谱仪示意图进样系统:按电离方式的需要,将样品送入 离子源 的适当部位,分为加热进样和直接进样,也可以分为 气体进样、液体进样和固体进样。离子源:用来使样品分子电离生成离子。质量分析器:利用电磁场的作用将来自离
5、子源的离子 束中不同质荷比的离子按空间位置、时间先后或运动 轨道稳定与否等形式进行分离。离子检测器:用来接受、检测和记录被分离后的离子 信号。进样系统间歇式进样:气体和易挥发液体直接进样:高沸点液体、固体色谱进样:色谱质谱联用仪离子源用来使样品分子电离生成离子 1.电子轰击电离(E I)2.化学电离(C I)3.快原子轰击(FAB)4.基质辅助激光解吸电离(MALD工)5.电喷雾电离(E SI)6.表面增强激光解吸电离(SE LD I)工电子轰击(E/ecfro八impact E1)电离M+e-M+-+2e-Fr,i=1,2,3,气体分子.电子束17离子束2.化学电离(chemical ion
6、ization,Cl)正禺子模式:GH+M-M+H+G负离子模式:G-H-+M-M-H-+GG:离子化的试剂气体分子,CH4j NH5等;M:被分析物离子束电子束Methane chemical Ionization mass spectrum of ephedrine.The protonated molecule is seen at m/z 166.试剂分子气体分子AJJSNUJJLN-ElxnwH%m/z 203.快原子轰击(Fas七 atom bombardmentj FAB)离子化技术10,000 V4.基质辅助激光解吸电离(MALDD Matrix-A ssisted Laser
7、 Desorption/Jonization(MA LDI)MA LDI的原理是用激光照射样品与基质形成的共结晶薄 膜,基质从激光中吸收能量传递给生物分子,而电离过 程中将质子转移到生物分子或从生物分子得到质子,而 使生物分子电离的过程。它是一种软电离技术,适用于 混合物及生物大分子的测定。基质辅助激光解吸电离(MALD工)Analyte iom and analyte moleculesMatrix ions and matrix moleculesj.y Mus analyzerMatrix withrulyte moiecules常用的 MALDI matrixes at 337 nm(
8、N2)MatrixesApplication2,5-DihgH/oxgbc八zoic acid(DHB)2,5-二羟基苯甲酸Peptides,pirotcinS)lipids,aid oligosaccharides二5-Di侬况koxg-4 一k gdroxgaVm血 c acid(sMapMic acid)3,5-二甲氧基一4 一羟基肉硅酸(反式)Peptides,piratcinS)aind glycoproteina-Cyaino-4-hydroxyciaiic acid(CHCA)A月青基一4 一羟基肉硅酸Peptides,pirotcMs,lipids,aid oligozAcIc
9、otides5.电喷雾电离(ESI)电喷雾离子化(E lec trospray 工onizsation,E SI)是在 毛细管的出口处施加一高电压,所产生的高电场使从毛 细管流出的液体雾化成细小的带电液滴,随着溶剂蒸发,液滴表面的电荷强度逐渐增大,最后液滴崩解为大量带 一个或多个电荷的离子,致使分析物以单电荷或多电荷 离子的形式进入气相;电喷雾离子化的特点是产生高电荷离子而不是碎片离子,使质量电荷比(m/z)降低到多数质量分析仪器都可以 检测的范围,因而大大扩展了分子量的分析范围,离子 的真实分子质量也可以根据质荷比及电荷数算出;可以方便地与多种分离技术联合使用,如液-质联用(LC-MS)是将
10、液相色谱与质谱联合而达到检测大分子 物质的目的。电喷雾电离Elec trosprayNebuliser gasHeat Temp 20-350+r电喷雾电离与MALD工的比较Electrospray Online LC/AAS possible Poor for mixtures without LC Quantitation possible Good for AAW 600 Generate highly charged ionsMALDI Very long sample lifetime;repeated measurements possible Good for mixtures
11、Matrix peaks can interfere at AAW 600 Salt tolerant Low maintenance Generate ions with few charges2002年的Nobel化学奖.for their developments of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analysis of biological macromolecules.1/4 to John B.Fenn(USA)Virginia Commonwealth UniversityE lec tros
12、pray1/4 to Koichi Tanaka(Japan)Shimadzu.Corp.KyotoLaser I onization/2 of the prize went to Kurt Wutric h(Switzerland)development of NMR analysis6.表面增强激光解吸电离(Surfaceenhancedlaser desorption/ionization,SELDI)技术SampleWashSelect Cliip AnayHydrophobicA iuontcCationicMetal BindingA ntibodyRemove unbound p
13、roteins.Salts.an 离子检测器按离子的质量与 电荷比分离质量分析器_利用电磁场的作用将来自离子源的离子束中不同质荷比 的离子按空间位置、时间先后或运动轨道稳定与否等形式进行分离 1.四极杆质量分析器(Quadrupole analyzer)2.离子阱质量分析器(I on 1rap analyzer)3.飞行时间质量分析器(Time of flight analyzer)4.傅立叶变换离子回旋共振分析器(Fourier transformion c yc lotron resonanc e analyzer)工四级杆质量分析器四极杆分析器由四根棒状电极组成。电极材料是镀金陶 瓷或铝
14、合金。相对两根电极间加有电压(Vdc+Vrf),另外两根电极间加有-压,Vrf为射频电压。r-(Vrf+Vdc)-(Vdc+Vrf)o其中Vdc为直流电 四个棒状电极形成一个四极电场。)卬_ UThl-电压扫描口 L频率扫描口2.离子阱质量分析器离子阱的主体是一个环电极和上下两端盖电极,环电极和上 下两端盖电极都是绕Z轴旋转的双曲面,并满足r02二2Z2(“为环形电极的最小半径,为两个端盖电极间的最短距 离)。直流电压U和射频电压Vrf加在环电极和端盖电极之 间,两端盖电极都处于地电位。3.飞行时间质量分析器Ion SourceFlight Tube20-25 kVDetectorPrinci
15、ple:If ions are accelerated with the same potential at a fixed point and a fixed initial time and are allowed to drift,the ions will separate according to their mass to charge ratios.飞行时间质量分析器|mv2 二 qVv=j2qV/m,L Lt 二一二 v,2qV/mm/q-m/ze-rV:离子的加速电压 m:离子的质量 z:离子所带的电荷数 q:离子所带的电荷 L:离子飞行的距离 v:离子的飞行速度 t:离子的
16、飞行时间 a微电子的电量飞行时间质量分析器Ion SourceFlight Tube20-25 kVDetectorPrinciple:If ions are accelerated with the same potential at a fixed point and a fixed initial time and are allowed to drift,the ions will separate according to their mass to charge ratios.4.傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱仪(FTCR MS)trap platesignalFT/w-J time-
17、domainmassspectrum离子检测器质谱仪的检测主要使用电子倍增器或者光电倍增 管。由质量分析器出来的离子打到高能电极产生电子,电子经电子倍增器产生电信号,记录不同离子的信号 即得质谱。信号增益与倍增器电压有关,提高倍增器 电压可以提高灵敏度,但同时会降低倍增器的寿命,因此,应该在保证仪器灵敏度的情况下采用尽量低的 倍增器电压。由倍增器出来的电信号被送入计算机储 存,这些信号经计算机处理后可以得到色谱图,质谱 图及其它各种信息。质谱仪示意图Figure 2MassA1-SN山I N一 山1133H%高斯状峰质 白 蛋生物质谱种类按离子源的类型:电喷雾质谱和MALD工质谱按质量分析器类
18、型:四级杆质谱、飞行时间质谱、离子阱质谱与FT工C R质谱等串联质谱利用软电离技术(如电喷雾和MALD/)作为离子源时,所得到的质谱主要是准分子离子峰,碎片离子很少,因 而也就没有结构信息。为了得到更多的信息,最好的办 法是把准分子离子“打碎”之后测定其碎片离子。De小勿。测序的主体思想 串联质谱的类型:Q-Q-Q、TOF/TOF,Q-TOF、Q-Trap质谱仪的性能指标 灵敏度(sensitivity)分辨率(resolution)质量范围(mass range)质量稳定性和质量精确度(mass stability and mass ac c urac y)质谱仪的性能指标灵敏度在一定的分辨
19、率下,产生一定信噪比(S/N)的分子 离子峰所需的样品量在质谱分析中,仪器出现峰(信号)的强度E应与物 质的量或浓度C成线性关系:E=S C,比例系数S称 为灵敏度S二E/C质谱仪的性能指标分辨率质谱仪的分辨率表示质谱仪把相邻两个质量分开的能力,常用R表示。两种定义方式:单峰法和双峰法质谱仪的性能指标质量范围质量范围是质谱仪所能测定的离子质荷比的范围。对于MALD/离子源,电离得到的离子为单电荷离子,质量范围实际上就是可以测定的分子量范围;对于E S/离子源,由于形成的离子带有多电荷,尽管质量范围只 有几千,但可以测定的分子量可达2。万以上。质谱仪的性能指标质量稳定性和质量精确度质量稳定性主要
20、是指仪器在工作时质量稳定的情况,通 常用一定时间内质量漂移的质量单位来表示。质量精度是指质量测定的精确程度。MALDI TOF/TOF 480011oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo OOOOOOOOQOOOOOOO oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo ooooooooooooooooPosition PlateAgainst PinsLinear Detector _Linear ion optics offer unparal
21、leled high mass performance.Mirror RegionSource 2 RegionQuanTIS1M Precursor.SelectorNovel timed ion selector optics provide high resolution precursor ion selection without a significant loss in signal intensity.Reflector DetectorSample Stage and Sample Plato A unique duakplate loading system and the
22、 use of industry-standard microtiter format sample plates simplifies operation and maximizes throughput.OptiBeamM On-axis LaserUnique on-axis laser irradiation increases sensitivity in both MS and MS/MS modes.Source 1 RegionDeceleration StackThe deceleration stack optics prior to the collision cell
23、enable the kinetic energy of th precursor ions entering the collision cell to be tuned for controlled fragmentation.This enables the user to obtain optimum fragmentation for a wide rang of applications.主要性能指标通量:每小时大于400个样品离子飞行管:一级质谱:线性模式二1.5 m,反射模式二3.0m;二级质谱二2.4 m(在源2里)数据处理功能:具有Gel-base和LC-MALD工两种样品
24、数 据采集模式,可进行一级(MS)质谱和二级(MS/MS)质谱分析分辨率:线性模式 二10000,反射模式二35000(样品 为多肽),MS/MS模式8000(宽质量范围)灵敏度:反射模式100 amol质量准确度:反射模式,内标法=2.5ppm,外标法=20ppm4800图谱or Spec#1 MCBP=1572.9,131 99峰的绝对强度1.3E+4Rce oop 47esa 一(b 阐 基禺子的相对强度40 1 3.0C OZ9G688LKLZlnL8gz93 寸86 60LZ.9ZZC O 0898 6N926SC O9CO9 m7LJ N8L6-88 zcooeogoEC XI80
25、 b GC XI6N9COECO8NZZ9ZO6Z9ZZWC O09Z 7 S996L Z6工9C O寸 H8Z963NS889ZC O6WN969SC OL 898go Ncori 中 9C O9ZW88900698o o o o o o9 8 7 6 5 4ZSUNU-%C O60999 二_ gsg6 H 寸寸zyg寸6L8golln98 L30-20-1 0-.0799.04800图谱4700 MS/MS Precursor 2190.51 Spec#1 MCBP=2187.7,60148PSD图谱质谱的主要功能与应用蛋白质、多肽、核酸、寡糖等生物大分子质量测定蛋白质肽质量指纹谱(PM
26、F)测定肽碎片序列串联质谱(MS-MS)分析 未知蛋白测序(D e Novo Seq uenc ing)蛋白翻译后修饰鉴定高通量的蛋白质表达谱研究蛋白质差异表达定量分析和生物体相关标志物鉴定分析组织成像扫描分析生物体蛋白质结构解析与功能机理等研究质谱工作流程2.Target is introduced into high vacuum chamber4.Ions are accelerated by an electric field to the same kinetic energy;they separate according to mass as they drift thru th
27、e field-free region of the flight tubeFlight tubeHigh vacuum3.Sample is irradiated with laser,clock starts to measure time-of-flight5.Ions strike the detector at different times,depending on their mass/charge ratioAPulsed laser6.A data system controls instrument parameters,acquires signal vs.time,an
28、d processes the data质谱在蛋白质蛆学研究中的应用ProteinidentificationPost-translational modificationCM0.QuantitationProteomics and AAetabolomics01I 卜、I H/M m。reflect*I j I*drfferences intranslation ratesm/zAwsudc一一0i6u9u-_aJLys-0/Arg-O,light(Lf01Proteome蛋白质鉴定一肽指纹(PMF)图谱ProteinProteolytic DigestionPeptide Mass Fin
29、gerprint|1,1!*iLJ.iulJk jbJJkJu.liuLProtein Sequence from databaseTheoretical proteolytic peptidesTheoretical mass spectrummnkalefrkmdmasnyek plgfqgglSdgewqlvlnvw gkveadipghgqefLirlfkg petlekefdrlj mivkylefise cieiqvaskphgdfgadqgmnkalefrkmdmasnyek mnkalefrkdefmatyk 一 dasnyekpigfqggi dgewql蛋白质鉴定一肽指纹J
30、PMF)图谱本地数据库搜索GPS explore网上数据库搜索Mascothttp:/ InformationReport TypeSample Set NameAnalysis NameReported ByProtein-Peptide Summary by SpotNew Sample Set 1New Analysis 107/01/2009 16:10:00-adminAnalysis Type DatabaseCreation DateLast Modified07/01/2009 15:58:00MS Acq.:Proc.Methods(Unspecified):(Unspeci
31、fied)Interpretation Method(Unspecified)C.I.%Gel Idx/PosPlate#Name189/H161 2009-07-01 Gongxiaowei 2Instr./Gel OriginInstrument Sample NameAK156/2009-07-01 Gongxiaowei 2Process Status Analysis SucceededSpectra 9Rank Protein Name Accession No.Protein Protein Total Ion Total Ion Protein MW Protein Pep.S
32、peciesScore Score Score C.1.%PI CountIg gamma chain C region-Oryctolagus cumculus(Rabbit)P01870|GC_RABI 97 99.999 81 100 35952 8.62 2T(Peptide InformationCalc.Mass Obsrv.Mass dappmStart End SequenceIonC.I.%ModificationRank Result TypeSeq.Seq.Score1202.6165 1202.6311 0.014612286 295 LSVPTSEWQR5999.94
33、aMascot1202.6165 1202.6311 0.014612286 295 LSVPTSEWQRMasco:1621.8003 1621.&032 0.00292224 237 VYTMGPPREELSSR220Mascot1621.8003 1621.8032 0.G0292224 237 VYTMGPPREELSSRMascot2 Calbindin-Mus musculus(Mouse)P12658|CALB1_M 46030203.14.714OUSE(Protein Group)Calbindin-Bos taurus(Bovine)P04467|CALB1_B30173.
34、14.6999OVIN9980926514Calbindin-Rattus norvegicus(Rat)P07171|CALB1_R30203.147100AT0003814697(Peptide Information)Calc.Mass Obsrv.Mass+da+oomStart End SeauenceIonC.I.%ModificationRank Result Tvoe(MATRIX,(SCIENCE/HOME WHATS NEW MASCOT:HELP:PRODUCTS SUPPORT:TRAININGCONTACTMascot2009MacetSearc hI Peptide
35、 Mass Fingerprint/he experimental data are a list of peptide mass values from an enzymatic digest of a protein.oExa m pl eofresultefe portMascot OverviewSearch parameter referenceData file formatScoring algorithmResults formatResultsInterpretationError tolerant searchDecoy database searchQuantitatio
36、noTOfore information Sequence Query:One or more peptide mass values associated w祀h information such as partial or ambiguous sequence strings,amino acid composition information,MS/MS fragment ion masses,etc.A super-set of a sequence tag query.o Example of results reporto More information MS/MS Ion Se
37、arch:Identification based on raw MS/MS data from one or more peptides.o Example of results reporto More informationSearch Form Defaults:Follow this link to save your preferred search form defaults as a browser cookie.Help Topic IndexUnimodUseful Links/MATRIX IISCIENCEJHOME:WHATS NEVMascot Peptide Ma
38、ss FingerprintMASCOT Peptide Mass FingerprintEnzyme S-,卬树 匚Fixed Acetyl(K)人modifications Acetyl(N-term)Acetyl(Protein N-term)Amidated(C-term)Amidated(Protein C-term)_vProtein mass kDaMass values MH+Mr M-HData file|浏览QueryNB Contents of this field are ignored if a data file is specified.Decoy 口|Start
39、 Search|Allow up to 1 v missed cleavagesVariable Acetyl(K)amodifications Acetyl(N-term)Acetyl(Protein N-term)Amidated(C-term)Amidated(Protein C-term)vPeptide tol.;1.2 Da vMonoisotopic Average OReport top AUTO v hits|Reset Form(MATRIX1(SCIENCE/HOME WHATS NEW:MASCOMascot Peptide Mass FingerprintMASCOT
40、 Peptide Mass FingerprintYour nameEmailSearch titleDatabase MSDB y|TaxonomyEnzymeFixed modificationsArchaea(Archaeobacteria)Eukaryota(eucaryotes).,Alveolata(alveolates).Plasmodium falciparum(malaria parasite),Other Alveolata01 All entriesmissed cleavagesMProtein massMass valuesData fileQueryNB Conte
41、nts of this field are ignored if a data file is specified.Decoy etazoa(Animals),Caenorhabditis elegans,Drosophila(fruit flies).Chordata(vertebrates and relatives).,bony vertebrates.lobe-finned fish and tetrapod clade.Mammalia(mammals).Primates.Homo sapiens(human).Other primates.Rodentia(Rodents).Mus
42、.Mus musculus(house mouse).RattusKK)I(N-term)I(Protein N-term)3ted(C-term)sted(Protein C-term)DaverageReport top AUTO v hitsStart Search.Reset Form(MATRIXSCIENCE)HOME:WHATS NEW:MASCMascot Peptide Mass FingerprintMASCOT Peptide Mass FingerprintYour nameEmailSearch titleDatabaseMSDBTaxonomy-All entrie
43、s vProtein massMass valuesData fileQueryNB Contents of this field are ignored if a data file is specified.DecoyEnzymeFixed modificationsTrypsin,Allow up to1 v missed cleavagesVariable modificationsOxidation(HW)人Arg-C Asp-N Asp-N_ambic Chymotrypsin CNBr CNBr+Trypsin Formic_acid Lys-C Lys-C/P Lys-N)Ox
44、idation(M),:)_ Phospho(ST)1)VPhospho(Y)Propionamide(C)vM-H-Peptide tol.Monoisotopic|L2 11 Da0 Average浏览Tryp-CNBr TrypChymo Trypsin/P V8-DE V8-E semiTrypsin LysC+AspNReport top AUTO v hitsStart Search.Reset Form(MATRTX(SCIENCEJHOME:WHATS NEW:MASMascot Peptide Mass FingerprintMASCOT Peptide Mass Finge
45、rprintYour name EmailSearch titleDatabase MSDB vTaxonomyEnzymeAll entriesTrypsin vAllow up toV1 Vmissed cleavagesFixed modificationsCarbamyl(K)人Carbamyl(N-term)三Cation:Na(C-term)Cation:Na(DE)vVariable modificationsOxidation(HW)APhospho(ST)Phospho(Y)Propionamide(C)vProtein masskDaPeptide tol.土1,2|Da
46、圜Mass values6Mh+OMr Om-HMonoisotopic AverageData fileQueryNB Contents of this field are ignored if a data file is specified.Decoy浏览Start Search.Report top AUTO v hitsReset Form(MATRIX I(SCIENCE/HOME WHATS NEW MASCOT:Mascot Peptide Mass FingerprintMASCOT Peptide Mass FingerprintYour nameSearch titleD
47、atabaseTaxonomyEnzymeFixed modificationsProtein massMass valuesMei ZunnamedSwissProt v.Homo sapiens(human)Trypsin vBiotin(N-term)ACarbamidomethyl(C)Carbamyl(K)Carbamyl(N-term)_Carboxymethyl(C)kDamh+0 Mr Om-HEmail Allow up toVariable modificationsPeptide tol.Monoisotopic1 v missed cleavagesmTRAQ:13C(
48、3)15N(lj(N-term)mTRAQ:13C(3)15N(l)(Y)NIPCAM(C)Oxidation(HW)_Oxidation(M)100 ppm v。AverageData fileQuery922.578000926.620000927.616000932.600000936.568000941.583000Qfi7.5QnnnReport top AUTO v hitsvReset Form(science Mascot Search ResultsUser Email Searc h title Database Taxonomy Timestamp Top Sc orel
49、ei ZmeizzfimiDU.c omunnamedSwissProt 57.9(510076 sequenc es;179409349 residues)Homo sapiens(h uman)(20407 sequenc es)29 Oc t 2009 at 08:00:00 GIT126 for TRPI2_HUIAN,Transient rec eptor potential c ation c h annel subfamily I member 2 OS=Homo sapiens GN=TRPI2 PE=1 SV=2Probabi1ity Based Mowse ScorePro
50、tein sc ore is-10*Log(P),wh ere P is th e probability th at th e observed matc h is a random event.Protein sc ores greater th an 56 are signific ant(p0.05).Probability Eased Mouse ScoreConci se Protein Summary Report|Format As J Concise Protein Summary j HelpSignific anc e th resh old p 0.05 Max.num