初中英语语法课件-PPT.ppt

Welcome！Outline1.一般现在时2.一般过去时3.一般将来时4.过去将来时：5.过去进行时：6.过去完成时7.现在进行时：8.现在完成时：现在现在过去过去将来将来用法：用法：经常性的和习惯性的动作经常性的和习惯性的动作常用时间状语常用时间状语：usually,sometimes,in spring,every day,in the morning一般现在时的动词形式：一般现在时的动词形式：动词原形动词原形1.am;is;are2.have,has3.第三人称单数形式第三人称单数形式-(e)s肯定句：肯定句：I watch television every day.否定句：否定句：I dont watch television every day.疑问句：疑问句：Do you watch television every day.注意：注意：start,leave,go,come等的一般现在时可表示按规定要发生的未等的一般现在时可表示按规定要发生的未来动作，如列车将离开。客观真理在从句中也用一般现在时来动作，如列车将离开。客观真理在从句中也用一般现在时.It snows in winter.It doesnt snow in winter.Does it snow in winter?Examples:一般现在时的使用：1.一般现在时表示一般现在时表示总是总是、通常通常、习惯习惯性性的动作或状态。的动作或状态。It snows in winter.I watch television every day.2.用于对用于对客观事实的普遍性客观事实的普遍性的陈述。的陈述。Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.Most animals kill only for food.The world is round.3.某些动词的一般现在时表示某些动词的一般现在时表示说话时正在说话时正在存在存在的一种情况。的一种情况。I have only a dollar right now.He needs a pen right now.注：这些动词不能用于进行时。注：这些动词不能用于进行时。用法：过去时间发生的或过去经常性的动作用法：过去时间发生的或过去经常性的动作常用时间状语：常用时间状语：yesterday,last night,two days ago,in 2000,at that time,before，when 等引导的含等引导的含 过去时的句子。过去时的句子。动词构成：动词过去时（动词构成：动词过去时（-ed）listenlistened study-studied stop-stopped come-came否定构成：否定构成：didnt+动原动原 didnt work used not(didnt use)to work一般疑问构成及简答举例：一般疑问构成及简答举例：Did+主语主语+动原动原+其它？其它？特殊疑问句举例：特殊疑问句举例：What did he do yesterday?When did he get up this morning?注意：注意：He has opened the door.（表示过去（表示过去“开门开门”的动作对现在的影响是的动作对现在的影响是门还开着）门还开着）He opened the door.(不能确定门现在是否开着不能确定门现在是否开着)1.一般过去时表示一个动作或情况在一般过去时表示一个动作或情况在过去过去某个的时间某个的时间开始和结束开始和结束.I walked to school yesterday.I bought a new car three days ago.walked,boughtnow一般过去时的使用：2.表示过去经常性的动作或情况。Ioftengotupat6:00lastyear.I didnt walk to school yesterday.Did you walk to school yesterday?用法：将来会出现或发生的动作常用时间状语：thisevening,tomorrow,nextmonth,inafewminutes,attheendofthisterm动词构成:1.will/shall+动原2.am/is/aregoingto+动词原型3.am/is/are(about)+动词不定式4.am/is/are+coming等现在分词以work为例:will/shallworkam/is/aregoingtoworkam/is/are(about)toworkam/is/arecoming/leaving否定构成：will/shallnotam/is/arenot特殊疑问句举例:Whatwillyoudotomorrow?Whenarewegoingtohaveaclassmeeting?注意：在if条件或as soon as等时间状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。1、基本结构是will/shalldo。例：Weshallsendheraglasshand-madecraftasherbirthdaygift.（我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品，作为给她的生日礼物。）2、有些动词，如：arrive,beclose,come,do,done,go,have,leave,open,play,return,sleep,start,stay等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。例：MymotheriscomingtovisitmenextweekandisstayinghereuntilMay.（我妈妈下周将来看我，并会呆到5月。）一般将来时的使用：3、表示“打算去，要”时，可用begoingtodo。例：ThisisjustwhatIamgoingtosay.（这正是我想说的。）4、表示“即将、正要”时，可用beabouttodo。强调近期内或马上要做的事。例：Dontworry,Iamabouttomakeacloseexaminationonyou.（别担心，我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。）5、“betodo”的5种用法：a)表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。例：SheistobeseeninthelabonMonday.（星期一你准会在实验室见到她。）b)该做或不该做的事情（语气上接近于should,must,oughtto,haveto），表示一种命令、规劝性语气。例：Youaretogotobedandkeepquiet,kids.Ourguestsarearrivinginlessthan5minutes.（孩子们，你们必须上床睡觉，不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。）c)能或不能发生的事情（接近can,may）例：HowamItopaysuchadebt?（我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢？）d)不可避免将要发生的事情，后来将要发生的事情。例：Iassureyouthatthematter_asquicklyaspossible.Havealittlepatience.A.willbeattendedB.willbeattendedtoC.isattendedD.isattendedtoe)用于条件从句“如果想，设想”（接近ifwantto,或ifshould）例：Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortage_avoided.A)istobeB)canbeC)willbeD)hasbeen用法：从过去某时间来看将要发生的动作或状态，用法：从过去某时间来看将要发生的动作或状态，常用于宾从句常用于宾从句常用时间状语：常用时间状语：the next week等等动词构成：动词构成：1、would/should+动原动原 2、was/were going to+动原动原 3、was/were(about)to+动原动原以以work为例：为例：would/should work was/were going to work was/were(about)to work否定构成：否定构成：would/should not was/were not一般疑问构成：常用一般疑问构成：常用if或或whether引导宾从引导宾从特殊疑问句举例：特殊疑问句举例：He asked what they would do the next week.IthoughtIwouldmakelotsofnewfriends.Theysaidthattheyweregoingtospendthevacationtogether.一、过去将来时表示对于过去某一时间而言将要发生的动作一、过去将来时表示对于过去某一时间而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。或存在的状态。would或或was/were going to+V would可用于各种人称。可用于各种人称。过去将来时的使用：二、二、would+V还可表示过去的习惯动作，在这点上同还可表示过去的习惯动作，在这点上同used to同义。同义。When we were children,we would/used to go swimming every summer.比较：比较：I used to walk to school,but now I go by bike.used to+V,指过去的习惯或状态，暗含的意思是指过去的习惯或状态，暗含的意思是“现在不做某事了现在不做某事了”。A:Where did you go?B:I was going to visit the park,but in the end I went to the free market.A:What was it like?B:I thought it would be busy,but it was very quiet.-Alice,why didnt you come yesterday?-I _,but I had an unexpected visitor.A.had B.wouldC.was going toD.did三、三、I thought I was going to.表示表示“原本打算原本打算干某事干某事”。-Come in,Peter,I want to show you something.-Oh,how nice of you!I _ you _ to bring me a gift.A.never think;are goingB.never thought;were goingC.didnt think;were goingD.hadnt thought;were going Never thought“从未想过“，与how nice of you所表达的喜悦之情相符This morning Alice _ out _ the door opened and in came some strangers.A.was just about to go;whileB.went;whenC.was going;whileD.was just about to go;whenWe were all surprised when he made it clear that he _ office soon.A.leavesB.would leaveC.leftD.had left用法：过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在发生用法：过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在发生 的动作的动作常用时间状语：常用时间状语：at this time yesterday,at that time,at ten oclock yesterday或或when引导的从句引导的从句动词构成：动词构成：was/were+现在分词现在分词(-ing)以以work为例：为例：was/were working否定构成：否定构成：was/were not+现在分词现在分词一般疑问构成及简答举例一般疑问构成及简答举例:Was/Were+主语主语+现在分词现在分词+其它？其它？Yes,I was No,I wasnt特殊疑问句举例：特殊疑问句举例：What were you dong this time yesterday?Where was he standing when the teacher came in?过去进行时：过去进行时：I was walking down the street when it began to rain.When it began to rainI was walkingnowI was walking down the street when it began to rain.I was not walking down the street when it began to rain.Were you walking down the street when it began to rain?用用一般过去时一般过去时或或过去进行时过去进行时填空。填空。1.I dont want to go to the zoo today because it is raining.The same thing happened yesterday.I(want,not)_ to go to the zoo because it(rain)_.Exercises:2.I(call)_ Roger at nine last night,but he(be,not)_ at home.He(study)_ at the library.called;was not;was studying3.I(hear,not)_the thunder during the storm last night because I(sleep)_.didnt hear;was sleeping4.My brother and sister(argue)_ about something when I(walk)_ into the room.were arguing;walked5.-Nancy is not coming tonight.-But she _!A.promises B.promisedC.will promise D.had promised6.Shirley _ a book aboutChina last year but I dont know whether she has finished it.A.has written B.wroteC.had written D.was writing7.I dont think Jim saw me;he _ into space.A.just stared B.was just staringC.has just staredD.had just staredThe students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A.had written;leftB.were writing;has leftC.had written;had leftD.were writing;had leftMary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A.made B.is makingC.was making D.makes用法：用法：1、过去某时间或动作之前完成的动作或状态、过去某时间或动作之前完成的动作或状态(过去的过去过去的过去)。2、过去某一时间的动作延续到过去另一时间、过去某一时间的动作延续到过去另一时间常用时间状语：常用时间状语：by that time,by the end of ,when/before+从句，从句，said/knew/asked的宾从中动词构的宾从中动词构 成成:had+过去分词过去分词(-ed)以以work为例：为例：had worked否定构成否定构成:had not+过去分词过去分词一般疑问构成：一般疑问构成：Had+主语主语+过去分词过去分词+其它？其它？Yes,I had.No,I hadnt.特殊疑问句举例：特殊疑问句举例：How many English words had you learned by the end of last term?When we got to the theatre,they had sold all the tickets.had soldgot to the theatreNow过去的过去过去完成时是一种与过去时相比较而存在的时态，过去完成时是一种与过去时相比较而存在的时态，用以表示用以表示“过去的过去过去的过去”的动作或状态。的动作或状态。1.When we _(arrive)at the theatre,the play _(already start).arrived;had already started2.The police found that the house _and a lot of things_.A.has broken into;has been stolenB.had broken into;had been stolenC.has been broken into;stolenD.had been broken into;stolen3.Tom didnt go to hear the singer because he_ him.A.heard B.would hear C.has heard D.had heard4.-Why didnt you come to the party?-I_ to come,but one of my friends came to see me just then.A.wanted B.was wanting C.had wantedD.had been wanted5.His wife _ to catch the first train but she was too late.A.hopingB.had hopedC.has hopedD.would hopehad hoped意为意为“原希望原希望”，常用于这一结构的动词有，常用于这一结构的动词有“think,want,plan,suppose,intend”用法：说话时正在进行的动作或当前一段时间正在进行用法：说话时正在进行的动作或当前一段时间正在进行的动作的动作常用时间状语常用时间状语：now,these days现在进行时中动词形式：现在进行时中动词形式：am is +-ing are1、do-doing2、live-living3、重读闭音节、重读闭音节 sit-sitting drop-dropping 以以 ie 结尾结尾 die-dying lie-lyingShe is writing another book this year.并不表示说话的时候她正并不表示说话的时候她正拿着笔坐在书桌前。拿着笔坐在书桌前。1.现在进行时表示一项活动在说话时现在进行时表示一项活动在说话时(或较长时间）正在进行。或较长时间）正在进行。John and Mary are talking on the phone.startfinishnow2.现在进行时强调此刻正在进行的动作。现在进行时强调此刻正在进行的动作。一般现在时表示不确定时间经常、反复发生一般现在时表示不确定时间经常、反复发生的动作或状态。的动作或状态。3.进行时的将来用法：进行时的将来用法：When are you leaving?=When will you leave?John and Mary are talking on the phone.John and Mary are not talking on the Phone.Are John and Mary talking on the phone?John and Mary are talking on the phone.John and Mary are not talking on the Phone.Are John and Mary talking on the phone?1.Diane(wash)_ her hair every other day or so.2.Kathy usually(sit)_ in the front row during class,but today she(sit)_in the last row.washes,sits,is sitting3.(Lock,you,always)_ the door to your apartment(公寓公寓)when you leave?4.I wrote to my friend last week.She hasnt answered my letter yet.I(wait,still)_ for a reply.Do you always lock,am still waiting5.Every morning,the sun(shine)_ in my bedroom window and(wake)_me up.shines,wakes6.A:Look!It(snow)_.B:Its beautiful!This is the first time Ive ever seen snow.It(snow,not,often)_ in my country.is snowing;does not often snow-Can I help you,sir?-Yes,I bought this radio here yesterday,but it _.A.didnt workB.wont workC.cant workD.doesnt work-Can I join the club,Dad?-You can when you _ a bit older.A.get B.will getC.are gettingD.will have gotMy cousin,Jenny,_ in New Yorktill next Saturday.A.is stayingB.has stayedC.will have stayedD.stayed-Do you know when she _?-No,but Ill tell you as soon as she _.A.will come;comesB.comes;will comeC.will come;will comeD.comes;comesLook!_!A.Here the bus comesB.Here comes the busC.Here is the bus comingD.Here the bus is cominghere,there放在句子开头，句子主谓要倒装。放在句子开头，句子主谓要倒装。(如主语为如主语为代词，主谓不倒装代词，主谓不倒装)。在。在here,there引导的句子中，常用引导的句子中，常用一般现在时代替现在进行时。一般现在时代替现在进行时。用法用法:1、发生在过去的动作且对现在仍有影响的动作，强调、发生在过去的动作且对现在仍有影响的动作，强调 对现在的影响对现在的影响.2、从过去一直延续到现在的动作、从过去一直延续到现在的动作常用时间状语：常用时间状语：already,just,never,before,recently,in the past few years,ever,so far,since+过去的点时间过去的点时间,for+段时间段时间动词构成：动词构成：have/has+过去分词过去分词(-ed)have/has worked否定构成：否定构成：have/has not+过去分词过去分词一般疑问构成：一般疑问构成：Have/Has+主语主语+过去分词过去分词?特殊疑问句举例：特殊疑问句举例：What have you done recently?How long has he lived in Beijing?注意：暂时性动词不能与注意：暂时性动词不能与for,since,How long等等 表示段时间表示段时间 的短语同时使用。的短语同时使用。现在完成时表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目现在完成时表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目前产生的影响。即用过去发生的某个行为来说前产生的影响。即用过去发生的某个行为来说明现在的某种情况。明现在的某种情况。We are good friends.(现在的情况）现在的情况）I knew him in 1997.（过去的动作）（过去的动作）We have known each other since 1997.（现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在）（现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在）现在完成时的用法现在完成时的用法She has been to Beijing.(现在已不在北京，从结果上和现在联系起来）现在已不在北京，从结果上和现在联系起来）She has been in Beijing for two years.（现在仍在北京，从时间上和现在联系起来）（现在仍在北京，从时间上和现在联系起来）现在完成时的三种基本用法：现在完成时的三种基本用法：1、未完成用法。表示动作或状态开始于过去，、未完成用法。表示动作或状态开始于过去，一直延续到现在，可能继续发展，也可能刚刚一直延续到现在，可能继续发展，也可能刚刚结束。结束。He has been in the army for ten years.I have studied English since 1980.He has lived here all his life.a.be,live,study都是延续性动词。都是延续性动词。b.常用的时间状语：常用的时间状语：since,for,in the past few years,so far,all his life.2、反复性用法，表示过去到现在这段时间、反复性用法，表示过去到现在这段时间内反复发生的动作。内反复发生的动作。I have been to the city twice this week.I have often wondered where she gets her money all these days.这种用法从时间上与现在发生了联系。这种用法从时间上与现在发生了联系。3、完成性用法，表示动作或状态到说话时已经完成，、完成性用法，表示动作或状态到说话时已经完成，通常所产生的结果把过去的动作和状态和现在联系通常所产生的结果把过去的动作和状态和现在联系起来。起来。He has gone to Shanghai.他已经去了上海。他已经去了上海。（结果：他已不在这儿，结果：他已不在这儿，He is not here now.）Can you make sure _ the gold ring?A.where Alice had putB.where had Alice putC.where Alice has putD.where has Alice put使用现在完成时表示过去发生的“放”的动作对现在的影响，究竟金戒指现在“在哪里”。When I was at college I _ three foreignlanguages,but I _ all except a few words of each.A.spoke;had forgottenB.spoke;have forgottenC.had spoken;had forgottenD.had spoken;have forgotten“但都忘了但都忘了”是现在的情况，要用现在完成时，强调结果。是现在的情况，要用现在完成时，强调结果。-Im sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh,not at all.I _ here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had beenC.was D.will be“(for)only a few minutes”说明几分钟前来了这里，一直到现在。说明几分钟前来了这里，一直到现在。The CCTV has been broadcasting English programs ever since 1977.1977now表示一个事件在某个事件之前一直进行表示一个事件在某个事件之前一直进行,用于表达用于表达事件的持续性事件的持续性.You look hot and tired.Have you been exercising?Im sorry Im late.Have you been waiting long?-Hi,Tracy,you look tired.-I am tired.I _ the living room all day.A.painted B.had paintedC.have been paintingD.have paintedShe _ letters all morning and felt tired.A.has been writing B.writesC.has writtenD.had been writing-Isnt it hard to drive downtown to work?-Yes,thats why I _ to work by train.A.have been goingB.have goneC.was going toD.will have gone