英文文献及翻译.doc

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英文文献：
The application of e-commerce for SMEs
A great advantage of e-commerce is not only suitable for use in large enterprises, but also very beneficial to many small and medium enterprises. Relative to large enterprises, small and medium enterprises of human, financial, information technology, weak and small and medium enterprises to apply e-commerce is a new topic to be studied. Typically, the use of e-commerce has four types: information access, personal communication, shopping services, virtual enterprises.As e-commerce is a complex system engineering, it will use many new technologies, but the most important thing is the following: Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), bar codes, e-mail, Internet, WorldWideWeb, product data exchange and electronic form. The benefits of e-commerce use by SMEsFor small and medium sized e-commerce can give them to bring many new opportunities and challenges facing SMEs it can solve many difficulties and problems. The arrival of Internet for SMEs to open up a broader market space. As the information in the enterprise's competitive edge competitive play an increasingly important role, with e-commerce, information on SMEs and big business competition. Overall, the impact of electronic commerce for small and medium enterprises can be divided into the following areas: 1. Global markets, the competitiveness of SMEs traditional market can be strengthened; SMEs have more opportunities to sell the products to various countries and regions worldwide. 2. Market supply chain suppliers to provide design and engineering services required will increase; manufacturers will outsource more non-core businesses; customers will need more electronic communication for use in orders, billing and other business, when large customers that request, which will have a big impact the supply chain; customers will require their suppliers to provide more inventory management services, such as data warehouse and order management; manufacturers will continue to reduce the total number of suppliers; supply chain links between the companies will more closely. 3. Internal operations and process control with greater use of networked information technology and system integration technology, the company will improve communications and collaboration; will use more automated manufacturing technology for integrating external data and internal operations to provide greater opportunities, such as EDI and MRP systems integration; enterprises will reduce the number of employees, but will increase the workload of each employee; business operations and management costs will be reduced.4. Customer service providers will try to shorten the manufacturing of new products and services of their available time; manufacturers will try to minimize the price; product quality will be greater attention; suppliers will find a need for faster and better to provide order status information (such as the production date); businesses will pay more attention to the product after-sales service; information and telecommunications services, competition will intensify between; available to manufacturers of information and the types of telecommunications services will increase; The new e-commerce products and services will appear; human resources and work structure; computer's role in the enterprise will become more important; small company in training employees to use computers, the more difficult than those of large companies. 5. Information as business assets, the information itself will become an important marketable commodities (such as databases); company data in decision-making will play an important role; through networking, manufacturers will have more and better opportunities to access more widely useful in commercial and technical information. 6. Small business prospects and timely use of the network can access the latest business trends information to guide their production and sales. Determine the feasibility of e-commerce technology When SMEs decide to use e-commerce, it is necessary to meet these business needs to determine the technical feasibility of the various e-business initiatives. A basic principle is to use the most it can increase the operational capacity of e-commerce technology. Here are the most suitable technology for each number of e-commerce applications, can be used for small and medium enterprises in the choice of reference. 1.EDI the structured data into other Yingyong in (such as the use of customer orders to install the product); when the transaction volume can reduce costs; allow the trading of many Butong Huoban (such as customers, suppliers, manufacturers, etc.) trade between easier.2. Barcodes quickly determine and identify the merchandise; to determine the identity and integration into other applications and databases.3. E-mail to individuals or groups to provide free inquiry and exchange; need to send some simple information sharing to all members of the enterprise; by additional document (attachment) to share complex information; to make long-distance collaboration faster and more convenient.4.WorldWideWeb published information about the company to achieve the purpose of publicity companies; from a large number of data sources to retrieve information; e-commerce to buy / sell goods or services; collaboration between multiple users or information sharing.5. Product data exchange needs to be timely product information sent to trading partners; distance together with partners in product design.6. Spreadsheet better way to format a norm concerning the management of data; when it comes to many different tasks simultaneously can track the entire process; artificial input data with data on the machine itself is integrated with; by integration of WWW and the implementation of internal systems to facilitate electronic commerce.Several issues should be notedRelative to large enterprises, small and medium enterprises in human, financial, information technology, weaker, and therefore the process of implementing e-commerce there are some issues warrant particular attention, even small enterprises need on the e-commerce system level of view, this process is very important.When companies feel the need of enterprise systems from anywhere in the process started e-commerce can make use of existing commercial enterprises or technology, you can also e-business from scratch for system-level planning and design. If the enterprise may resolve how to deal with excess inventory when the thought of starting e-commerce, while another company might choose through the implementation of e-commerce strategies to improve customer service levels. This is the advantage of a flexible small and medium enterprises, and large enterprises is different, in order to conduct e-commerce system-level on the need for comprehensive planning.
For small and medium terms, system-level programs can also be achieved at various stages of e-commerce start. Even if some companies have implemented e-commerce systems can also be quickly modified.For e-commerce may return to the business benefits to be in the business consequences and evaluate the technical feasibility of both. These two aspects will affect the implementation of e-business attitude and determination. One pair of their competition in the market its ability to company not necessarily can do it well the new e-commerce technology,While the other wants to use the new e-commerce tools to expand their competitive advantage of companies, the pace of implementation of e-commerce may be larger.Because electronic commerce is a systematic project, required before the decision to use it make sure to do so can give enterprises the greatest benefits and minimum adverse effects, most important is to ensure the implementation of e-commerce can bring to the moreenterprise of interest returns.

中文翻译：
中小企业如何应用电子商务
电子商务的一个很大的优点是它不仅适合于大企业使用，而且对众多的中小企业也非常有利。相对于大型企业来说，中小型企业的人力、财力、信息技术实力较弱，中小企业如何应用电子商务是一个值得研究的新课题。
通常情况下，电子商务的用途具有四种类型：信息访问、个人通信、购物服务、虚拟企业。
由于电子商务是一个复杂的系统工程，因此它会用到许多新的技术，但最重要的还是以下几种：电子数据交换（EDI）、条形码、电子邮件、Internet、WorldWideWeb、产品数据交换和电子表格。
中小企业使用电子商务的好处：
对于中小企业来讲，电子商务能给它们带来许多新的机遇和挑战，它能够解决中小企业面临的许多困难和问题。Internet的到来可以为中小企业开辟更广泛的市场空间。由于信息的竞争在企业的竞争优势中发挥着越来越重要的作用，有了电子商务，中小企业在信息方面就能够与大企业竞争。总的来讲，电子商务对中小企业带来的影响可以分为以下几个方面：
1.全球市场
中小企业传统市场的竞争力可以得到加强；中小企业有更多的机会将产品销售到全球各个国家和地区。
2.市场供应链
对供应商提供设计和工程服务的要求将增加；厂商将外包更多的非核心业务；客户将需要更多的电子通信以用于下订单、记账等业务，当大的客户有这种要求时，这将对供应链产生大的影响；客户将要求他们的供应商提供更多的存货管理服务，如数据仓库和订单管理；制造商将继续减少供应商的总数量；供应链中各公司之间的联系将更加紧密。
3.内部操作和过程控制
随着更多地使用联网信息技术和系统集成技术，公司内的通信和协作将改进；将更多地使用自动化制造技术，为集成外部数据和内部操作提供更大的机会，如EDI和MRP系统的集成；企业雇员的数量将减少，但每个雇员的工作量将增加；企业的操作和管理成本将减少。　　 4.客户服务
制造商将试图缩短它们的新产品和服务面世的时间；制造商将试图将价格降到最低；产品质量将受到更大的重视；供应商将会发现有必要更好更快地提供有关订单状态的信息（如产品的生产日期等）；商家将会更加重视产品的售后服务；信息和电信服务之间的竞争将加剧；提供给制造商的信息和电信服务的种类将增加；新的电子商务产品和服务将出现；人力资源和工作结构；计算机在企业中的作用将更加重要；小公司在训练员工使用计算机方面，将比大公司更困难些。
5.信息作为商业资产
信息本身将成为重要的可销售商品（如数据库）；公司内部数据在决策时将起重要作用；通过联网，制造厂商将具有更多更好的机会来更广泛地访问有用的商业和技术信息。
6.商业前景
中小企业使用网络可以及时地获取最新的商业发展趋势的信息，以指导自己的生产和销售。
确定电子商务技术的可行性
当中小企业决定使用电子商务时，就有必要确定可以满足这些企业需求的各种电子商务计划的技术可行性。一个基本的原则应该是使用那些最能提高企业的业务能力的电子商务技术。下面列出了每种电子商务技术最适合的一些应用领域，可以供中小企业在选择时参考。1.EDI
将结构化数据集成到其他的应用中（如使用客户订单来安装产品）；当交易量大时可以降低成本；可使与许多不同的贸易伙伴（如客户、供应商、厂商等）之间的贸易更加容易。　　2.条形码
迅速判定和识别商品；将判定和身份信息集成到其他的应用和数据库中。
3.电子邮件
提供对个人或小组的自由查询和交流；需要将一些简单的共享信息发送给企业的所有成员；通过附加文档（attachment）共享复杂的信息；使远距离的协作更加方便快捷。　　4.WorldWideWeb
公布企业的有关信息，以达到宣传企业的目的；从大量的数据源中检索信息；电子商务买/卖商品或服务；多个用户之间的协作或信息共享。
5.产品数据交换
需要将产品的有关数据及时地发送给贸易伙伴；与合作伙伴远距离地共同进行产品设计。
6.电子表格
　 更好地以一种规范的格式管理有关的数据；在涉及到许多人同时完成不同的任务时可以跟踪整个过程；将人工输入的数据同机器本身就有的数据集成起来；通过集成WWW和内部系统促进电子商务的实施。
应该注意的几个问题：
相对于大型企业来说，中小型企业的人力、财力、信息技术实力较弱，因此在实施电子商务的过程中有一些问题需要引起特别的重视，即使是小企业也需要对电子商务进行系统级的查看，这个过程非常重要。
企业在感到有必要时可以从企业系统的任何一个地方开始启动电子商务过程，可以利用企业原有的商业或技术，也可以从头进行系统级的电子商务规划和设计。如有的企业可能会在解决如何处理多余的存货时想到要开始利用电子商务，而另一个企业则可能会选择通过实施电子商务战略来提高客户服务的水平。这是中小企业的一个灵活的优势，而大企业则不同，要想进行电子商务就必须进行系统级的全盘规划。
对于中小企业来讲，系统级的计划也可以在电子商务实现期间的不同阶段开始。公司即便已经实施了部分的电子商务系统，也可以迅速地进行修改。
对于电子商务可能给企业带来的利益回报必须在商业后果和技术可行性两方面进行评估。这两个方面会影响企业实施电子商务的态度和决心。一个对自己的市场竞争能力充满信心的公司未必就能够很好地应用新的电子商务技术.而另一个想通过使用新的电子商务手段来扩大自己的竞争优势的公司，在实施电子商务时步子可能就更大一些。
因为电子商务是一项系统工程，在决定使用它之前必须要确信这样做能够给企业带来最大的好处和最少的不利影响，最关键的是要保证实施电子商务能够给企业带来较大的利益回报。
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