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英语语法中《句子成分及五种基本句型》问题_附有习题及答案.pdf

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1、英语的基本句型主要有五种,它们是:1 主语-动词-表语2、主语-动词3、主语-动词-宾语4、主语-动词-宾语-宾语5、主语-动词-宾语-补语掌握好这些基本句型,就可以为灵活运用语言打下良好的基础。下面分别讲解这五种句型。一、主语-动词-表语在这一句型中,动词是系动词,划线部分为表语。1.Mr.Brown is an engineer.(名词做表语)2.Gradualy he became silent.(形容词做表语)3.S he remained standing for a hour.(现在分词做表语)4.The question remained unsolved.(过去分词做表语)5.

2、The machine is out of order.(介词短语做表语)6.The television was on.(副词做表语)7.His plan is to keep the affair secret.(动词不定式做表语)8.My job is repairing cars.(动名词做表语)9.The question is what you want to do.(从句做表语,即:表语从句)注意:在下面的句子中,形容词做表语,在表语的后面常常接不定式结构。Im happy to meet you.They are willing to help.We are determine

3、d to follow his example.二、主语-动词在这一句型中,动词为不及物动词及不及物的动词词组。在有的句子中,不及物动词可以有 状语修饰。l.The sun is rising.try.3.Did you sleep well?(well做状语,修饰不及物动词sleep)4.The engine broke down.注意:在此句型中,有少数不及物动词表达被动含义,表达主语本身所具有的特性,不用被 动语态。l.The book sells wel.2.The window wont shut.3.The pen writes smoothly.4.Cheese cuts eas

4、ily.(接下页三、主语-动词-宾语在此句型中,动词为及物动词,划线部分为宾语。l.Do you know these people(them)?(名词或代词做宾语)2.1 cant express myself in English.(反身代词做宾语)3.He smiled a strange smile.(同源宾语)4.We cant afford to pay such a price.(不定式做宾语)5.Would you mind waiting a few minutes?(动名词做宾语)6.1 hope that 1 have said nothing to pain you.(

5、从句做宾语,即:宾语从句)注意:并不是所有的及物动词都可以接上述各种情况做宾语,不同的动词有不同的用法,所 以,在学习动词时一,一定要掌握其用法。四、主语-动词-宾语-宾语-在此句型中,动词可以称作双宾语动词,在英语中,这样的动词并不多,在学习遇时,要牢 记。后面的宾语为间接宾语和直接宾语,其中间接宾语在前,一般表人,直接宾语在后,一 般表物。这类句型有三种情况。第一种情况,间接宾语可以改为t。引导的短语。l.He handed me a letter.He handed a letter to me.2.S he gave me her telephone number.S he gave

6、her telephone number to me.第二种情况,间接宾语可以改为for引导的短语。3.S he sang us a folk song.S he sang a folk for us.4.S he cooked us a delicious meal.S he cooked a delicious meal for us.第三种情况,直接宾语可以由宾语从句充当。5.Tell him Im out.6.Can you inform me where Miss Green lives?五、主语-动词-宾语-宾语补足语在此句型中的动词,叫做可以跟复合宾语的动词,在英语中,这样的动词

7、也不多。后面的宾 语补足语是说明宾语的情况的,宾语和宾语补足语一起被称做复合宾语。这个句式是英语中 比较复杂的一个句式,因为复合宾语的构成内容较多。下面句子中划线部分为宾语补足语。l.He found his new job boring.(形容词做宾补)2.The called their daughter Mary.(名词做宾补)3.This placed her in a very difficult position.(介词短语做宾补)4.We went to here house but found her out.(副词做宾补)5.What do you advise me to

8、do?(不定式做宾补)6.We thought him to be an honest man.(tobe 做宾补)7.He believed them to have discussed the problem.(不定式的完成式做宾补)8.He believed her to be telling the truth.(不定式的进行式做宾补)9.Did you notice him come in?(不带 to 的不定式做宾补)10.1 saw her chatting with Nancy.(现在分词做宾补)ll.He watched the piano carried upstairs.

9、(过去分词做宾补)注意:在这个结构中,可以出现用it做形式上的宾语,把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后 面。在此结构中,宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句。l.He felt it his duty to mention this to her.分析:it是形式宾语,hisduty是宾语补足语,to mention this to her是真正的宾语。2.1 think it best that you should stay with us.分析:it是形式宾语,best是宾语补足语,that you should stay with us是真正的宾语。(接下 页)注意:1.习惯用语的使用在英语中,

10、有很多动词习惯用语,在学习的过程中,要注意它们的使用,不必分析单独每个 词的使用。例:We are short of money.(be short of 中 short 做表语)S he is always making trouble for her friends.(trouble 做 make 的宾语)He has carried out our instructions to the letter.(our instructions 做词组 carry out 的宾语)We are waiting for the rain to stop.(wait for 后面的 the rain

11、 是宾语,to stop 是宾语补足语)2.在英语中,大多数动词既可以做及物动词又可以做不及物动词,而且还会有一些固定词组,因此一个动词可以用于儿种句型。例:askDid you ask the price?(直接接名词做宾语)S he asked them their names.(接双宾语)I asked James to buy some bread.(接宾语加不定式做宾语补足语)I asked to speak to Fred.(接不定式做宾语)Didnt you ask him in?(在此句中和副词in连用)He has asked for an interview with th

12、e President组成固定词组 ask for)3.Therebe句型是一种特殊的句子,真正的主语在后面,含义为“有”谓语动词和主语保持一致:There is a television in the sitting room.有两个或更多的主语时,动词一般和最近的一个保持一致:There are two girls and a boy dancing in the hall.主语的后面有时有修饰语:There are a lot of difficulties facing us.There were many things to be done(此处也可以使用to do).谓语动词 be

13、 可以有时态的变化:There will be a concert in the park tonight.There was little change in him.谓语也可以有不定式构成的复合谓语。There used to be a cinema here.There seems to be something the matter with her.Is there going to be any activity tonight?there be句式变疑问句,把be提前;变翻译疑问句也要借助thereoIs there any hope of getting the job?The

14、re is nothing wrong with your watch,is there?there be句型中也可以使用诸如:live,follow,come,stand,sit,exist等不及物动词:Once upon a time,there lived a fisherman on the island.There came a knock at the door.At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.用于非谓语的情况下,有时用不定式的复合结构there to be或动名词的复合结构和独立主 格结构 there being

15、:You wouldnt want there to be another war.(不定式的复合结构)The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework.(动名词的复合结构)There being nothing else to do,we went home.(独立主格结构)巩固性练习 请判断下列句子的结构类型l.He is running.2.The loud voice from the upstairs made him angry.3.The little boy is asking the

16、teacher all kinds of questions.4.S he seemed angry.5.My father bought me a beautiful present.6.Why do you keep your eyes closed?7.Will you tell us an exciting story?8.We must keep our classroom tidy and clean.9.1 heard the baby crying in the sitting room.10.Can you push the window open?答案:1.主语一动词2.主

17、语动词宾语补语3.主语动词一宾语一宾语4.主语-动词表语5.王语动词宾语宾语6.王语动词宾语宾语7.主语一动词一宾语一补语8.王语动词宾语补语9.王语动词宾语补语10.主语-动词-宾语一补语(编辑:赵露)句子成分篇一、词类、句子成分和构词法:1、词类:英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who,she,you,it.3、形容词(adj.):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good,r

18、ight,white,orange.4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am,is,are,have,see.6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.7、冠词(art.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a,an,the.8介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in,on,from,above,behind.9、连词(conj.):用

19、来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before.10感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh,well,hi,hello.2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足 语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:r m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day.(杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、

20、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping.(我的名字叫萍萍)4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间 接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter.(他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me.(他给我写了 一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代

21、词、数词等担任。如:S hanghai is a big city.(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard.(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/He often helps me do my lessons.(他常 常帮我做功课)/The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词

22、后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate Tom?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?)3、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法:如:spaceship,headache,basketball,playground 等等。2、派生法:(1)派生名词:动词+er/or动词+ing动词+(t)ion形容词+ness其他,如:inventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledge派生形容词:名词+y名词+ful动词+ing/ed friendlydangerous

23、Chinese;Japanese English French German 国名+an:snowy,sunny,hopeful,beautiful,interesting,foilwing,daily(每日 的),nervous,delicious(3)派生副词:形容词+ly 其它,如:slowly,angrily,fullfully,good-well,possible-possibly 等等。3、转换法:(1)形容词f动词,如:dry(干燥的)f dry(弄干),clean(干净的)f clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。(2)动词-*名词,如:look,walk,rest,work,st

24、udy,swim,go,talk 等等。名词f动词,如:hand(手)f(传递),face(脸)f(面对)等等。(4)形容词 f 副词,如:earlyf early,fastf fast 等等。(5)副词-*连词,如:when(什么时候)-(当.时候),等等。(6)介词-副词,如:in(到里)(在里面;在家),on(在上)一(进行潍续),等等。二、名词:1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如:Beijing,Tom,the People s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)专有名

25、词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens(格林一家人)。2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil,family,man,foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如:box,child,orange;不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water,news,oil,population,information.2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1、名词由单数变复数的基

26、本方法如下:在单数名词词尾加 s。如:map f maps,boy-*boys,horse-horses,table-tables.s,o,x,sh,ch 结尾的词力口 es.如:classf classes,boxboxes,herof heroes,dishdishes,bench f benches.注:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo-photos,piano-*pianos.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加eso如:family-*families,city-*cities,party-parties.以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,变 f 或 fe 为 v,再

27、加 es(,如:shelf-shelves,wolf-wolves,lifelives,knifef knives.2、不规则变化:manf men,womans women,sheep sheep,tooth-*teeth,fishfish,child-children,ox-oxen,goose-geese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag ofrice-two bags of rice,a piece of papeL three pieces of paper,a bottle of milkf five bottles of milk.3、名词

28、所有格:1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加S o如:Childerns Day(儿童节),my sister s book(我姐姐的书)(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如:Teachers Day(教师节)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s.如:today s newspaper(今天的报纸),ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息),China?s population(中国的人 口).无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短

29、语来表示所有关系。如:a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).2、注解:s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt s(我阿姨家),the doctor s(诊所)两人共有某物时,可以采用AandB s的形式,如:Lucy and Lily s bedroom(露西和丽丽 合住的卧室)“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my fatherJ s(我父亲 的一位朋友),a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主

30、语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用 单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如 family,class,team,group,row,police,school 等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(

31、H 班有张中国地图)3、Chinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊)/There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有 一些绵羊)4、maths,news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting.(这 个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:The trousers are

32、 very che叩 and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、a lot of后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓 语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now

33、.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果)/Fish and chips is very famous food.(鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)8、there be句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a 7-

34、year-old child was standing at the side of the road.(一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站 在路边)11、eitheror或者neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的)/Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two

35、 thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千 千米是相当长的一段距离)13、主语中含有half of/(three quarters)of/all(of)the.等词语时,谓语的单复数由名 词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之 三以上的信息是用英语写的)/A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之 一(当时)正在湖边玩耍)/All

36、of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已 经被污染了)(被动句)但是,population 一词又有特殊情况:What s the population of China?(中国人口是多 少?)(句子用单数)/Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市 四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)5、部分名词用法辨析:1、sport game match race的区别:sport通常指户外运动,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game 意思是“

37、运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞 赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动)/The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008 奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句)/Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学 校足球队取得了联赛冠军)/They were strong and won the boat r

38、ace.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇 比赛)2、festival、holiday vacation的区别:festival 节日,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的 文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation假期,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The S hanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行)/S unday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作)/What are

39、 you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)3、journey tour trip travel的区别:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光 等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其 指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang

40、.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/He has gone on a walking tour.(他 步行观光去 了)/He took several trips to S hanghai last yeaar.(去年他去 了 上海好几次)/Did you go to S antiago(圣地亚哥)during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?)/Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)4、sound、noise voice的区别:sound指各种声音;noise主要指噪音;voice指人的 嗓音。

41、如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠)/All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫)/The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了 她 银铃般的嗓音)5、fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes指许多种类的鱼;fish指鱼肉时是不可数名词。如:Ther

42、e are many kinds of fishes in the pool.(池子里有很 多种类的鱼)/1 prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)三、代词:1、代词的分类:英语中代词分为:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。2、人称代词:人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。1、主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如:I often go shopping on S undays.(星期天我常去购物)/Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗?)/Where have they gone?(他们上

43、哪儿去了?)/That sit.(就那么回事)/回she!(是他!)2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如:Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教 你们的英语?)/Help me!(救救我!)/We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信)3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用 宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如:-Who is it?(是谁?)-It sl/me.(是我。)4、三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you-he-1”的顺序表达。如:Both h

44、e and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班)-Who will go there?(谁要去那儿?)-You and me.(你和我)5、人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等 含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性 从句。如:-What s the weather like today?(今天天气怎样?)It s fine.(天气晴好)/What s the time?(几点啦?)-Its 12:00.(12 点)/Its a long

45、 way to go.(那可要走好长的路)/It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间)/It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太 空)/We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非 常困难的)3、物主代词:说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。1、形容词

46、性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如:Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗?)/1 often go to see my aunt on S undays.(我经常在星期 天去看望阿姨)/They are their books.(是他们的书)2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾 语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如:This is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿?)/Your classroom is very big,but ours is rather

47、 small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)3、“of+名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如:A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了)(指若干朋友中有一个 来看我。)试比较My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)4、反身代词:表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。1、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。如:Don t play with the knife,you m

48、ight hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如:The story itself is good.Only he didn t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)6、指示代词:指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。单数 复数 含义this(这个)these(这些)指较近的人和物 that(那个)those(那些)指较远的人和物 such(这样的人/物)指上文提过的人和物 same(同样的人/物)指和上文提过的相同的人和物 it(这人/这物)指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时

49、指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。如:What s this?(这是什么?)/That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飞机是塑料做的)(被 动句)/Remember never to do such things.(记得永远不要做这样的事情)/Do the same as the teacher tells you.(按老师说的做)/-Who is it?(是谁?)-It s me!(是我!)6、关系代词:用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词,参见后面的定语从句。1、关系代词who、which that whom等,将定

50、语从句和主句连接起来。英语中的关系 代词一方面在从句中担任一定的成分,另一方面又起连接作用。如:The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在画画的学生是一年级的)2、关系代词who/whom指人,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat?(你认识那个戴着红帽子的男人吗?)3、关系代词which指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你

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