初中英语语法专题讲座04——名词.doc

初中英语语法专题讲座名词初中英语语法专题讲座名词【复习要点】英语名词可以分为两大类：普通名词和专有名词。学习英语名词，通常要掌握名词的数（单数、复数）、格（主要是所有格）等几个语法概念。一、普通名词:普通名词根据其意义又可以分为四种：个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。1、个体名词：个体名词可以指具体的人或物，也可以指一类人或物。例如：desk 课桌，book 书，student 学生，bird 鸟，house 房子。个体名词有单数和复数之分。我们在使用个体名词时，不能“拿来就用”，而应当考虑到与限定其词义的各种限定词连用。例如：Have you found the your child? 你找到你的孩子了吗？There are many some / about ten / no birds in the tree. 树上有许多有一些/有大约10只/没有鸟。2、集体名词：集体名词是指由个体组成的集合体，使用时视为复数名词。family 家庭，team 团队，police 警方，people 人民。例如：There are a lot of people on the playground. 操场上有许多人。The police have caught the head of the gang. 警察抓住了团伙的头目。有时，一个名词可以用作个体名词，也可用作集体名词，视具体情况而定。例如：His family is not poor any more. 他家再也不穷了。I hope your family are quite well. 我希望你的家人身体都很好。3、物质名词：物质名词是指那些不能分成个体的物质，例如：water 水，bread 面包，metal 金属，cotton 棉花，silk (蚕)丝，rain 雨，air 空气。使用物质名词，不可以和数词、不定冠词等表示可数概念的限定词连用，也不可能有复数形式。例如：我们不能说：There is a bread are two breads on the plate.我们只能说：There is some a little / two pieces of bread on the plate.如果要给物质名词计数，就要使用量词。例如：a piece of bread 一块面包 two bottles of orange 两瓶橘子汁 three bags of rice 三袋大米4、抽象名词：抽象名词是指那些抽象概念的名称，例如：work 工作，pleasure 乐趣，feeling 感觉，health 健康，duty 责任，weather 天气。一般情况下，抽象名词不能和数词、不定冠词等表示可数概念的限定词连用，也不可能有复数形式。例如：We had great fun playing with our good friends. 我们和好朋友在一起玩，很开心。（不能说：a great fun）What is the weather like in your country? 你们国家的天气怎样？有时，抽象名词如果被一个形容词修饰，就具有了特定的性质，这时，可以用不定冠词来限定其意义。例如：There was a heavy rain last night. 昨天夜里下了一场大雨。二、专有名词：专有名词是指人名、地名、团体、机构等的名称，月份、星期、节日等名称也是专有名词。专有名词的开头字母要大写。例如： 人名：John, Green, Mr. Wang等。 民族名：Chinese, English, French, Australian等。 团体、机构名称：the United Nations 联合国，UNESCO或Unesco 联合国教科文组织，WTO 世界贸易组织，等。 地名：Beijing, London, China, England, Yellow River, Wall Street等。 月份、星期、节日名称：January, Saturday, Christmas Day等。 对家人的称呼：Dad, Mom / Mum, Auntie, Granny, Uncle John等。三、可数名词复数：英语名词有可数与不可数之分，可数名词通常是个体名词和集体名词，可以计数，例如：tree trees, child children, familyfamilies, class classes。不可数名词通常是物质名词和抽象名词，不可以计数，在句中视为单数，例如：water, paper, work, health。可数名词复数规则：1.一般在复数名词后加s，如：dogdogs。2.以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es，如：watchwatches。请注意：stomachstomachs3.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es，如：country-countries。请注意：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s。如：monkey-monkeys。 4.以o结尾的名词：zero，zoo，radio，photo，piano无生命的词变复数时，加-s，tomato，potato，hero，Negro（黑人）等有生命的词变复数时加-es。5.以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加es，如：knifeknives。 6.单复数形式相同的词：sheepsheep，fishfish ChineseChinese，JapaneseJapanese 7.特殊变化的单词有：toothteeth，footfeet childchildren mousemice manmen，womanwomen，policemanpolicemen, FrenchmanFrenchmen请注意：German(德国人)Germans 8.常以复数形式出现的名词：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。例如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours. 9.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理) 10. how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any, a number of等来修饰可数名词复数。 11.复合名词的复数形式：.将最后部分变为复数形式，例如：afternoon afternoons 下午，policewoman policewomen 女警察，girl-friend girl-friends女朋友，schoolboy schoolboys 男生，school teacher school teachers 中小学教师。.将两个部分都变为复数形式，只限于man, woman为第一部分的复合名词。例如：man doctor men doctors 男医生，woman singer women singers 女歌手。四、名词的所有格：名词的所有格有三种形式：s所有格、of所有格、双重所有格。1、s所有格：s所有格通过在名词后加s构成，主要用于表示人或有生命的东西的名词后。例如：Johns father 约翰的父亲，the teachers desk 老师的办公桌，the dogs food 狗的食物。有时，也用在表示时间、距离、国家等的名词后，例如：New Years Day 元旦，Chinas future 中国的未来。请比较以下两个短语的不同意思：Jack and Janes mother 杰克和琼（两人）的母亲Jacks and Janes mothers 杰克和琼（各自）的母亲s所有格有时可以独立使用（即它的后面不跟名词），表示商店、诊所、家宅等。例如：Mrs. Smith went to the doctors yesterday afternoon. (= the doctors clinic) 史密斯夫人昨天下午去看医生了。Where are you going? Im going to my uncles. (= my uncles house) 你去哪里？我去我叔叔家。2、of所有格：of所有格用of短语表示，主要用于表示无生命物品的名词以及名词化的形容词。例如：the cover of the dictionary 词典的封面，the life of the poor 穷人们的生活，the name of the student (= the students name) 这个学生的姓名。3、双重所有格：双重所有格的结构是：of + s。例如：a book of Toms (= one of Toms books) 汤姆的一本书。双重所有格主要用来表示全体中的一部分，例如：a book of my brothers 我哥哥的一本书（许多书中的一本）two coats of my friends 我朋友的两件外衣（许多外衣中的两件）请比较以下两组短语的意思：a friend of my fathers （强调我父亲不只有一位朋友）a friend of my father（强调对我父亲友好）a picture of Mr. Wangs （王先生许多照片中的一张）a picture of Mr. Wang（王先生本人的肖像）【考题分析】1 Would you like some _? Thank you, but Im not thirsty. A. sandwichesB. mooncakes C. orangesD. orange分析：本题既考了名词的可数与不可数，又考了词义。从题目上看，Im not thirsty一句是关键。thirsty意为“口渴的”，与饮料有关。候选项中的oranges（橘子）是可数名词（复数），而orange（橘子汁）是不可数名词，正好可选。答案：D2How far is your school from here? Its about twenty _ walk. A. minutesB. minutesC. minutesD. minute分析：“二十分钟的行走（路程）”的英语说法既要考虑到复数形式，又要考虑使用名词的所有格。应当选用候选项中的 (twenty) minutes（该词已以s结尾，不可再加s）。 答案：C 再如：We will have a _ holiday after the exam. A. two month B. two-month C. two months D. two-months 答案: B3Have you _ your new classmates yet? A. had friends withB. made friend withC. got friend toD. made friends with分析：本题四个选项虽然是动词短语，但是其中有一个名词复数的问题。“与某人交朋友”的英语说法是make friends with sb。其中的friends一定要用复数形式，表示相互关系。 答案：D4. What can I do for you? Id like two _.A. box of appleB. boxes of applesC. box of applesD. boxes of apple分析：box 和apple都是可数名词，应用复数。 答案: B.5. Help yourself to _. A. some chickens B. a chicken C. some chicken D. any chicken分析：chicken当鸡肉讲时不可数，故不能选A,B 答案: C6._ it is today! A. What fine weather B. What a fine weather C. How a fine weather D. How fine a weather答案: A.选择B的同学要注意weather不可数. 选择C和D的同学要注意weather是名词, 要用what来感叹.)7. Which is the way to the _? A. shoe factory B. shoes factory C. shoes factory D. shoes factory答案: A. 选择C,D的同学注意这里不是指名词所有格, 而是名词作形容词的用法.类似的用法如: pencil box; school bag等. 例如：误：Please tell me where the shoes shop is?正：Please tell me where the shoe shop is.分析：在用名词作修饰词来修饰另一名词时，这个作修饰词的名词应用单数形式，如：a shoe shop 鞋店 a fruit shop 水果店 a book shop 书店a post office 邮局 a police station 警察局 a bus stop 汽车站8. This class _ now. Miss Gao teaches them. A. are studying B. is studying C. be studying D. studying答案: A. 选择B的同学要注意, 当这种概念名词当 “人”讲的时候要做复数处理.类似的还有: the police are running after the thief等 9. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men. A. earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions解析：earth 是不可数名词，因此删除B D,数以百万的应为millions of . 因此选A。10. “Would you like _?” “_ , please.” A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, Coffees C. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees解析: drink 和coffee是不可数名词, 可以用of来表示数量, 例如, three cups of coffee, 当前面加a 时,则表示“一杯”因此选C。11. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories解析: much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C项为不可数名词, 因此选C.12. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges解析: orange 有两种含义, 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填可数名词, 第二空填不可数名词, 因此选 C。13. The team _ having a meeting. A. is B. are C. am D. be解析: team 是一个集合名词,即可表示复数意义(指整个小组) , 也可指小组中的成员(表示复数), 此题意为后者, 因此选B。14. An old _ wants to see you. A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 解析: person 与people 都有”人” 的意思, 但用法不同. “一个人”用 “a person”,“两个人” 用 “two persons”; people 泛指 “人们”是集合名词,表示复数, the people 指 “人民”, a people 指 “一个民族”. 应选B。15. Help yourself to _.A. chickens and apples B. chickens and appleC. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples解析: chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple为可数名词, 故应+s, 因此选D。16. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _. A. rooms number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers解析: room number 房间号码. room可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词. 类似的还有my physics teacher, two bus drivers 等. 应选C。17. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _. A. family B. house C. home D. room解析: family指的是家庭或是家庭成员; house指的是房子(住所); room 指的是房间;而home 指的是家, 因此选C.18. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and Peter C. Marys and Peter D. Marys and Peters解析: 此句中 “mothers”是复数,表示两个人各自的母亲,因此应选D。19. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month. A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts 解析: 此句意为 “李雷这个去她舅舅家多次”. 表示具体场所时, 可省去所有格后面的名词.因此选B。20. He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching. A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot experience解析: experience作 “经验” 讲时是不可数名词, 作 “经历”讲时是可数名词. 本句中应理解为 “经验”,因此是不可数名词,排除 A C. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句, 因此选B。21. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago. A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sisters解析: 此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选D。22. A group of _ are talking with two _. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans, Frenchmans C. Frenchmans, Germen D. Germen, Frenchmen 解析: Frenchman 是复合词,其复数形式为 Frenchmen; German 的复数为直接在单词末尾+S, 应选A.【巩固练习】一、写出下列名词的复数形式。1bag _ 2orange _ 3family _ 4wish _ 5leaf _ 6knife _ 7key _ 8baby _ 9tooth _ 10foot _ 11woman _ 12sheep _ 13Indian _ 14Japanese _ 15potato _16radio _ 17child _ 18fish _ 19Frenchman _ 20man doctor _二、根据句意填入适当的名词（首字母已给出）：1.They live in Paris and speak F_.2.They will go on a p_. Please tell them not to forget to take water with them.3.We Chinese use c_ when we have meals.4.China has larger p_ than any other country in the world.5.Their class won the g_ 400-metre relay race at the s_ meeting.三、选择填空：1.We now dont write letters on _. We send emails. A. papers B. computer C. paperD. the computer2. What _ is it today? It is Sunday. A. days B. days C. date D. day3.There are two _ in my class. Who is the one youre going to talk to?A. MaryB. MaryC. MariesD. Marys4.They will not walk there. Most of them have decided to go there _.A. in the bus B. by busC. on busD. by the bus5.Tom works hard and spends _ in the library.A. much time B. many time C. many times D. a lot of times6. I was told that two _ teachers would teach us English and chemistry next term.A. womans B. womenC. womensD. woman7.He decided to travel round the earth and return in _.A. two year time B. two years longC. two years timeD. two years time8.I dont know that man, but I think he is _ father.A. Lucy and LilysB. Lucys and LilyC. Lucys and LilysD. Lucy and Lily9.What _ we have today! A. a niceweather B. a fine day C. nice a day D. the nice weather10.Im hungry. Please give me _, please.A. a bread B. some breadsC. a piece of bread D. two piece of breads11. The day before yesterday she told me _ newsAa good Bsuch a good Cso good a Da piece of good12. I wont go there with you，for I have a lot of _ to doA. works B. job C. work D. working13. Li Lei is a friend of _A. I sister B. my sisters C. me sister D. my sister of14. In our school there are fifty-five _ A. women teachers B. woman teachers C. women teacher D. woman s teacher15The cat caught two _ last nightA. mouses B. mice C. mouse D.mices四、将下列短语译成英语。（名词所有格的用法）1.吉姆的自行车 _2.王叔叔的自行车 _3.教师节 _4.吉姆和凯特的父亲 _5.我父亲的一个朋友 _6.五分钟的路程 _7.儿童节 _8.中国地图 _9.床头 _10.今天的作业 _11.孩子们的故事书 _12.在我姑姑家 _13.在医务室 _14.几年的时间 _15.我姐姐的朋友的书 _五、将下列句子译成英文：1房间里有几位女医生和女警察。There are some _ _ and policewomen in the room.2史密斯先生是迈克父亲的一位朋友。Mr. Smith is _ _ _ _ _.3中国的人口为世界最多。China has _ _ _ in the world.4看，床底下有一双新鞋。Look! There is _ _ _ _ under the bed.5格林一家已经搬到另一处去了。_ _ have moved to another place.参考答案：一、1.bags 2. oranges 3. Families 4. wishes 5.leaves 6knives 7keys 8babies 9.teeth 10feet 11women 12sheep 13. Indians类似的还有：Russians，Canadians，Australians，Germans 14Japanese15potatoes 16radios 17children 18. fish/fishes (fish的复数可以是fish，也可以是fishes。fishes指“不同种类的鱼。”fish作“鱼肉”解是不可数名词) 19Frenchmen 20men doctors二、1. French 2. picnic 3. chopsticks 4. population 5. girls sports 三、15 CDDBA 610 BDABC 1115 DCBAB四、1Jims bike 2Uncle Wangs bike 3Teachers Day 4Jim and Kates father 5A friend of my fathers 6five minutes walk 7Childrens Day 8A map ofChina9the end of a bed 10todays homework 11childrens storybooks 12at my aunts 13at the doctors 14a few years time 15my sisters friends book五、1. women doctors 2. a friend of Mikes fathers 3. the largest population 4. a new pair of shoes 5. The Greens / The Green family 17