新编英语语法教程复习资料.doc

(完整word版)新编英语语法教程复习资料 1.主谓一致主谓一致Subject-Verb Concord即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致，主谓一致包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。1.1指导原则(1) 语法一致 语法一致即谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致eg.A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是复数形式，谓语也采取复数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.(2) 意义一致和就近原则意义一致就是谓语动词要和主语意义上的单复数保持一致。补充解释和例句 见书P22就近一致就是谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or, eitheror，neither nor ，not only but also 等.例句见书P23英语中，有时几个名词或代词有某些此连接起来一起作句子的主语，此时，谓语动词的形式就须有与之最接近的名词或代词的人称和数决定。如：(1)Thereisadeskandfivechairsinhisroom.他房间里有一张办公桌和五把椅子。Therearefivechairsandadeskinhisroom.他房间里有五把椅子和一张办公桌。(2)EitheryouorLiLeiisgoingtobesentthere.要么是你要么是李蕾将被派到那里去。 AreeitheryouorLiLeigoingtobesentthere?是你将被派到那里去还是李蕾将被派到那里去？1.2-s结尾的名词作主语(1) 以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称(2) 以-ics结尾的学科名称(3) 以-s结尾的地理名称(4) 其他以-s结尾的名词1.3以集合名词作主语(1) 通常作复数的集体名词见书P27 【注】goods(货物),clothes(衣服)只有复数形式，且只表示复数意义：Suchclothesareverycheap.那样的衣服很便宜。Allthegoodshavebeensenttothem.所有的货物都给他们送去了。(2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词clothing(衣服)，poetry(诗歌)，baggage/luggage(行李)，furniture(家具)，machinery(机械)，scenery(景色)，jewelry(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等集合名词通常只用作不可数名词，表示单数意义，用作主语时，其后谓语动词用单数形式。(3) 既可做单数也可作复数的集体名词family(家庭)，team(队，队员)，class(班，班上的全体学生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘务员)，committee(委员会)，audience(听众)，public(公众)等集合名词，当它们表示整体意义时，表单数意义，当它们强调个体意义时，表示复数意义。【注】有时没有特定的语境，用单复数谓语均可以：Theaudiencewas(were)veryexcitedbytheshow.观众对演出甚感激动。Thepublichas(have)arighttoknowwhatsinthereport.公众有权知道这篇报告的内容。如将侧重点放在组成集体的成员上，动词用复数。(4) a committee of 等+复数名词见书P271.4 以并列结构作主语(1) 由and和both.and连接的并列主语【注意】a) 当由and连接的两个并列主语受each,every,no的修饰时，谓语用单数：Everyboyand(every)girllikesthebook.每个男孩女孩都喜欢这本书。Nodeskand(no)chairwasseenintheroom.房间里不见桌椅。b) 当and连接两个数相加时，谓语动词可用单数或复数：Sixandeightmakesmakefourteen.六加八等于十四。c) 当and连接的两个的词语指同一个人或事物时，谓语通常要用单数：Acartandhorsewasseeninthedistance.远处看见一辆马车。(2) 由or,nor,either.or,neithernor,notonlybutalso,notbut等连接的并列主语就近原则处理Theteacheraswellasthestudentshasreadit不仅学生读过它，老师也读过。Theteacherratherthanthestudentsistoblame.应受责备的是老师而不是学生。(3) 主语+as much as等 书P30(4) 主语+as well as等 书P301.5 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语(1) 以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语a) 表时间长度、钱数、速度等的词组作主语此时通常将其视为整体，谓语用单数。eg. Twentyyearsisalongtime.20年是很长的时间。TendollarsisallIhaveleft.我只剩下10美元。如果看作组成该数量的一个个的个体，谓语用复数。eg. There are six silver dollars in each of the stockings.b) “分数(百分数)+of+名词”结构作主语谓语动词形式依of-词组中的名词类别而定。例句见书P32【注意】在现代英语中，有时即使该结构中的名词为复数，其谓语也可用单数(即将其视为整体)：Oversixtypercentoffamiliesownownsatelevision.百分之六十以上的家庭已拥有电视机。c) 两数相减或相除，动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，动词可以用单数，也可以用复数。例句见书P32d) “onein/one outof +复数名词”作主语 在正式语体中，动词用单数；在非正式语体中，动词也可按“就近原则”用复数。例句见书P32(2) 以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语a) 主语是all of，some of，none of，half of，most of等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其后的动词形式依of- 词组的名次类别而定。例句见书P32b) 主语是由“lots of，heaps of, loads of, scads of, plenty of+名词”构成，表示“许许多多”等概念时，随后动词的单复数形式也依of- 词组的名次类别而定。c) 主语是由a portionof，aseriesof，a pile of，apanelof+名词构成，不管名词类别如何，动词通常用单数。d) 主语是由“限定词+a kind/ sort/ type of +名词”构成，随后的动词形式按以下规则：在a kind/ sort/ type of，this kind/ sort/ type of之后通常加单数或不可数名词，动词用单数。如果要用复数名词：名词复数+of this kind/ sort/ type Roses of this kind are very sweet出现在these kinds of，many/several kinds of 后的名词，既可以是单数或不可数名词。也可以是复数名词，动词用复数。在非正式语体中，常见“these/those kind of +复数名词”作主语，随后的动词用复数。e) 主语是由manya+名词或morethanone+名词构成，其意义虽属多数，但随后的动词仍遵循语法一致原则，用单数。f) 如果主语由anaverageof/amajorityof+复数名词构成，而且明确表示多数个体概念，随后的谓语动词用复数;如果这类主语不表示多数个体概念，随后的谓语动词用单数。1.6 其他方面的主谓一致问题(1) 名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致名词性分句作主语时，随后的动词一般使用单数，但有时也会有主谓一致的问题：由what，who，why，how，whether等wh-词引导的名词性分句作主语，其后的动词通常用单数。两个由and连接的并列名词性分句作主语，如果主语表示两件事，动词用复数。在以what-分句作主语的SVC结构中，如果主语补语是复数名词，主语谓语动词可用复数。如果what-分句本身明显表示富士意义，那么主句动词也可用复数。(2) 以非限定分句作主语的主谓一致以非限定分句（主要是不定式分句和ing分词分句）作主语，随后动词通常用单数由and连接的并列非限定分句作主语，如果指两件事，动词用复数；如果指一件事，动词用复数。(3) 关系分句中的主谓一致在oneof+复数名词+who/that/which引导的定语从句中，从句谓语的单复数取决于one前是否有theonly,thevery。如果有，从句的谓语动词用单数，如没有，就用复数形式。(4) 分裂句中的主谓一致在强调句中，由that/who引导的从句的动词形式通常依先行词而定。在ItisI+who从句+的动词现在时在人称和数的形式上应与I保持一致。(5) 存在句中的主谓一致在存在句中，要使用就近原则，即谓语动词的单复数形式一般取决于离谓语最近的那个名词或词组的单复数形式。 2.名词属格2.1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法（1）名词属格的构成 （加-s）A）单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加-s如：Milltowns poems，my mothers arrival， womens clothes。B) 以-s 结尾的复数名词在词尾只加-，如：the girls dormitory。C）复合名词和作为一个整体的名词词组构成属格时，在最后一个词的结尾加s 如：my mother-in-laws death， an hour and a halfs talk， somebody elses opinion* 以 -s 结尾的普通名词后加 s，或者只加 。D）并列名词表示各自的所有关系时，要在各个名词之后加-s如Marys and Bobs book。如果仅在第二个名词之后加-s（Mary and Bobs），则指两人共有的书。E）“名词词组+同位语”构成属格时，-s加在同位语名词之后如：his schoolmate Johnsons，Basel the booksellers，也可以前后都加-s，如Basels，the booksellers。F）以咝音/z/结尾的人名，其属格加-s或-均可如Dickens/Dickenss，Jones。但以其他咝音结尾的人名，属格用-s，如Marxs，Rosss等。（2）结构二: of +名词1）表示无生命东西的名词所有关系时，用 of +名词 the legs of the table the title of the book the cover of the book the importance of the plan the window of the house the strength of the envelope2) 表示有生命的东西的属格，当该名词有较长的定语或者为了表达某种感情色彩时，亦可用of +名词结构： the classroom of the first-year students the wedding of the Prince of Wales the death of the king+书p55Genitive nouns are sometimes interchangeable with of- phrase. e.g.:the visitors arrival the arrival of the visitoran elephants trunk the trunk of the elephantmens shoes shoes for men * shoes of menCollective nouns can also take both forms: the familys objection the objection of the family the committees task the task of the committeeBoth the genitive and of-phrase can be used with geographical proper nouns and nouns re-ferring to places, institutions, etc. Chinas foreign policythe foreign policy of China Britains resistancethe resistance of Britain the citys problemsthe problems of the city the hospitals entrancethe entrance of the hospital the villages population the population of the village（3）名词属格的意义Meanings of genitive nounsA) Possessive genitive (所有关系)Chinas territorymy sons wifethe Young Pioneers red scarfB) Subjective genitive (主谓关系, 其中的名词大多由动词转化而来) (动作的执行者)the teachers praisethe students application (= The student applied.) the Partys callC) Objective genitive (动宾关系,名词由动词转化而来) (动作的承受者)the younger generations educationthe presidents assassination the war prisoners releaseD) Genitive of origin (来源)Remin Ribaos editorialsNewtons law the girls story=a story told by the girlE) Descriptive genitive (类别)womens magazineschildrens language a doctors degreeF) Genitive of time, distance, measure, value, etc. 表示时间、度量、价值等ten minutes breaktwo or three minutes absence a miles distance 50 kilograms weighttwenty dollars value two pounds worth of stamps（4）名词属格的用法Uses of genitive nounsa.作限定词和前置修饰语(1) 名词 -s 属格主要用于表示人的名词后。e.g.: the girls skirt Elizabeths hair mens roomteachers office(2) 名词 -s 属格也用于表示除人外的高等动物的名词后。e.g.: the cats paw the dogs tail the snakes teethewes milk 羊奶(3) 名词-s属格也用于表示某些无生命的东西之后。 a. 用于由人组成的集体名词后。e.g.: the classs monitor the teams leader the clubs members the governments policy the delegates visit our Partys stand the majoritys view the familys objectionb. 用于表示时间的名词之后。e.g.: todays newspaper two days leave a months holiday a moments thought one minutes talk a day or twos delayc. 用于表示距离的名词之后。e.g.: one meters length three miles drive two centimeters width ten cables lengthd. 也用于表示价值、重量等的名词之后。e.g.: a dollars/ shillings worth of stamp a tons weighte. 用于表示地理、国家、城市、地域等名称的名词后。e.g.: Africas features Chinas future the islands southern tip Europes development the United States attitude New Yorks populationf. 用于表示天体名称的名词后。e.g.: the earths surface the moons light the suns heat Jupiters (木星) orbitg. 用于表示工业、科技等名称的名词后。e.g.: industrys pollution problem sciences contributionh. 表示人家、店铺等工作、生活处所的所有格后的名词常省略。e.g.: Im going to the barbers. (barber shop) We visited St. Pauls. (St. Paul Cathedral)i. 一个名词属格所修饰的词,如果前面已经提到,就往往可以省略,避免重复。e.g.: This is not my computer, but Mr Wangs. He had views quite different from his fathers.j. 用于某些固定词组中。(P55)Others idioms: You had better keep him at an arms length. 你最好不要跟他亲近。 Put the vase out of harms way so the children cant break it. 把那只花瓶放在安全的地方, 以免孩子们打碎了。 For Gods sake, hold your tongue and let me love. 看在上帝的面上, 闭上嘴让我爱你吧。*for friendships sake (为了友情), for mercys sake (为了仁慈的缘故), for safetys sake (为了安全起见), for cautions sake (为慎重起见), for acquaintances sake (看在熟人的面上), for conveniences sake (为方便起见), forappearances sake (为了装门面), for consciences sake (为求良心的安宁), etc. k. 与人类活动有特殊关系或拟人化的名词。e.g.: the games history the novels structure heavens will televisions future dutys call the brains total solid weight l. 地点名词 (地区、公共场所)。e.g.: the worlds economic organization the hotels entrance the churchs mission m. 飞机、火车、汽车等名词。e.g.: the trains heating system the cars engine a gliders performance2.2 名词属格和of-词组的比较A) 下列情况只用名词属格:(a) Descriptive genitive (表示事物类别或属性时)a ships carpenter a doctors degreethe teachers book a summers daychildrens pictorial = the pictorial for children 儿童读物the pictorial of children 孩子们的画报 (儿童们的绘画) (b) used in idiomsat the deaths doorat ones fingers ends / tipsat a stones throwout of harms wayto ones hearts content(c) 当名词中心词之后带有同位语时(即属格修饰的名词带有同位语)the salesmans brother, a postman * the brother of the salesman, a postmanLees friend, the singer * a friend of Lees, the singerB) 只用Of-词组的情况：(a) 当 of- 词组中的名词后面跟有后置修饰语时:the name of the girl standing under the tree * the girls name standing under the treethe support of the people of the whole world * the peoples support of the whole worldthe suggestion of the teachers present at the meeting * the teachers suggestion present at the meetingthe opinion of the committee appointed a few days ago * the committees opinion appointed a few days agoI have read the article of the student who falls in with my views on this problem.* I have read the students article who falls in名词或名词词组后带有较长的后置修饰语，通常用Of-词组形式. * the man I knows car * the lady living next doors hat * the children killed in the wars pictures * the professor to consults questions 同样，若名词或名词词组后带有较长的介词词组或介词词组可能会引起歧义，则用Of-词组形式来代替名词属格的形式。 * the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Islands heir * the man with the dogs food(b) 当 of- 词组中的介词宾语是以“定冠词 + 分词 / 形容词” 表示的一类人的结构时:the resistance of the oppressed*the oppresseds resistance the experience of the old *the olds experience In pre-liberation days, the rulers paid little attention to the welfare of the poor.*the poors welfare(c) 当 of- 词组用在某些同位结构中时: the City of Rome* Romes City at the age of twenty* at the 20s age2.3 独立属格和双重属格（1）独立属格 A genitive noun can sometimes be used indepen-dently, that is, without a following noun. This use of the genitive may be termed as the independent genitive. Independent genitive is used: 1）名词中心词已在上下文中出现过e.g.: My car is faster than Johns. Her memory is like an elephants. The childs hatred for the enemy is as deep as his fathers.这种用法相当于名词性物主代词作主语的用法e.g.: Hers is the prettiest dress. Ours is a great socialist country.2）被省略的名词中心词表示某人的家或住宅e.g.: Shall we meet at his brothers? Im going to stay at Johnsons. See you at Harrys tomorrow.3）被省略的名词中心词表示教堂、学校等公共场所St. Pauls (Cathedral) (圣保罗大教堂, 位于伦敦)St. Jamess (Palace) (圣詹姆斯宫, 是英国君主的正式王宫)Guys (Hospital) (英国伦敦盖氏医院)Queens (College) (英国女王学院)4）被省略的名词中心词表示店铺、公司等at the butchers / tailors / grocers / barbers / fruiterers / greengrocers / photographers / bakers / hairdressers dentists / druggists / stationers (文具店)（2）双重属格An independent genitive can sometimes be used as prepositional complementation. The prepositional phrase (usu. an of-phrase) that takes an independent genitive as complementation is called a “double genitive”.e.g.: a poem of Shelleys a painting of my roommates a patient of the doctors在双重属格结构中, 用作介词补足成分的属格名词，必须是确定特指的，而且一般指人！ *a patient of a doctors *an engine of the planes(a)后置属格必须指确定的对象(如专有名词),而且必须指人。 a friend of Jims/of my sisters/of the professors 却不可以说: a friend of a professors (非特指)也不可以说: a wheel of the cars (指物)(b) 带有双重属格作后置修饰语的名词中心词必须是不确定的人或物,可以受不定冠词或数量词的修饰 (a, two, some, any, few, no, several, a lot of),不能受定冠词的修饰。如： Some friends of my brothers have arrived. Have you read any plays of Shakespeares? It was no fault of ours that we took the wrong way. 却不可以说: the poem of Shellys 也不可以说: the friend of the doctors 更不可以说: the friend of a doctors 但是可以说: the friend of the doctor(c) Exceptions to the rule are the cases where the first noun is premodified by a demonstrative or postmodified by a relative clause.在表达带有感情色彩的意义时, 可以用指示限定词。this/ these 含褒义, 特别强调, 以引起对方的注意。that/ those 往往带有否定和轻蔑含义。eg. this very inspiring speech of the presidentsThese remarks of yours are of great value to us.that notorious scheme of the KingsI shall never meet that daughter of Mrs. Browns. the friend of Bobs who was here last nightw 双重属格的意义(a) 双重属格表示身份, of- 词组侧重说明关系。He is a friend of my fathers. (我爸爸的一个朋友)He is a friend of my father. (对我爸爸友好/够朋友)He is my fathers friend. (唯一的一个或刚谈及的那一个)(b) 有些情况下, of- 词组与双重属格的意义大相径庭。双重属格表示某人做的、干的, 但不是他本人的。of- 词组表示本人的。a bone of the dogs (一根狗啃的骨头)a bone of the dog (一根狗骨)a painting of Mr. Blakes (他收藏的一张画像)a painting of Mr. Blake (他本人的一张画像)(c) 当中心词是opinion, criticism, judgment 等带有动词含义的“观点性名词”时, 双重属格表示的是主谓关系,of- 词组表示的是动宾关系。a criticism of the students (学生们的批评)a criticism of the students (对学生们的批评)an opinion of my brothers (我哥哥的看法)an opinion of my brother (别人)对我哥哥的看法)w of-词组(a) To refer to someone or something that belongs to or is connected with someone, it is usual to use s or s , not of , with short noun phrases : Dads car (NOT the car of Dad) a childs bike (NOT the bike of a child) my sisters boyfriend (NO