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48例原因不明矮身材儿童临床特征和致病基因分析.pdf

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1、第 45卷 第1期2024 年 1月Vol.45 No.1January 2024中山大学学报(医学科学版)JOURNAL OF SUN YATSEN UNIVERSITY(MEDICAL SCIENCES)48例原因不明矮身材儿童临床特征和致病基因分析侯乐乐1,林少汾1,李晓娟2,刘祖霖1,欧辉1,张丽娜1,孟哲1,梁立阳1(1.中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院儿童医学中心,广东 广州 510289;2.中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院细胞分子诊断中心,广东 广州 510289)摘要:【目的】总结原因不明矮身材儿童的临床特征并探讨其致病基因,为临床精准诊疗提供依据。【方法】收集我院儿科内分泌专科2018年1月至

2、2022年8月就诊的未能明确诊断的矮身材儿童临床表现、实验室检查及全外显子组测序(WES)结果进行回顾性分析,根据不同作用机制对致病基因进行归纳总结。【结果】纳入患儿48例(男性30例,女性18例),年龄(7.733.97)岁,身高标准差分值为-3.631.67;临床表现:特殊面容33例(68.8%),体型或骨骼系统异常 31 例(64.6%),围产期异常 26 例(54.2%,其中 61.5%为小于胎龄儿),内分泌系统异常 24 例(50.0%,其中87.5%生长激素(GH)峰值低于正常),矮身材家族史21例(43.8%);实验室检查:GH激发试验峰值(9.727.25)ng/mL,IGF-

3、1 标准差分值为-0.821.42,骨龄与年龄差值(-0.931.39)岁;WES共发现相关基因变异者25例,其中14例(56.0%)为致病变异,6例(24.0%)为可能致病变异,5例(20.0%)为意义未明变异;评价为致病及可能致病变异的基因共14个,其中影响细胞内信号通路10个(PTPN11、RAF1、RIT1、ARID1B、ANKRD11、CSNK2A1、SRCAP、CUL7、SMAD4和FAM111A),影响细胞外基质(ECM)4个(ACAN、FBN1、COL10A1和COMP)。【结论】临床上表现为严重矮身材伴特殊面容、非匀称体型、骨骼系统异常、小于胎龄儿、GH峰值低于正常和矮身材家

4、族史等特征的儿童,其病因需考虑罕见单基因疾病的可能,WES是提高单基因性矮小症诊断效能的重要手段。本组患儿致病基因中,主要致病机制是影响细胞内信号通路和ECM组分或功能,进一步研究有助于发现和研究新的矮小症致病变异和基因功能。关键词:矮身材;儿童;临床特征;全外显子组测序;基因变异;致病基因中图分类号:R725.8 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1672-3554(2024)01-0127-09DOI:10.13471/ki.j.sun.yat-sen.univ(med.sci).20240004.006Clinical and Genetic Study on 48 Children with

5、Short Stature of Unknown EtiologyHOU Lele1,LIN Shaofen1,LI Xiaojuan2,LIU Zulin1,OU Hui1,ZHANG Lina1,MENG Zhe1,LIANG Liyang1(1.Children s Medical Center,Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510289,China;2.Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Center,Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospita

6、l,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510289,China)Correspondence to:LIANG Liyang;E-mail:Abstract:【Objective】To explore the clinical features and causative genes of short stature children with unknown etiology,providing evidence for precise clinical diagnosis and treatment.【Methods】The study recruited

7、children with suspected but undiagnosed short stature from the pediatric endocrinology department in our hospital between January 2018 and August 2022.A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical manifestations,laboratory test and whole exome sequencing(WES)results.Causative genes were cla

8、ssified and analyzed according to different pathogenic mechanisms.临床研究 收稿日期:2023-08-31 录用日期:2023-11-27基金项目:中华国际医学交流基金会儿科内分泌中青年医师成长科研基金(Z-2019-41-2201)作者简介:侯乐乐,第一作者,研究方向:儿童内分泌及遗传代谢性疾病,E-mail:;梁立阳,通信作者,主任医师,E-mail:第45卷中山大学学报(医学科学版)【Results】A total of 48 children(30 boys and 18 girls)were enrolled,aged

9、 7.73 3.97 years,with a height standard deviation score(HtSDS)of-3.63 1.67.Of the patients,33(68.8%)suffered from facial anomalies,31(64.6%)from skeletal abnormalities,26 54.2%,61.5%of whom born small for gestational age(SGA)from perinatal abnormalities,24 50.0%,87.5%of whom with growth hormone(GH)p

10、eak concentration below normal from endocrine disorders and 21(43.8%)had a family history of short stature.Laboratory tests showed that GH peak concentration following stimulation test was(9.72 7.25)ng/mL,IGF-1 standard deviation score was-0.82 1.42,the difference between bone age and chronological

11、age was-0.93 1.39 years.Of the 25 cases with mutant genes found by WES,14(56.0%)had pathogenic mutation,6(24.0%)likely pathogenic mutation,and 5(20.0%)mutation of uncertain significance.Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants were identified in 14 genes,including 10 affecting intracellular signali

12、ng pathways(PTPN11,RAF1,RIT1,ARID1B,ANKRD11,CSNK2A1,SRCAP,CUL7,SMAD4 and FAM111A)and 4 affecting extracellular matrix(ECM)components or functions(ACAN,FBN1,COL10A1 and COMP).【Conclusions】A rare monogenic disease should be considered as the possible etiology for children with severe short stature acc

13、ompanied by facial anomalies,disproportionate body types,skeletal abnormalities,SGA,GH peak concentration below normal and a family history of short stature.WES played an important role in identifying the monogenic causes of short stature.This study indicated that affecting growth plate cartilage fo

14、rmation through intracellular signaling pathways and ECM components or functions was the main mechanism of causative genes leading to severe short stature in children.Further research may help discover and study new pathogenic variants and gene functions.Key words:short stature;children;clinical fea

15、ture;whole exome sequencing(WES);gene mutation;causative geneJ SUN Yatsen Univ(Med Sci),2024,45(1):127-135矮身材是儿科内分泌领域的常见体征,是许多疾病共同的临床表现1-3。引起矮身材的原因和疾病众多,由于临床经验和常规检查手段的局限性,传统评估方法和流程往往不能揭示矮身材儿童精准的病因3-4。近年来随着基因检测技术的发展,越来越多影响身高的功能基因得以被发现和定位1,4-6,检测不明原因矮身材儿童的基因变异及明确患者的分子病因也成为可能。利用新兴的遗传学检测手段挖掘矮身材儿童病因,不但可以

16、提供更为精准的诊断,认识疾病的本质,还可以优化矮身材儿童的诊断流程、开拓新的治疗思路1,6-7。本研究通过回顾性分析,总结48例临床上原因不明的矮身材儿童的临床特征并分析探讨其致病基因,以期提高对矮身材相关的罕见病的认识,也为临床精准诊疗提供科学依据。1 材料与方法1.1研究对象2018年1月2022年8月就诊于中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院儿科内分泌专科的按中华医学会儿科学分会内分泌遗传代谢学组 矮身材儿童诊治指南8临床诊断流程未确诊的身材矮小症儿童。纳入标准:根据中国儿童标准化生长曲线9,身高低于同年龄、同性别儿童平均身高 2 个标准差(-2 standard deviation,-2 SD)或低

17、于父母遗传靶身高的-2 SD,临床资料完整,并伴有下列一项或一项以上情况:肢体比例异常/骨骼发育不良;无生长追赶的出生小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age,SGA);有特殊表型的多垂体激素缺乏;有矮身材/相似特征家族史或特殊表型的孤立性生长激素缺乏症(isolated growth hormone deficiency,IGHD);身高低于同年龄、同性别儿童平均身高-3 SD或低于父母遗传靶身高的-3 SD。排除标准:临床可明确病因的矮小患儿(包括染色体异常、临床可识别的伴有典型表现的综合征等);慢性疾病、肿瘤、精神心理问题等引起的身材矮小。1.2研究方法1.2.1临

18、床资料收集本研究经中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院医学伦理委员会批准豁免知情同意及开展(批件号SYSEC-KY-KS-2022-118)。对符合纳入标准且不符合排除标准者,收集以下资料:一般资料:性别、实际年龄(chronological age,CA)、围128第1期侯乐乐,等.48例原因不明矮身材儿童临床特征和致病基因分析产期情况、饮食习惯、生长发育情况、家族史、体格测量指标及各系统体格检查情况。体格检查包括面部特征、身高、体质量、头围、坐高、臂展和性发育迹象;实验室检查:血尿常规、肝肾功能、电解质、血清生长激素(growth hormone,GH)峰值(采用左旋多巴与吡啶斯的明联合激发试验10)、

19、胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-likegrowth factor 1,IGF-1)、甲状腺功能、空腹血糖及空腹胰岛素;影像学检查:左手腕、掌、指骨正位及全脊柱正侧位 X线摄片;腹部(肝胆胰脾)、泌尿系及心脏彩超;头颅及鞍区 MRI;遗传学检查:染色体核型分析结果(G 显 带 法);全 外 显 子 组 测 序(whole exome sequencing,WES)结果(EDTA 抗凝管抽取患儿及父母静脉血各2 mL,使用Illumina测序平台,进行WES检测);Sanger测序验证结果。1.2.2结果评估及判定标准激发试验过程中GH峰值10 ng/mL为正常8;根据中国儿童血清IGF-

20、1的正常参考值11,对6岁者计算IGF-1标准差分值(IGF-1 SDS);根据中华05 RUS-CHN法12,对左手腕、掌、指骨正位X线摄片进行骨龄(bone age,BA)判定,计算骨龄与实际年龄差值(BA-CA)。1.2.3致病基因评估及分类根据美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会(American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics,ACMG)遗传变异分类标准与指南13,结合临床表型,对致病基因进行筛选及判断,并对其致病等级进行评价;同时根据文献报道的不同作用机制14,对致病基因进行归纳总结。1.3统计学方法采用 SPSS 20.0 软件进行数据统

21、计,定量资料 采用均数标准差及中位数和四分位数 M(P25 P75)表示。2 结 果2.1人口学资料身高低于同年龄、同性别儿童平均身高-2 SD或低于父母遗传靶身高的-2 SD且临床资料完整者共267例,其中符合纳入标准且不符合排除标准者共48例(图1),其中男性30例、女性18例,就诊年龄(7.733.97)岁M(P25 P75)为 7.25(4.46 11.33),身高标准差分值(height standard deviation score,HtSDS)-3.631.67 M(P25 P75)为-3.14(-4.19 -2.60),85.4%(41/48)患儿身高集中在-2 SD至-5

22、SD。48例患儿中发现与临床表型相关的基因变异者共25例,其中男性18例,女性7例,年 龄(8.513.99)岁M(P25 P75)为 8.67(5.3811.92),HtSDS-3.791.41 M(P25 P75)为-3.35(-4.23 -2.72)。2.2临床表现48例患儿所涉及的临床表现类别按所占比例高低依次为特殊面容、体型及骨骼系统异常、围产期异常(61.5%为SGA)、内分泌系统异常(87.5%激发试验GH峰值低于正常)、矮身材家族史、神经肌肉系统异常、皮肤毛发异常、泌尿生殖系统异常、心血管系统异常、消化系统异常和血液系统异常(表1)。25例发现基因变异的患儿中,最常见的5种临床

23、特征依次为四肢短小(11/25,44.0%)、SGA(8/25,32.0%)、耳位低(6/25,24.0%)、颈短(6/25,24.0%)和鼻梁低平(表2、图1)。2.3实验室及影像学检查结果激发试验GH峰值(n=35)为9.727.25 ng/mL M(P25 P75)为6.89(5.16 13.00),其中21例GH峰值10 ng/mL;6 岁患儿(n=21)IGF-1 SDS 为-0.821.42 M(P25 P75)为-0.98(-1.94 0.35);BA(n=38)为 7.00 3.98 岁 M(P25 P75)为 6.60(3.80 11.00),BA-CA 为-0.931.39

24、 岁 M(P25 P75)为-0.78(-1.80 -0.18)。血尿常规、肝肾功能、电解质、甲状腺功能、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素均正常;全脊柱正侧位X线摄片发现脊柱侧弯、脊柱后凸各2例;腹部彩超发现轻度肝肿大1例;泌尿系彩超发现双侧肾积水、双侧多发肾结石各1例;心脏彩超肺动脉狭窄、二尖瓣脱垂、房间隔缺损、肥厚型心肌病各1例;头颅及鞍区MRI发现垂体柄缺如1例。2.4遗传学检查结果及致病机制分类48例患儿染色体核型分析结果均正常;25例发现基因变异的患儿中,评价为致病变异者14例(14/25,56.0%),可能致病变异6例(6/25,24.0%),意义未明变异 5 例(5/25,20.0%);共包

25、含 17 个基因,其中评价为致病及可能致病变异的基因共14个,包括影响细胞内信号通路 10 个(PTPN11、RAF1、RIT1、ARID1B、ANKRD11、CSNK2A1、SRCAP、CUL7、SMAD4 和 FAM111A),影 响 细 胞 外 基 质129第45卷中山大学学报(医学科学版)(extracellular matrix,ECM)组 分 或 功 能 4 个(ACAN、FBN1、COL10A1和 COMP);评价为致病及可能致病变异的基因Sanger测序验证结果详见图2(部分数据缺失)。结合临床特征、家族史、相关疾病遗传方式等进行综合分析,评价为致病及可能致病变异的基因基本可以

26、判断为相应病例或家系的致病基因(表2、表3)。3 讨 论矮身材是指相似生活环境下的个体身高低于同性别、同年龄、同种族正常人群身高均值的-2 SD或第3百分位数3。临床上通过病史询问、体格检查、常规或特殊的实验室检查、影像学检查及染色体核型分析可以明确部分病因,但由于矮身材涉及表148例未确诊的身材矮小症儿童临床表现类别Table 1Classification of clinical manifestations in 48 children with short stature of unknown etiology nPercentageMost common clinical manif

27、estation(n)nPercentageMost common clinical manifestation(n)Facial dysmorphism3368.8low set ears(11)Skinabnormalities1020.8Skin Pigmentation(3)Skeletal abnormalities3164.6short limbs(17)Urogenital system510.4Cryptorchidism(2)Perinatal abnormalities2654.2SGA(16)Cardiovascular system48.3Congenital hear

28、t disease(2)Endocrine system2450.0GH peak concentration below normal(21)Immune system12.1CMPA(1)Family history of short stature2143.8/Digestive system12.1Congenital megacolon(1)Neurological system1531.3Mental retardation(6)Hematological system12.1thrombocyto-penia(1)SGA:small for gestational age;CMP

29、A:cows milk protein allergy图125例发现基因变异患儿临床特征分布Fig.1Percentage of clinical features in 25 children with detected gene mutations130第1期侯乐乐,等.48例原因不明矮身材儿童临床特征和致病基因分析表225例发现基因变异患儿临床表现Table 2Results of clinical manifestations in 25 children with detected gene mutations Case12345678910111213141516171819202

30、122232425GenderMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMaleMaleMaleMaleMaleMaleMaleMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMaleMaleMaleFemaleMaleMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMaleAge(years)5.678.6713.6710.33128.9248.922.753.4210.1712.55.085.9217156.58.52.089.175.674.4212.9211.837.75Clinical features other than short statureFacial dysmorphismShort l

31、imbsMental retardation,facial dysmorphism,short limbs,thrombocytopeniaFetal macrosomia,facial dysmorphism,preauricular fistula,high arched palate,shield chest,CHD,joint deformity,cafe-au-lait spotSGA,CHD,HT,CPP,facial dysmorphism,stubby fingers,single transverse palmar crease,skin pigmentation,thick

32、ened skinDevelopmental delay,mental retardation,hypertrichiasisFeeding difficulties,prominent foreheadSGA,developmental delay,mental retardationSGA,CMPA,mental retardation,facial dysmorphism,single transverse palmar crease,hypertrichiasisSGA,feeding difficulties,facial dysmorphism,joint deformityHig

33、h arched palate,short limbs,joint limitations,CPPSGA,mental retardation,kyphoscoliosis,joint limitationsSGA,delayed closure of anterior fontanelle,facial dysmorphism,short limbs,sparse hairSGA,pectus carinatumFacial dysmorphism,short limbs,skin pigmentation,cafe-au-lait spotFacial dysmorphism,short

34、limbsFacial dysmorphism,micropenis,cryptorchidism,skin pigmentationFacial dysmorphism,short limbs,palm hypertrophy,stubby fingers,claw fingers,joint limitations,CHDFacial dysmorphism,short neck,short limbs,palm hypertrophy,stubby fingers,claw fingers,thickened skinFacial dysmorphism,short limbs,stub

35、by fingers,claw fingers,joint limitationsFacial dysmorphism,short limbs,palm hypertrophy,stubby fingersSGA,short neck,low posterior hairline,shield chestFacial dysmorphism,short limbs,hypertelorism,palm/feet hypertrophyFinger joints swellingSGAFamily historyNegativeFather with short stature,thick li

36、ps,and short neckNegativeNegativeGrandmother with short statureNegativeFather and grandfather with short statureNegativeNegativeFather and grandfather with short statureMother with short stature and kyphoscoliosisNegativeMother and brother with short statureMother and grandfather with short statureN

37、egativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeGrandfather and grandmother with short statureFather and grandmother with short statureGrandmother with short statureNegativeNegativeSGA:small for gestational age;CHD:congenital heart disease;CPP:central precocious puberty;HT:Hashimotos thyroiditis;CMPA:cows mi

38、lk protein allergy;GHD:growth hormone deficiency;Case 2 and Case 3 were siblings.131第45卷中山大学学报(医学科学版)表325例发现基因变异患儿WES检测结果及致病机制分类Table 3Results of WES testing and classification of pathogenic mechanisms in 25 children with detected gene mutations MechanismsIntracellular signaling pathwaysExtracellula

39、r matrixGH-IGF-1 axisCase12345678910111213141516171819202122232425GenePTPN11PTPN11PTPN11RAF1RIT1ARID1BANKRD11CSNK2A1SRCAPCUL7SMAD4TRPV4FAM111AACANACANACANACANFBN1FBN1FBN1FBN1COL10A1COMPCCN6SOX3DNA sequencec.922AGc.174CGc.174CGc.788TAc.247ACc.3444CGc.1385_1388delCAAAc.149AGc.7273dupAc.4717CTc.4115TGc

40、.1498AGc.1469AGc.1706GAc.2023CTc.2947GCc.2TCc.2144CGc.5284GAc.5159GCc.5099AGc.5182GAc.2TCc.1126GAc.346+5GCc.346+5GCc.946GAProtein effectp.Asn308Aspp.Asn58Lysp.Asn58Lysp.Val263Aspp.Thr83Prop.Tyr1148*p.Thr462Lysfs*47p.Tyr50CysP.Thr2424fsp.Arg1573*p.Val1372Glyp.Ile500Valp.Tyr490Cysp.Arg569Hisp.Arg675*p

41、.Glu983Glnp.MET1?p.Pro715Argp.Gly1762Serp.Cys1720Serp.Tyr1700Cysp.Ala1728Thrp.Met1?p.Asp376Asnp.?p.?p.Gly316SerParental originde novoFatherFatherde novode novoNAde novode novode novoFatherMotherde novoMotherde novoMotherNAde novoNAde novode novode novode novoFatherde novoFatherMotherMotherInheritanc

42、eADADADADADADADADADARADADADADADADADADADADADADADARXLRClassification(ACMG)PPPLPPPPLPLPPVUSPVUSPPVUSPVUSPLPLPLPPPVUSVUSEvidence(ACMG)PS2 PS3 PM1 PM2 PP3PS1 PS3 PM1 PM2 PP1 PP3PS1 PS3 PM1 PM2 PP1 PP3PS2 PM2 PP3PS2 PS3 PM1 PM2 PP3PVS1 PM2 PP3PVS1 PS2 PM2 PP3PS2 PM2 PP3PS2 PM2 PP3PVS1 PM2 PP3PM2 PM3 PP3PS

43、2 PS3 PM1 PM2 PP2 PP3PM1 PM2 PP3PS2 PS4 PM1 PM2 PP3PVS1 PM2 PP3PM2 PP3PVS1 PS2 PM2 PP3PM2 PP3PS2 PS3 PM1 PM2 PP3PS2 PM1 PM2 PP3PS2 PM1 PM2 PP3PS2 PM1 PM2 PP3PVS1 PM2 PP3PS2 PM1 PM2 PM5 PP3PM2 PP3PM2 PP3AssociateddisordersNoonan syndrome 1Noonan syndrome 5Noonan syndrome 8Coffin-Siris syndromeKBG syn

44、dromeOkur-Chung syndromeFloating-Harbor syndrome3-M syndromeMyhre syndromeMetatropic dysplasiaKenny-Caffey syndrome type 2Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia,Kimberley type;Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia,aggrecan typeShort stature and advanced bone age,with or without early-onset osteoarthritis and/or os

45、teochondritis dissecansAcromelic dysplasiasMetaphyseal dysplasiaMultiple epiphyseal dysplasiaGenetic inflammatory/rheumatoid-like osteoarthropathiesGHD,ocular dyspraxia,intellectual disabilityWES:whole exome sequencing;ACMG:American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics;AD:autosomal dominant;AR:a

46、utosomal recessive;XLR:X-linked recessive;P:pathogenic;LP:likely pathogenic;VUS:variant of uncertain significance;NA:not available;Case 2 and Case 3 were siblings.132第1期侯乐乐,等.48例原因不明矮身材儿童临床特征和致病基因分析广泛的病因异质性,仍有相当一部分的矮身材儿童存在病因诊断的不确定性,准确识别身材矮小的病因具有挑战性。因此,总结分析这类常规诊断流程未能确诊的矮身材儿童的临床特征,探讨如何高效地利用基因检测技术寻找可能的

47、病因,有助于临床医生早期识别一部分特殊类型的矮身材儿童,提高确诊的可能性。本研究共纳入48例常规诊断流程未明确病因的矮身材儿童,平均HtSDS低于-3SD,所有病例按本中心诊断能力均已排除临床可明确的病因,对其临床特点进行总结分析,结果显示该组患儿虽然总体临床表现多样,但主要集中在特殊面容、体型及骨骼异常、围产期异常和内分泌系统异常等方面,又以特殊面容和体型及骨骼异常最突出,分别占68.8%和 64.6%,前 者 以 耳 位 低 最 常 见(11/33,33.3%),后者最常见的是短肢型矮身材(17/31,54.8%)。矮身材伴有特殊面容和骨骼异常的病因可以是染色体核型异常,但本组患儿染色体核

48、型均正常,表明需要寻求其他的确诊手段。本组患儿中有25例(52.1%)经WES检测发现了与临床表型相关的单基因变异,提示对于具有上述临床特征且未能明确诊断的矮身材儿童,WES能明显提高罕见A:Case 1 with c.922AG variant in PTPN11;B and C:Case 2 and Case 3 with c.174CG variant in PTPN11;D:Case 5 with c.247AC variant in RIT1;E:Case 7 with c.1385_1388delCAAA variant in ANKRD11;F:Case 8 with c.149

49、AG variant in CSNK2A1;G:Case 9 with c.7273dupA variant in SRCAP;H:Case 10 with c.4717CT and c.4115TG variants in CUL7;I:Case 11 with c.1498AG variant in SMAD4;J:Case 13 with c.1706GA variant in FAM111A;K:Case 14 with c.2023CT variant in ACAN;L:Case 16 with c.2TC variant in ACAN;M:Case 18 with c.5284

50、GA variant in FBN1;N:Case 19 with c.5159GC variant in FBN1;O:Case 20 with c.5099AG variant in FBN1;P:Case 21 with c.5182GA variant in FBN1;Q:Case 22 with c.2TC variant in COL10A1;R:Case 23 with c.1126GA variant in COMP.图2Sanger测序验证结果Fig.2Results of Sanger sequencing133第45卷中山大学学报(医学科学版)单基因性身材矮小症的诊断效能

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