09《会计英语》期末复习资料v.doc

09会计英语期末复习资料I. Useful Phrases （短语）1. Trading securities交易性金融资产2. Notes/accounts receivable 应收票据/帐款3. Provision for bad debts 坏帐准备4. Advances to suppliers 预付帐款5. Prepaid expenses 待摊费用6. Accrued expenses 预提费用7. Accrued payroll 应付工资8. Dividends payable 应付股利9. Provision for loss on realization of inventory 存货变现损失准备10. Available-for-sale securities 可供出售的金融资产11. Hold-to-maturity securities 持有至到期投资12. Long-term investment in equity 长期股权投资13. Long-term investment maturing within one year 一年内到期的长期投资14. Receivables collectible after one year 一年以上应收款项15. Fixed assets - cost 固定资产原价16. Fixed assets net book value 固定资产净值17. Fixed assets pending disposal 固定资产清理18. Accumulated depreciation 累计折旧19. Construction in progress 在建工程20. Intangible assets 无形资产21. Proprietary technology and patents 工业产权及专有技术22. Deferred tax assets 递延所得税资产23. Current liabilities 流动债务24. Provisions for foreseeable liabilities 预计负债准备25. Premium/discount on debentures payable 应付公司债券溢价/折价26. Deferred tax liabilities 递延所得税负债27. Paid-in capital 实收资本28. Capital/Earnings surplus 资本/盈余公积29. Undistributed profits 末分配利润30. Accumulated losses 累计亏损31. Profit and loss account利润表32. Sales discounts and allowances销售折扣与折让33. Impairment losses of assets 资产减值损失34. Gain/loss on changes in fair value 公允价值变动收益/损失35. Operating profit/loss 营业利润/亏损36. Non-operating income/expenses 营业外收入/支出37. Net profit/loss after tax 税后净利润/亏损38. Earnings per share (EPS) 每股收益39. Basic/diluted EPS 基本/稀释每股收益II. Abbreviations （缩略语）1. GAAP : Generally Accepted Accounting Principles .公认会计原则2. FASB : Financial Accounting Standards Board. 财务会计准则委员会3. AICPA : American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. 美国注册会 计师协会4. CICPA : Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants. 中国注册会计师协会5. MOF : the Ministry of Finance 财政部6. SL Method : straight-line method. 直线法 P.252/77. ROA : return on assets.资产报酬率 P.267/7 8. EPS : earning per share.每股收益 P.351/9 9. P/E Ratio : the price/earning ration 市盈率10. SCF : the statement of cash flows 现金流量表III. Questions （回答问题）Lesson 1 - Home Assignments1. What are the four financial statements prepared by a proprietorship to provide information for decision making? They are: income statement (profit and loss account), statement of owners equity (capital statement, statement of retained earnings), balance sheet and cash flow statement.2. What is the proper formula presentation of the accounting equation? Assets = Liabilities + owners equity + (Revenue Expenses)3. What are the four key ethical standards that are expected of professional accountants?They are: integrity, confidentiality, competence, and objectivity.l Exercise 1 - 2: p.2Foreman Corporation, engaged in a service business, completed the following selected transactions during the period: 1) Issued additional capital stock, receiving cash;2) Purchased supplies on account;3) Returned defective supplies purchased on account and not yet paid for;4) Received cash as a refund from the erroneous overpayment of an expense;5) Charged customers for services sold on account;6) Paid utilities expense;7) Paid a creditor on account;8) Received cash on account from charge customers;9) Paid cash dividends to stockholders;10) Determined the amount of supplies used during the month.Using a tabular form with column headings entitled Transactions, Assets, Liabilities, and Capital respectively, indicate the effect of each transaction. Use + for increase and for the decrease.TransactionAssetsLiabilitiesOwners equity1)+2)+3)4)+5)+6)7)8)+ 9)10)Lesson 2 - Home Assignments1. Does debit always mean increase and credit always mean decrease? No, it does not. And debit or credit should not be confused with increase or decrease. It depends on which side of an account is used for debit or credit.2. Given that assets have economic value and that they have debit balances, why do expenses also have debit balances? Because expenses have the effect of decreasing capital, and just as decreases in capital are recorded as debit, increases in expense accounts are recorded as debits.Lesson 3-Home Assignments 1. Briefly explain the matching principle. The matching principle states that expenses should be deducted (matched against) from the revenues earned in the same period.2. Why is an unearned revenue a liability? Unearned revenue is a liability because the business owes the customer a good or service.Lesson 7-Home Assignments 1. What do determinable current liabilities include? P.291 They include trade accounts payable, current notes payable, current maturities of long-term obligations, cash dividends payable, accrued liabilities, and prepayments or deposits from customers.2. What does non-current liabilities represent? P.306 It represents obligations of the firm that generally are due more than one year after the balance sheet date.Lesson 8-Home Assignments 1. What determines the yield rate of a companys stock? Dividends per share divided by market price per share determine the yield rate of a companys stock. 2. What is P/E ratio? The Price/Earning (P/E) ratio is the ratio of the market price per share to earnings per share.Lesson 9-Home Assignments 1. What are the three categories into which the SCF should be classified?They are a) cash flow from operating activities, b) cash flow from investing activities, cash flow from financing activities. 2. What is the usefulness of the SCF? From SCF, the information users can know the reasons for the difference between net income and net cash flows from operating activities. IV. E-C Translation （英汉语篇翻译）1. Preparing a Trial BalanceAccountants usually complete the posting of journal entries to the ledger accounts at the end of each month if they are using a manual system. With a computerized system, each posting is done automatically as each journal entry is recorded. The equality of debits and credits in the ledger should be verified at the end of each accounting period. To verify the accuracy of the recording process, accountants prepare a trial balance of the ledger accounts. A trial balance not only provides a check on the equality of debits and credits but also is a useful summary of account balances for preparing financial statements.参考译文 编制试算表若使用的是手工录入系统的话，会计师通常是在每个月的月底完成日记帐到分类帐的过帐工作；若是用计算机系统的话，则每次过帐均在完成每笔日记帐的同时就自动完成了。在每个会计时期的期末，应对分类帐的借贷等额进行校验。会计师编制分类帐的试算表则是为了校验录入过程的准确性。试算表不但便于核对分类帐的借贷等额，而且也有助于编制会计报表时汇总各帐户余额。2. Significant investments in the equity securities (voting stock) of another company may also indicate significant influence and a substantive economic relationship. To achieve a reasonable degree of uniformity, the accounting profession concluded that an investment of 20 percent or more in the voting stock of another company represents a “significant influence” and that equity investment from 20 to 50 percent of the voting stock should be accounted for using the equity method. Equity method is method of accounting whereby the investment is initially recorded at its cost and the carrying amount of the investment are adjusted thereafter for changes in the investors share of owners equity of the investee enterprise.参考译文 对另一家公司的股权证券（即有表决权股票）所进行的重大投资，也可表明对其产生重要影响或形成某种实质性的经济关系。为了取得合理的统一度，会计行业的结论是：对另一家公司的有表决权股票的投资达到20%或以上，即代表获得某种“重要影响”，而对有表决权股票的股权投资达到20%至50%者，则应应运股权会计法。股权法是一种会计方法，即将投资先记入成本帐，而该投资的帐面余额要随投资者在投资企业的所有者权益份额的变化进行调整。3. Interest of loan and other related expenses for acquiring fixed assets, and the exchange difference from conversion of foreign currency loan, if incurred before the assets not having been put into operation or after been put into operation but before the final account for completed project is made, shall be accounted as fixed assets value; if incurred after that, shall be accounted for as current profit or loss. We only can capitalize the actual interest costs incurred curing construction. The rationale for capitalizing the actual interest costs incurred during construction is that during construction the asset is not generating revenues, and therefore interest costs should be deferred (capitalized). Once construction is completed, the asset is ready for its intended use and revenues can be earned. At this point, interest should be reported as an expense and matched to these revenues.参考译文 贷款利息以及为获得固定资产而产生的其它相关费用，还有因外币贷款转换而产生的汇率差额，如果发生于资产投入运行之前或虽然投入运行但该项已竣工程尚未最后结帐，均须以固定资产价值进行会计；如果发生在上述情况之后，则应作为当前获利或损失进行会计。我们只能将项目在建期间产生的实际利息成本转化为资本。将项目在建期间产生的实际利息成本资本化的基本原理是：该资产不能产生收益，所以，其利息成本应当递延（资本化）。而一旦建设项目竣工，该资产就可发挥预想的作用并获得收益。此刻，利息就应作为一项开支，同时要与收益相匹配。4. Determinable current liabilities are known with certainty to exist as of the balance sheet date, and the amount ultimately to be paid is known with certainty or can be reasonably estimated. In most cases the existence, amounts to be paid and due dates of determinable current liabilities are prescribed by written or implied contracts. Therefore, the primary accounting problem related to most determinable current liabilities is simply to be certain that they are recorded and are properly classified in the balance sheet.参考译文 可确定流动负债是由资产负债表日期来确定其存在，且最终的应付金额也可确定或可合理地加以估算。多数情况下，可确定流动负债的存在、应付金额及付款日期均由书面或默认合约加以规定。因此，针对绝大多数的可确定流动负债来说，首要的会计问题就是将它们记入资产负债表并在表中予以合理地分类。 5. Contingency is a condition that arises from past transactions or events, the outcome of which will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of uncertain future events. A contingency is involving uncertainty as to possible asset (hereinafter a “contingent asset”) or liability (hereinafter a “contingent liability”) to an enterprise that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. Contingencies are classified as either contingent assets or contingent liabilities.参考译文 或有事项是由于往日的经济交易或经济事件所产生的一种条件；该条件的结果只能由不确定的未来经济事件的发生与否来确认。或有事项包含着企业可能拥有的资产（下称“或有资产”）或负债（下称“或有负债”）的某种不确定性，而这种不确定性将伴随一种或多种未来经济事件的发生与否而最终得以明确。或有事项可分为或有资产或或有负债。The P/E Ratio6. The Price/Earning (P/E) ratio, which measures investor confidence in a company, is the ratio of the market price per share to earnings per share. The P/E ratio in comparing the relative value placed on the earnings of different companies and in comparing the value placed on a companys share in relation to the overall market. Companies with track records of rapid growth may sell at P/E ratio higher. Companies with “flat” earnings or earnings expected to decline in future years often sell at price-earnings ratios lower.For example, A corporations earnings per share is 0.18, a stocks market price is $15. Then, the corporations price-earning ratio is as follows:Market price per share / Earnings per share =15 / 0.18 = 83参考译文市盈率测定投资者对于一家公司信心的市盈率，即为每股市场价与其收益之比。市盈率既可用于比较不同公司之间股价收益的相对价值，也可用于比较某单一公司股票相对于整个市场股票的价值。具备高增长业绩的公司的股票能以高市盈率出售，而收益“贫乏”或是未来若干年收益可能滑坡的公司的股价往往以较低市盈率出售。譬如，甲公司每股收益为0.18，每股市场价是15美元，则该公司的市盈率为：每股市场价 / 每股收益 = 15 / 0.18 = 837. Both the balance sheet and the income statement have a limited information about the cash flows of an enterprise during a period. For instance, balance sheet might show what assets have been acquired or disposed of and what liabilities have been incurred or liquidated. The income statement provides information about resources, but not exactly cash, provided by operations. None of these statements presents a detailed summary of all the cash inflows and outflows, or the sources and uses of cash during the period. To fill this need, the statement of cash flows (also called the cash flow statement) is required.参考译文 资产负债表和损益表仅提供企业在某一段会计期间内有关现金流的有限信息。例如，资产负债表可能表明企业已收购或出售什么资产，或是已发生或清算什么债务。损益表提供的是有关企业经营的资源而非现金流的信息。在该会计期间内，这些报表没有一个能提供所有的现金流入和流出，或现金来源与使用的详细总结。为了填补这方面的需要，现金流量表（也称为现金流量表）是必需的。财务分析复习会计分析的内涵与步骤：会计分析的目的在于评价企业会计所反映的财务状况与经营成果的真实程度。会计分析的作用，一方面通过对会计政策、会计方法、会计披露的评价，揭示会计信息的质量；另一方面通过对会计灵活性、会计估价的调整，修正会计数据，为财务分析奠定基础，并保证财务分析结论的可靠性。步骤：1、阅读会计报告；2、比较会计报表；3、解释会计报表；4、修正会计报表信息。会计分析在财务分析中的地位和作用：会计分析是财务报表分析的重要步骤之一，是财务分析的基础。会计分析的目的在于评价企业会计所反映的财务状况与经营成果的真实程度。会计分析的作用，一方面通过对会计政策、会计方法、会计披露的评价，揭示会计信息的质量；另一方面通过对会计灵活性、会计估价的调整，修正会计数据，为财务分析奠定基础，并保证财务分析结论的可靠性。所有者权益变动表与其他会计报表的关系：资产负债表报告的是某一时点的价值存量，利润表、现金流量表与所有者权益变动表反映的是两个时点之间的存量变化流量，利润表反映了所有者权益变动的一部分，现金流量表则反映了现金的变化过程，所有者权益变动反映的是资产负债表中所有者权益具体项目的变化过程。四张会计报表用会计语言反映了会计期间的总财务状况和经营业绩。现金流量表与资产负债表、利润表有何关系：1、资产负债表中现金及其等价物期末余额与期初余额只之差=现金流量表中现金及其等价物净增加；2、利润表中的净销货额资产负债表中的应收账款（票据）增加额+预收账款增加额=现金流量表中的销售商品、提供劳务收到的现金；3、资产负债表总除现金及其等价物之外的其他各项流动资产和流动负债的增加（减少）额=现金流量表中各相关项目的减少（增加）额。资产负债表各个项目开展分析应从哪方面入手？如货币资金变动原因分析；应收账款分析如何开展？应收账款变动原因？存货等等：1、货币资金变动的原因可能为：第一、销售规模的变动。第二、信用政策的变动。第三、为大笔现金支出做准备。第四、资金调度。第五、所筹资金尚未使用。（p101）2、应收账款分析应从以下几个方面进行：第一、关注企业应收账款的规模及变动情况。第二、分析会计政策变更和会计估计变更的影响。第三、分析企业是否利用应收账款进行利润调节。第四、要特别关注企业是否有应收账款巨额冲销行为。 从经营角度讲，其变动原因可能为：1、企业销售规模变动导致应收账款变动。2、企业信用政策改变，当企业实行比较严格的信用政策时，应收账款的规模就会小些；反之则会大些。3、企业收账政策不当或收账工作执行不力。当企业采取较严格的收账政策或收账工作得力时，应收账款的规模就会小些。4、应收账款质量不高，存在长期挂账且难以收回的账款，或因客户发生财务困难，暂时难以偿还所欠货款。对现金流量表的正确认识。特别注意净利润与经营活动现金净流量的差异原因分析（P167）所有者权益变动的原因：1、本期净利润；2、直接计入所有者权益的利得和损失；3、会计政策和会计错误更正的影响；4、股东投入资本；5、向股东分配利润；6、提取盈余公积。财务会计报表信息的局限性：1、财务会计报表计量的局限性；2、财务会计报表内容的局限性；3、财务会计报表时间的局限性。（p47）企业财务信息的使用者有哪些？他们分别关注哪些财务信息：1、投资者。了解其投资的完整性和投资报酬，企业资本结构的变化、未来的获利能力和利润分配政策等。2、债权人。了解企业的偿债能力，了解其债权的保障和利息的获取，以及债务人是否有足够的能力按期偿付债务。3、政府及其机构。了解企业的经验活动，社会资源的分配情况，以作为决定税收等经济政策和国民收入等统计资料的基础。4、潜在的投资者和债权人，了解企业的发展趋势、经营活动的范围、为选择投资和贷款方向提供依据。营业利润、利润总额与净利润的关系。营业利润=营业利润=主营业务收入+其他业务收入-主营业务成本-主营业务税金及附加-其他业务成本-期间费用利润总额=营业利润+营业外收入-营业外支出净利润=利润总额-所得税影响企业短期偿债能力、长期偿债能力的因素各有哪些？短期：P211（一）企业内部因素1、企业的资产结构,，特别是流动资产结构。2、流动负债结构3、企业的融资能力4、企业的经营现金流量水平（二）企业外部因素1、宏观经济形势2、证券市场的发育和完善程度3、银行的信贷政策除以上主要因素，还有企业的财务管理水平，母公司和子公司之间的资金调拨等。长期：P2221、企业的盈利能力2、投资效果3、权益资金的增长和稳定速度4、权益资金的实际价值5、企业的经营现金流量8