新概念英语4笔记.pdf

2008-03-19 18:35w osh ij ialish i 新概念四笔记Lesson 1 Finding fossil man 发现化石人We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East,where people first learned to write.But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write.The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagaslegends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another.These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago,but none could write down what they did.Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas,if they had any,are forgotten.So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the firstmodern men5 came from.Fortunately,however,ancient men made tools of stone,especially flint,because this is easier to shape than other kinds.They may also have used wood and skins,but these have rotted away.Stone does not decay,and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.ROBI N PLACE Finding fossil manNew words and expressions 生词短语recount/rikaunt/v.叙述/reikaunt/再数一次 record/rek d/ri kC:d/第一个音节带重音,名前动后叙述：recount:emotionless重复describedepict：a little emotionalnarrate：temporal&spacial根据时间或空间顺序描述。portray：描述saga/sa:g/n.英雄故事描述的内容mostly real北欧海盗活动的故事legend/ledV nd/n.传说，传奇unreal e.g robin hoodanthropologist/AnWr pCI dVist/n.人类学家anthrop：人philosopher:philo+sopher|爱+智慧=哲学家philanthropist:慈善家（对人有爱心的人）anthropology:人类学带-gy结尾的都是学科：biology生物学geography地理学ecology生态学 remote/rim ut/n.遥远 ancestor/Ansestf/n.祖先an在前面forefather,forebear,predecessor 祖先rot/rCt/v.烂掉leave me rot.=leave me along rot to death.soon ripe,soon rotten.decay国家民族逐渐衰亡decompose逐渐衰竭deteriorate关系逐渐恶化trace/treis/n.痕迹，踪迹trace the problemi follow your trace=i follow where you goPolynesia波利尼西亚poly-多polyandric:a wife with more than one husband polygeny:a husband with more than one wifeflint/flint/n.燧石 flinting hearted fossil/fCsl/n.化石 cobble 鹅卵石 Notes on the text课文注释read of读到谈至ij：speak of,talk of,know of,hear ofnear east：近东 mediterranean,south europe,north afric far east非限定性从句，表原因oral(spoken)language is earlier than written language,precede:什么在什么之前，不用比较,直接跟名词 counterpart:two things or two people have the same position oral(spoken)language is earlier than written counterpart.preserve:保留，保存(腌制)如果句中有0nly,那后面的表语结构就要用t。d。sth,而不是doing sth.storyteller:讲故事的人fortuneteller,palmreader:算命先生migration：移民1)migrant2)immigrant v.migrate:迁移，迁徙migratory bird:候鸟 none:no body people+s 民族if they had any:即便是有 his relativesjf he had any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized.find out 千方百计，费尽周折=explore modern men:the men who were like ourselves however-anywhere you want，力口逗号but,yet一不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentence therefore-自由so-自由tool:小工具instrument:实验器械equipment:设备shape:成型；教育，改造may also have:表推测peel:果皮leather:皮革hide:兽皮cowhide:牛皮without(any)trace:无影无踪Lesson 2 Spare that spider别伤害蜘蛛Why,you may wonder,should spiders be our friends?Because they destroy so many insects,and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race.I nsects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders.Moreover,unlike some of the other insect eaters,spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.Spiders are not insects,as many people think,nor even nearly related to them.One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf?One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England,and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre,that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects.It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill,but they are hungry creatures,not content with only three meals a day.It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.T.H.Gl LLESPI E Spare that Spider from The ListenerNew words and expressions 生词短语flocks and herds牛群和羊群/fICk/the birds of the same feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分 you are the same flock.也可指人 herd多指牛群 cowherd cowboy throng and crowd swarm owe/U/vt.感激，欠 i owe you.i owe you a big favor.欠 issue oblige indebt appreciate常用口语词 正式：grateful thankful beast/bi:st/n 兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用animal形容creature可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性.fraction/frAkF n/n.小部分分数，小数a fraction of rice will suffice on one s behalf 代表.利益I beat vou on vour behalf.我打你是为你好 on behalf of somebody/somethina e.g on behalf of Chinese government on behalf of=represent authority/C:WCriti/n.权威 authorize 批准 authoritative 权威性的 authoritarian 独裁的tarian带有这种词缀的词都是坏词dictator独裁者 dictatorial 独裁的authorities 1.权威（可单数可复数）2.当局（复数）census/sens s/n.统计数据 the fifth national population census,censor审查,censorious挑剔的，挑刺的 acre/eik/n.英亩1 acre=4 0 4 7 square meters football pitch 足球场football yard football court football field be content with 满足于 满足作表语，不能出现定语结构He is content with status quo.contented heart:心满意足的人 spare/spZ/v.不伤害，宽恕 spare me He doesnt spare himself.I spare no efforts to learn english.（spare no efforts:不 遗余力作什么）Notes on the text 课文注释why,you may wonderyou may wonder why 插入语 先不管插入语，弄清句子结构you may wonder why spiders should be our friends?插入语位置不固定 why以疑问句开头why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human beings.why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.destroy程度比damage要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光 tear into pieces greatest enemies:天敌 dying enemy crying enemydear enemy human race:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词 impossible和possible永远不要以人开头It is impossible for somebody to do something.likely 可以以人做主语。i am likely to go.probable也不以人做主语 they would表示假设 devour 狼吞虎咽 devour the food make a cake of myself make a god of myself devour the book it 虚拟语气前面是主句，下面是条件句 前面一般的加动词devour,后面用一般过去时If it were not for:如果这不是因为I would not survive if it were not for his timely help,but for 一定是虚拟语气=if it were not for owe 感激，欠 i owe you.引出主题all of them put together:把他们堆到一起谓语动词是kill destroyed后置定语，重心转到spiderLesson 3 Matterhorn man 马特霍恩山区人Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport,and the more difficult it is,the more highly it is regarded.I n the pioneering days,however,this was not the case at all.The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought,especially if it had never been attained before.It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature,equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought,but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.They had a single aim,a solitary goal-the top!It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers.Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix,which had rapidly become popular,Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains.Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden;the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old,all washed down with coarse wine.Often a valley boasted no inn at all,and climbers found shelter wherever they could-sometimes with the local priest(who was usually as poor as his parishioners),sometimes with shepherds or cheesemakers.I nvariably the background was the same:dirt and poverty,and very uncomfortable.For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home,the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.New words and expressions 生词短语1、alpinist(1.1)/$lpinist/n.登山运动员 climber mountaineer 词根：alpwoshijialishi 2008-03-19 18:36Alps(1.1 6)/$lps/n.阿尔卑斯山脉 Alpine(1.9)/$lpain/adj.阿尔卑斯山的2、attain(1.4)/+tein/v.到达to get toto arrive at/into attain ones aoal=realizeto attain the top/peak/summit 达到顶点 attain youth 永葆青春 attainment(n)attainments 成就 accomplishment 3、perilous(1.5)/peril+s/adj.危险的 peril(随时可能出现的)危险avalanche雪崩4、shudder(1.5)/M)d+/v.不寒而栗 shudder:quick and sudden tremble:long and very obvious quiver:excitement,maybe cold shiver:cold and nervous5、go out of ones way 专门by the way顺路 too much for me 受不起6、court(multiple meanings 多义词)1)朝廷朝臣 courtier2)courteous彬彬有礼的3)法庭4)娱乐场 足球场soccer/football court高尔夫球场golf court5)追求6)招致骄兵必败 pride courts failure7、solitary(1.6)/s&lrt+ri/adj.唯一的 sol-独solo独唱独奏solitude 孤独I live in solitude.=I live a lonely life.8、pioneer(1.2)pai+n+/v.开辟，倡导；n.先锋，开辟者9、impoverish(11.9-10)/$mp&v+rM/v.使贫困 poor(口语词)罗素名言：A great many man will cheerfully face inpoverishment if they can secure complete ruin for their rival,hence present level of taxation.许多人会高兴的面对贫困，如果他们能使对手落魄，因此出现了现在的税收水平。1 0 coarse(1.1 2)/k&:s/adj.粗劣的 coarse throat 嗓子哑 sore throat 嗓子发炎coarse fare 粗粮refined fair 细粮 coarse and refined in a coarse manner 粗暴无礼 11 boast(1.12)/b+ust/v.自恃有 用法：以人作主语，夸耀；以物作主语，拥有 He boasted that of his knowledge.The center boasts a team of high qualify(qualified researchers.)12、oarishionerd.1 3)/d+riM+n+/n.教区居民parish教区13、shepherd(1.14)/Mep+d/n.牧羊人 sheep/Eshep羊herd兽群14 linen(1.15)/linin/n.亚麻布床单Notes on the text课文注释1、Route路线Road道路2、good sports:stimulus 刺激 thrilling 震撼、兴奋3、regardregard sb with sth(感情词 love hatredhorrorrespect)Dad,I regard you with horror.爸爸,我很害怕你。4、pineering days,ancient(先人时期)5、not at all根本不case这回事6、be doing表达当时的行动(状态)7、top:顶点 summit 山顶 peak 山顶The scenery is at the peak ofthe mountain,无限风光在险峰。I am at the top of the world.我在世界之巅。Summit meeting 峰会8、attain至ij达conquer征月艮9、be of the most perilous naturenature特点、特性the most perilous difficulties and dangers学会 be of the+adj+noun结构 He is the kindest man.=He is the man of the kindest man.10、equipped表示当时的一种伴随。11 in a manner以这样的方式1 2、make sb do sth(省to结构)13、at the thought 一想到，mention 一提到,idea 一想到 这个结构后面加介词of原文艮at the thought of their poor equipment14 go out of ones way 亥U意 intentionallyeye catching引人注目的1 5 the real living conditions 真实生存状况1 6 nowadays插入语，现在回想起来，可在句首、句末17、except for把其中的一部分扣除1 8 tend to be 倾向于1 9 settlement生存地、驻扎地20 cut off=which are cut off21 flea ridden 跳蚤22、as they were可以这么说，插入语还有 as it wereThis book is,as it were,his life portrait.这本书，可是说，是他的人生写照。23 local当地的24、wine 低度酒 alcohol 酒精 alcoholic 酒鬼25、boast 拥有 priest 牧师 shepherd 牧羊人 invariably=all the same26 dirt and poverty,and very uncomfortable（结构不符合习惯，不可学）27、course 一道菜28 must have been 表推测29 be accustomed to,be used to+名词、动名词I am used to the life in Bejing.I am used to living in Bejing.30 早餐：scratch a meal 中午餐：snack快餐woshijialishi 2008-03-19 18:37prestige n.声誉cricket n.板球disgracevt.使丢脸 inclination n.意愿 savagen.野性的 contest n.比赛combativea.好斗的0rgy n.恣意，放荡franklyad.坦率地 deduce vt.推断 mimica.与.极相似competitive a.竞争性的 behaveiour行动pick up 随意挑选 spectatotorn.观众side n.队word.into引起一注意patriotism n.地方观念 爱国主义fury n.狂热 involve vt.卷入 absurda.荒唐的at any rate无论，至少 Notes on the vocabularies 词语注释 goodwill=friendship n.友好 goodwill games:友好运动会 goodwill visit:友好访问 pay a goodwill visit to official visit:官方正式访问 state visit:国事访问 cricket n.板球as merry as a cricket（蟋蟀）形容心情高兴，快乐无比 inclination n.意愿incline v.be inclined to do sth表示强烈的意愿I am inclined to take toefl.willingshow inclination tofollow ones inclination 随心所欲 contest n.比赛近义词：competition game match tournament race contest:a group of judges beauty contest选美比赛competition:socially 抽象使用 Social competition is fierce.Dog eat dog.人吃人。形容竞争激烈。game:physically,mentally match:quite importantChina won the 2002 World Cup match,tournament:淘汰赛，巡回赛。race:以速度见长 cycle racing 自行车比赛 car racing 赛车orgy n.恣意，放荡 revelry in 狂欢 I revelry in my success,on a spreeThe girl is on a shoping petitivecombative-贬义词 同 aaaressivecompetitive-褒义词l中性词competitor-竞争者compete with sb.for sth.pick up随意挑选 side队patriotism n.地方观众，爱国主义patriot:爱国者patriotic:爱国的involve vt.卷入involve oneself in scandal be involved in prestige n.声誉prestigious a.享有声誉的 Qinghua university is very prestigious.近义词：fame renown（renowned 著名的）reputation eminence disgrace vt.使丢脸 grace,graceful-gracelessdisgraceful 丢脸 Your essay is very guaceful.fame-defame honor-dishonor stigmaa（污点）vt.stigmatize Robbery stigmatizes him.savage n.野性的 inhuman残忍无比nonhuman（非人类的）mercy-merciless ruth-ruthlessbeastly combative a.好斗的 frankly ad.坦率地Frankly speaking（To be frank）坦白的说candid坦白的straightly直率的mimic a.与.相似mimic-只用作定语similar-可作定语和表语 Our ideas are similar.We have similar ideas,alike-只作表语Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。behaviour行动举止Behave oneself.规矩点儿。attitude n.态度spectator n.观众audience 听众 audial 听visualspectacle:壮丽景色;眼镜 viewer电视观众work.,into.引起注意into后接表示感情的词fury n.狂热furious a.强于 anger,annoyance,aggravationrage-suddenly&quicklyabsurd a荒唐的近义词 illogical irrational senseless ridiculousr开头的形容词的反义词前面加irI开头的形容词的反义词前面加ilat any rate 无论，至少=at leastNotes on the text课文注释amazed:surprised,astound,astonished前两个词都可以用作表语和主谓宾结构，后两个词只有表 语结构。The news surprised me.I was surprised by the news.I am astonished to hear the news.You should not say5,The news astonished me.hear（watch,notice,see）sb.do/doingif only:表虚拟，当“真好”讲,后面无任何主从句。If only I had a pair of wings.我要有双翅膀就好了。If only I could fly to the moon.作为条件句=as long as,后面须有主句。deduce:推导the background of the 1 936 Olympic Games：二战时在德国柏林举行，希特勒举办的目的为了宣 传他的national supremacy（民主优越性）。然而，事与愿违，本届奥运会出现了 一位独领风骚的田 径大王一美国黑人运动员，杰西欧文斯，他共获得4枚金牌，让希特勒disgrace（颜面尽失），后人 评论“the 1936 Olympin Games is a mistake”,而 且称为 political tragedy,影射希特勒的种族歧 视，导致极端的仇恨，引发二战。neagly all基本肯定green:绿地aroused:被激发起来frankly:真正的mimic warfare:模拟战争battle field-fight to win,commander,do your utmost,blood,lose life,machine guns sport field-play to win,coach,do your best,sweat,lose life,hand leg footfury over对愤怒virtue:qualityLesson 8 Education教育Parents have to do much less for their children todav than thev used to do.and home has become much less of a workshop.Clothes can be bought ready made,washing can go to the laundry,food can be bought cooked,canned or preserved,bread is baked and delivered by the baker,milk arrives on the doorstep,meals can be had at the restaurant,the works canteen,and the school dining-room.It is unusual now for father to pursue his trade or other employment at home,and his children rarely,if ever,see him at his place of work.Boys are therefore seldom trained to follow their fathers occupation,and in many towns they have a fairly wide choice of employment and so do girls.The young wage-earner often earns good money,and soon acquires a feeling of economic independence.In textile areas it has long been customary for mothers to go out to work,