初中中考英语知识点考点总结(全).doc

初中中考英语知识点考点总结一 修饰比较级时常见的错误1. more不可修饰比较级，但much可以用来加强比较级，意为的多，更He looks more younger than I. ()He looks much younger than I. ( )2. 比较的对象或范围出现错误。1）The weather of Beijing is colder than Shanghai. ()（比较的对象应该是上海的天气，而不是上海）The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai. ()2）China is larger than any country in Asia. ()（出现了逻辑上的错误: 中国就是亚洲国家，应当排除在外。）China is larger than any country in Africa. () 中国比非洲的任何国家都大。China is larger than any other country in Asia. () 中国比亚洲的任何（其他的）国家都大。特别提示Than后面接代词时，一般要用主格，但在口语中也可使用宾格。如果than后是一个句子，则不可使用宾格。He works harder than me.He works harder than I do.二 形容词的比较级用于两者比较，表示比更：A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+ B，e.g. I am two years older than my little sister.A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+ B：e.g. She gets to school earlier than the other students.比较级+and+比较级，这种结构表示事物本身程度的逐渐增长，意为越来越。eg. In spring the days are getting longer and longer.the+比较级the+比较级，表示一方的程度随着另一方的程度的增长而增长，表示越，越。eg. The mort you practice using English，the better youll learn it 你英语练得越多，就会学得越好。A十动词十the+比较级+of短语（比较范围），这种结构表示两者中更的那一个。当比较双方只出现一方（没有than及其后面的部分），且句中含有of the two时，比较级前要加the.eg. Penny is the taller of the two girls.The larger of the two houses belongs to Mr. Black.表示两者程度不同的其他方式可用more than(多于)， not more than(不多于)， less than(少于)， not less than(不少于)， less+形容词+ than(不如)等。We havent got more than one hour left right now.It is less cold today than it was yesterday.not+比较级 +than与no+比较级+than 这两个结构表达的意思完全不同：前者往往表示一方不比另一方，后者往往表示前者和后者一样都不；修饰说明数量时，前者表示最多，不比多，后者表示仅仅，带有感情色彩。I am not taller than you. 我不比你高。I am no taller than you. 我和你一样高。My French is not better than yours.My French is no better than yours.She is not more than seven years old.She is no more than seven years old.三 形容词的最高级最高级是表示在三者或更多者中程度最高的比较方式the+ 形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句Jack is the tallest student in his class.He is the fastest runner of the three boys.This is the most boring book Ive ever read.one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数+表示范围的短语或从句China is one of the largest countries in the world.用法比较：介词in和of引导的短语说明比较的范围如果在一定的地域空间内进行比较用in; 如果在同一类事物范围内进行比较用of.China is the largest country in Asia.China is the largest one of all the Asian countries.运用比较级表达最高级的概念：比较级+than any other+名词单数，比较级+than the other+名词复数或比较级+than the rest of +the+名词复数Julia is taller than any other girl in her class.= Julia is taller than the other girls in her class. = Julia is taller than the rest of the girls in her class.四 表示移动方向的介词(1)to表示“向，往到”。如：He will drive to Nanjing. 他将开车去南京。(2) from表示“自，从，来自”。如：Where are you from 你是哪儿人I am from Jiangsu Province. 我是江苏人。(3)up表示“向上，往上”。如：Mr. Smith used a lift to go up and down. 史密斯先生乘电梯上下。( 4)down表示“向下，沿着往下”。如：Go down the street then youll find the shop. 沿着这条街走，你就会发现那个商店。(5)round表示“环绕，围绕”如：The students are running round the playground. 学生们正绕着操场跑步。(6)across表示“横过，穿过，跨过”。如：A boy walked across the park just now. 一个男孩刚才穿过公园。(7)through表示“通过，穿过（空间）”。如：The river ran through the city. 那条河从城中流过。(8)over表示“越过，从上边过去”。如：There is a bridge over the river. 河上有座桥。五 相似介词组辨析1）貌似相同的in front of与in the front ofin front of“在.的前面”，指从外部看来一物在另一物的前面。如：Theres a big tree in front of the building.in the front of“在.的前面”，指从内部看来一物在另一物的前部。如：The driver sits in the front of the car.2）貌似相同的in time与on timein time意思是“及时”，指在时间上有提前、刚好的意思，表示正赶上时候或恰在需要的时候，作表语时常与for sth.或to do sth. 连用。如：Were just in time to catch the bus.on time意思是“按时、准时”，通常指有时间限制，以规定的时间为界，在规定时间内即为按时。如：We should get to school on time.The train arrived on time.3）貌似相同的beside与besidesbeside表示位置，意思是“在.的旁边”，与by，at同意。如：There is a big tree beside the house.besides意思是“除了.以外，还.”与except，but同义。如：The girl is studying Japanese besides English.六 but：但是，可是，而He is old， but he looks very young.他老了，但他看起来很年轻。Li Li likes violin but doesnt like piano.李莉喜欢小提琴，（但是）不喜欢钢琴。（but 后面省略了主语Li Li，因为与前面的主语成分相同）Mary likes violin， but Tom doesnt.玛丽喜欢小提琴，而汤姆不喜欢。（doesnt后面省略了like violin，因为与前面的成分相同）He isnt a teacher but a doctor.他不是（一个）老师，而是医生。They came here not for money but for the life.他们到这儿来，不是要钱，而是要命。注意：but所连接的句子，句中如果某些成分与前面相同，则可以省略。七 or：或，或者，否则Is Li Ming from Beijing or from Shanghai.李明是北京人还是上海人呢？1.基本用法or表示“或”的意思，使用于两者之中选择一个的时候。Would you like coffee or tea？你喜欢咖啡还是茶？Tom or I am right.我或者汤姆是对的。Li Ming or his classmates are cleaning the room.李明或者是他的同班同学在打扫房间。注意：“A or B”作主语时，谓语动词随or后面的词（B）而定，因此例子中的谓语动词服从I，用am。2.特别用法句型：祈使句， or=If you dont， youll同and一样，or在祈使句中的用法，译成“请，否则”，有转折的意思。Hurry up，or youll miss the bus.快点吧，否则你就会误了公共汽车。=If you dont hurry up，youll miss the bus.如果你不快点，你就会误了这班车。Study hard，or youll fail in the exam.好好学吧，否则你考试就会不及格。=If you dont study hard，youll fail in the exam.如果你不努力学习，你考试就会不及格。注意：or疑问句的读法or前面的部分用升调，后面的部分用降调。八 副词和动词如果主要动词前有两个助动词，修饰整个句子的副词（特别是频度及肯定副词）要放在两个助动词之间，而修饰主要动词的副词（特别是方式副词）应放在这个动词的前面：a） Tigers have often been discovered in this areaYou can never have seen such a beautiful placeHe will probably be made President of the CompanyHe has surely been punished for his offenceHe may，unfortunately，be killed by robbersb） This decision will be publicly announcedI would have carefully done it，if it had been usefulHe must have seriously considered this matter要使副词（短语）尽可能靠近它修饰的动词：We went to deserted village almost ten miles away from the capital yesterday（不好）We went yesterday tocapital（较好）Yesterday a guest who had come from a distant country called on me（不好）A guestme yesterday（较好）Immediately，he told me to leave his house（不好）He told me to leave his house immediately（较好）九 冠词应用考点在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：1.有些个体名词“school，college，prison， hospital，bed”等词与动词或介词连用时，有无冠词表示不同含义例：go to hospital去医院看病go to the hospital去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)in hospital (生病)住院in the hospital 在医院里at table进餐at the table在桌子旁by sea乘船by the sea在海边in front of 在前面in the front of 在范围内的前部2.两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。例：He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。3.如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。例：He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)十 辨析基数词序数词运用对数词的考查不在单纯地停留在基数词或序数词的构成与用法上了，更多地将基数词与序数词同时用于一道题中，考查我们如何正确地判定句子中什么地方用基数词，什么地方用序数词。这就要求我们熟练地掌握对基数词与序数词的构成与用法。下面就2019年的考题来说明怎样做好这类考题。【典型考例1】（2019四川凉山州）There are people in Dales family. They live on the floor.A. five; nineB. fifth; nineC. five; ninthD. fifth; ninth【析】正确答案：C。句意：在戴尔家里有5口人，他们一家居住在九楼。第一句指的是名词的数量，故用基数词；而第二句“居住在九楼”，表示的是楼层的顺序，故用序数词。所以，本题的正确答案为C。【典型考例2】（2019湖北鄂州） Our country is nearlyyears old. Well celebrate itsbirthday on October 1, 2019 around the country.A. seventy, seventyB. seventy, seventiethC. seventieth, seventyD. seventieth, seventieth【析】正确答案：B。句意：我们的国家快70周岁了。我们将在2019年10月1日在全国庆祝她的生日。第一句表示数量，在结合被修饰的名词为复数形式years可知，故70使用基数词seventy。第二句因为被修饰的名词birthday为单数形式，因此这里的70表示顺序，故用序数词seventieth。所以，本题的正确答案为B.十一. There be 句型的用法与1）基本结构：肯定句式：be +done (及物动词的过去分词)如果是不及物动词 + 相应的介词或副词否定句式：be +not +done疑问句式：be动词（情态动词）放句首被动语态中的be为助动词，无意义。be可能是am , is , are也可能是was ,were或原形be。注：被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be后面的过去分词不变。eg：1. The song is liked by young people. (肯定句)2. The song isnt liked by young people.（否定句）3. Is the song liked by young people?（一般疑问句）4. Who is the song liked by? = By whom is the song liked?（特殊疑问句）十二.各种时态的构成（动词以do为例）：一般现在时动词的被动形式：am/is /are done例句：He is asked to do this.一般过去时动词的被动形式：was/were done例句：The story was told by her mother.一般将来时动词的被动形式：will /shall be doneIs/are going to例句：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.过去将来时动词的被动形式：should/would be doneWas/were are going to例句：He said the trees would be planted soon.现在进行时动词的被动形式：am/is/are being done例句：The novel is being written.过去进行时动词的被动形式：was/were being done例句：At that time the desk was being made.现在完成时动词的被动形式：has/have been done例句：The house has been built.过去完成时动词的被动形式：had been done例句：They said that their work had been finished.含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+ done Your homework must be handed in today.其它几种特殊句型：It is said that .It is well known that .It is reported that例：History is made by the people. (一般现在时)The cars were made in Tianjin in 1995. (一般过去时)The tree will be cut down next year.(一般将来时)The room must be kept clean.（含有情态动词的被动语态）The door is being opened.（现在进行时）The film has been seen by me.（现在完成时）注：不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词be的变化上,同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。2）应用情况行为的执行者不明确或不必说出来。eg: A stranger was killed last night.用于强调动作的承受者而不是执行者。eg: The story is told everywhere in the city.3）被动语态的用法1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词Our classroom is cleaned everyday.2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词A new shop was built last year.3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词This book has been translated into many languages.4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词Many more trees will be planted next year.5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词Young trees must be watered often.6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词Uncle Wang is mending my bike now. My bike is being repaired by Tomnow.7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词There are two books to be read. There are twenty more trees tobe planted.十三. 状语从句时间状语从句最常考的是until，常常和非延续性动词组合。其次是结合进行时考察when/while/as，再次是结合主将从现考察as soon as/whenever.原因状语从句，主要考察since作为既然的意思。目的状语从句，考察较少。结果状语从句常常考察so.that与such.that的辨析，so+many/few/much/little+名词结构用用的是so而不是such是一个重要考点。条件状语从句最常考的是unless，相当于ifnot,意为“除非,如果不”。其次结合主将从现考察if的用法让步状语从句，主要考察句子的让步关系引导让步状语从句的连词主要有以下这些：though, although,while, as; even if, even though; whether.or.; no matter+疑问词，疑问词-ever，一般翻译为“尽管”或“即使”，“无论”。用法如下：1、though, although表示“虽然，纵然”之意。这两个连词意思大致相同，在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中，though较常使用，although比though正式，二者都可与yet， still或never，the less连用，但不能与but连用。例如：Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了，身体还很健壮。值得注意的是，although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多，though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。2、as，though表示“虽然但是”，“纵使”之意。as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现，被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形，though也可用于这样的结构中，但although不可以这样用。例如：Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.)尽管他学习很努力，但几乎没取得什么进步。3、 even if, even though 表示“即使”，“纵使”之意，含有一种假设。这两个复合连词的意思基本相同。它们常互换使用，但意义有细微差别。even if 引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性，可用来表示与事实相反的假设，但不能用来描述已经发生的事实。而even though引导让步状语从句时，是以从句的内容为先决条件的，即说话人肯定了从句的事实，表示已经发生了的事。例如：Well make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要作一次旅行。4、whether.or.表示“不论是否”，“不管是还是”之意。由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。例如：Youll have to attend the ceremony whether youre free or busy. 不管你忙不忙，都要参加这个典礼 。5、“no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“都;不管都”它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。例如：No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, he would not mind.)无论发生了什么，他都不会介意的。但“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句，而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。例如：Whatever (=No matter what) you say, I wont believe you. (Whatever 引导让步状语从句)无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。Ill eat whatever (no matter what) you give me. (whatever引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么，我就吃什么。十四. 基本句型结构简单句：只存在一个主谓关系的句子，即一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成。并列句：当我们需要把几个意思连在一起时，可用标点符号或等立连词或连接副词把几个简单句连接成一个并列句。它们之间的关系是同等的。复合句：当一个句子由一个主句和一个从句构成时，这就是复合句。复合句的主语往往可以独立存在，从句则只作一个句子成分。句型结构举例S+V1）The student works very hard.2）She apologized to me again.3）The accident happened yesterday evening.SVP4）This is an English-Chinese dictionary.5）The dinner smells good.6）He fell in love.7）Everything looks different.8）He is growing tall and strong.9）The trouble is that they are short of money.10）Our well has gone dry.11）His face turned red.SVO12）Who knows the answer13）She smiled her thanks.14）He has refused to help them.15）He enjoys reading.16）They ate what was left over.17）He said Good morning.18）I want to have a cup of tea.19）He admits that he was mistaken.SVOO1）She ordered herself a dress.2）She cooked her husband a delicious meal.3）He brought you a dictionary.4）He denies her nothing.5）I showed him my pictures.6）I gave my car a wash.7）I told him that the bus was late.8）He showed me how to run the machine.SVOC1）They appointed him manager.2）They painted the door green.3）This set them thinking.4）They found the house deserted.5）What makes him think so6）We saw him out.7）He asked me to come back soon.8）I saw them getting on the bus.十五. 写作技巧1、审审清题意，构建框架，明确体裁，掌握格式文字信息；图画信息；题材、人称、时态、要点2、抓抓住要点，一 一对应。列关键词，以词及点：用一两个单词或短语写出每个点的细节要点。3、连连词成句，变换句式联词成句：用联词成句的方法将上述要点的词语扩展成句子。4、集集句成段，添连接词主语和谓语背景（适当增加时间、地点、条件等）逻辑关系开头与结尾5、组组段成篇，加主题句。注意上下文语篇衔接（适当使用过渡词、句），完善结尾6、抄抄写规范，避免错误定稿后应认真誊写，要求书写规范、正确、美观，并保持卷面整洁。