高一英语定语从句讲解-.doc

定语从句讲解 1定语从句：复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase which was very reasonable. Those who work hard will make progress.2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。1）关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why等。2）关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.该句, whoisshakinghandswithmyfather是定语从句，修饰先行词theman，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词theman，在定语从句中作主语。（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1who指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne. YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。2whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhase.你正在等的教授已经来了。Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。但直接介词后只用whom,不可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend. The man to whom you talked just now is my old friend.（whom不可省略）3 which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。或在非限制定语从句中代替整个主句。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys. Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday. He failed the exam again ,which made his father angry.4that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whoetovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.Whereistheman(that/whom)Isawthismorning?我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.5whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：We live in a house,_ windows face the sea. We live in a house,_ the windows face the sea.We live in a house, the windows_ face the seaWe live in a beautiful house, and the windows _ face the seaDoyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?=_=_（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.=Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.=ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtennisyesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。ThemanagerwhosepanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.=ThemanagerinwhosepanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.注意：含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(正)这是我正在找的手表。ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(误)Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(正) Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.（误）若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(正) Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(误)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallyfortable.(正) TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallyfortable.(误)“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhom=( )areverykindtohim. Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhich=（）havegonebad. Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.（四）关系副词引导的定语从句1when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。Istillrememberthedaywhen=()Ifirstcametothisschool.Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.我们团聚的时刻终于到了。2where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.上海是我出生的城市。Thehousewhere=()Ilivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown. Ivisitedthefarmwhere=()alotofcowswereraised.3why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhy=()youmissedtheplane.请告诉我你误机的原因。Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的”关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略 B可用that C可用who代替whom非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A不可省略 B不用that C不可用who代替whom限制性定语从句举例：TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheperson(that/who/whom)Icoulddependon. Chinaisacountrywhich/thathasalonghistory.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。非限制性定语从句举例：Hismother,who(不用that)loveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim. China,which（不用that）wasfoundedin1949,isbeingmoreandmorepowerful.IvisitedthePeoplesGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.使用定语从句须注意的几个问题:（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况1当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如：HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.所有能做的都做好了。ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.我不能为你干什么。Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneeded.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywontdosuchathing. Allthegueststhat/whowereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople. 2当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen. ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.这是我看过的最好的电影。3当先行词被thevery,theonly，the last修饰时。如：ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.这正是我要买的词典。Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting. 4当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如：Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?站在门口的那个人是谁？WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?哪件T恤衫最合我的身？5当先行词既有人又有物时。如：TheytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschoolLookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet.另外：1)直接介词后只用which/whom,作定语可用whose，不用who和that 2)that 不引导非限制定语从句 3）that和who都可以指人，但下面两种情况，多用who。先行词为all, anyone, one, ones等时。如：All who heard the news were excited.先行词为those, he和people时。如：Those who want to go please sign your names here.He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.（二） 关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义，用于一些固定结构。如：as anybody can see 正如人人都能看到的那样as is well known = as is known to all 众所周知as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样as often happens 正如经常发生的那样as has been said before如上所说as is mentioned above正如上面提到的As（不用which）isknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry. Heisfromthesouth,as（可用which）wecanknowfromhisaccent. John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.正如你所知，约翰是个著名作家。ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdontbelieve.注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,which(不用as)madehisteacherveryangry. Thesetablesaremadeofmetal,whichmadethemveryheavy. 3.当先行词受such,thesame,as修饰时，关系词常用as。如：Iveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.他可不象他看上去的那样傻。ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意：当先行词受thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMaryswedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的同样的连衣裙。(三)以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句做状语时通常由inwhich或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.Idontliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.我不喜欢你冲她的样子。但The way _he explained to us was not practical.（四） 关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：A.Iknowaplace_wecanhaveapicnic.我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。Iknowaplace_isfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.B.Iwillneverforgetthedays_wespentourholidaystogether.Iwillneverforgetthedays_wespenttogether.我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。C.Thisisthereason_hewasdismissed.这就是他被解雇的原因。Thisisthereason_heexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.附加内容.（五）定语从句与同位语从句的区别1定语从句修饰限定先行词，它对先行词修饰限制；同位语从句解释先行词的具体内容，它对先行词解释说明。TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforParis.（_从句）Thefactthathehasalreadydiedisquiteclear.（_从句）2定语从句关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that引导时，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where,when,how,who,whether,what等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.（_从句）他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。 Thenewsthathetoldmeistrue.（_从句）他告诉我的消息是真的。Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.（_从句）Thequestionthatheraisedpuzzledallofus.（_从句）他提出的问题让我们很为难。Thequestionwhetherheissuretowinthegameishardtoanswer.（_从句）3同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个表语从句,而定语从句则不能。如：A.Theideathathewecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.（同位语从句）Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.B.Payattentiontotheproblemhowwecanprotectthewildanimals.（同位语从句） Theproblemishowwecanprotectthewildanimals.（六）定语从句与状语从句，强调句型等的区别及须区分的几点：1.He is such a good student _we all like .(_从句) He is such a good student _ we all like him (_从句)2.This is the house _ we lived in 5 years ago.(_从句) Put a mark _ you have questions .(_从句) A.where B.in which C.which D.on which3.It is the street _I lost my bike.(_) It is in the street _I lost my bike .(_) It was 8 oclock_I went home.(_) It was at 8 oclock_I went home.(_)4.Is this the book _you are looking for? Is the book _ you are looking for? A. that B.who C.the one D. for which 5.Tom is one of the students who _ been admitted to Beijing University.(定语从句主谓一致)Tom is the one of the students who _ been admitted to Beijing University.Those who _ against the plan put up your hands.6. The earth is round, _ we all know.=_ is known to all, the earth is round.=_ is known to all that the earth is round.=_is known to all is that the earth is round.7. 当先行词为time，表示“次数”时，应用关系词that 或省略。如：This is the first time (that) the president has visited the country.It is time that you _ (get) up. 定语从句1This is the best factory _we visited last year .A. where B. which C. in which D. that2.Is this the factory _puters are built ?A. that B. which C. in which D. in that3.Please pass me the dictionary _cover is red .A. whose B.its C. which D. which of4.The man _has arrived .A. whom I told you B. that I told you C. whom I told you about him D. I told you about5. Do you know the rade _we are talking ?A. to whom B. to who C. whom D. to that6. They visited the house _the great writer was born .A. from where B. in which C. which D. in where7. The rade _is speaking at the meeting is my teacher .A. whom B. which C. who D. whose8. He asked us to watch carefully everything _he did in class .A. who B. that C. what D. where9. Ill visit the professor tomorrow ,_he will be back from Shanghai .A. who B. that C. when D. which10.The school _I study is a new one .A. on which B. at where C. on that D. at which11. China has many islands,_the largest is Taiwan .A. in which B. at which C. which D. of which 12. The city _my mother grew up is not far from here .A. what B. where C. that D. which13. Our teacher lives in the house _door faces to the north .A. which B. his C. that D. whose14. Do you know the man _your father nodded ?A. whom B. to whom C. to who D. about whom15.Wrestling is a sport in _people easily get hurt .A. that B. when C. which D. what16. I told you _I know .A. all that B. all which C. all what D. all whom17.China has a lot of famous writers ,one _is Lu Xun .A. of which B. of whom C. of who D. of them18. Is this factory _we visited last year ?A. in which B. around that C. whom D. the one19. Who is the man _was there ?A. who B. which C. that D. whom20. Is there anything _I can do for you, sir ?A. that B. which C. whose D. who21. I still remember the day _she first wore that green dress . A. which B. in which C. on that D. on which22. The knife _we used to cut the bread is very sharp .A. with which B. with it C. with that D. which23. The games _the young men peted in were difficult .A.in which B. which C. it D. who 24.It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. that B. which C. as D. it25. George Mallory was an English school teacher _ loved climbing.A. who B. whom C. he D. which 定语从句答案:1-5DCADA 6-10 BCBCD 11-15 DBDBC 16-20 ABDCA 21- 25 DABBA用适当的词填空：1. The boys are playing football are from Class One.2. Yesterday I helped an old man lost his way.3. Mr. Liu is the person you talked about on the bus.4. Mr. Ling is just the boy I want to see.5. Football is a game is liked by most boys.6. This is the pen he bought yesterday.7. The number of the people e to visit the city each year rises one million.8. Where is the man I saw this morning?9. He has a friend father is a doctor.10. I once lived in a house roof has fallen in.11. The classroom door is broken will soon be repaired.12.