英语定语从句讲解.doc

什么是英语从句？要回答这个问题，先要弄清楚两个小问题： 1、什么叫英语的句子一般情况下，英语句子中必定有一个主语和谓语，或者说，有主语和谓语组成的句子就是句子。例如：Mr. Wang teaches English in a middle school.Many trees were planted last spring. 2、英语句子的成份英语的句子中，不仅只有主语和谓语，还有其它的句子成份，其中最主要的成份有：主语、谓语、宾语、状语、定语等。这几种成份在句子的位置大致是：(状语) + (定语)主语(定语) + (状语)谓语(状语) + (定语)宾语(宾语补足语) + (状语)也就是，定语一般位于主语和宾语的前后；状语一般位于谓语的前后；及物动词后一般接宾语和宾语补足语。有一点请注意：英语句子中状语的位置非常灵活，它在句首、句中、句末都可以。3、什么是英语的从句在明白了英语句子的成份之后，再来讨论英语从句就比较简单了。因为，什么叫从句呢？就是英语句中的某一成份不是一个单词或词组，而是一个句子，那么这个担任成份的句子就叫从句。如果定语是一个句子，它就叫定语从句；如果宾语是一个句子，它就是宾语从句。依此类推。例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. (括号中that开始的句子就是定语从句)We revisited the village where we had worked before. (括号中where引导的句子也是定语从句)He learned that this was a hard work (which must be finished in a week.) (这句里有两个从句，方括号由that引导的是宾语从句；在这个宾语从句中又包含了一个由which引导的定语从句。) 因此，对于一个比较复杂的较长的英语句子来说，它就可能存在几个句子，即主句和担任各种成份的从句。从这个角度看，也可以说从句是句子中的句子。 二、定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有：when, where, why等。 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1）when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用，例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 2）that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介词+ which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。） （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。内容提要 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。 一、 限定性定语从句 1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间 注值得一提的是，表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。 一、 限定性定语从句 1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间 注值得一提的是，表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物 三、定语从句结构错误 1. 缺关系词 2. 从句中缺成分 摘自简明英语语法 在英文中，有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别： 限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如： Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located . 为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。 Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. 洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。 They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before. 他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点，隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。 例如：Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy . （此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明。） 更早之前，巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图，但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状。 The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center . （此句中，三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词：satellites ，computers和television进行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句，那么句子可简化为： The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）卫星能传输信息，计算机能储存信息，电视能显示信息，把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心。 The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成一件事情）。太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。 The old man has a son , who is in the army .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是：这位老人只有一个儿子 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句： The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了：这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的工作。）那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。I 概念定语从句通常是指用来修饰或限制某一名词或代词的从句，其作用相当于形容词。1.先行词：被定语从句所修饰和限制的名词或代词称之为先行词。2.关系词：引导定语从句的词。关系词关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as, but, than关系副词when, where, why解题思路：找先行词，看先行词在定语从句中充当何种成分，然后确定用何种关系词。He still lives in the house _is in the north of the city.He still lives in the house _window faces to the south.He still lives in the house _there is a piece of furniture.(先行词the house分别在定语从句中作主语、定语、地点状语。因此分别用which/that; whose; where.)Ill never forget the days _we spent together.Ill never forget the days _we stayed together.(先行词the days分别在定语从句中作宾语、时间状语。因此分别用which/that; in which/ when.)The reason _he gave us was reasonable.The reason _he didnt attend the meeting was that he was ill.(先行词the reason分别在定语从句中作宾语、原因状语。因此分别用which/that; why.)This is the only way _you can find.I didnt like the way _he spoke to his mother.(先行词the way分别在定语从句中作宾语、方式状语。因此分别用that或省略；in which/that或省略)那么该如何确定关系词呢？首先看在限制性定语从句中：一 当先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语/宾补时：主语宾语表语/宾补人who; thatwho; whom; that; /that物which, thatwhich; that; /人和物thatthat; /1) The lady who/that came to our class is from Australia.2) I visited the country which/that had been bombed by the US-led NATO a month before.3) He is the person (who/whom/that) I met in the park yesterday.4) Ill never forget the years (which/that) I spent with my cousin in Australia?5) Watch the girl and her dog that are crossing the street.6) We liked the farmers and their farm (that) we visited yesterday.7) He is not the man that he used to be.8) Hong Kong isnt the city that it used to be.9) Im not the fool that you thought me.注意：1.先行词指人，在定语从句中作主语时，一般用who或that都可以。但在下列情况下，通常用who，而不用that。1) 当先行词是people, those, one/ones, anyone/anybody等时People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.Anyone/Anybody who breaks the rules is punished.One who doesnt work hard will never be happy.2) He who用于谚语、格言中He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man不到长城非好汉He who plays with fire gets burnt.玩火者必自焚He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.不犯错误的人一事无成He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好.He who hesitates is lost.当断不断,必受其乱3) 在非限制性定语从句中Charlie Chaplin, who died in 1977, is considered one of the greatest and funniest actors in the history of the cinema.4) 在分隔定语从句中A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.教你们德语的老师明天来5) 一个句子带有两个定语从句，一个用who，另一个用that.The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.在会上受到表扬的那个学生是班长，他谦虚好学2.在下列情况下,通常用that,而不用who1) 先行词前面有the first, the last, the only或the same等所修饰时She is the last man (that) I want to see.她是我最不愿意见到的人She is the only person that understands me.She is the same teacher that was praised the other day.2) 主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时Who that has common sense will do such a thing?Which one of us that knows something about physics does not know this?3.先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，一般用which或that都可以。但在下列情况下, 通常用that，而不用which.。1).先行词被形容词最高级或者序数词所修饰时，通常用thatThis is the best article that has been written on the subject.This is the first composition (that) I have written in English.2).当先行词是all, any, anything, nothing, everything, much, little 等时，通常用thatI have done all (that) you told me to.Is there anything (that) I can do for you?This book contains much/little that is useful.3).当先行词被all, any, the very, the only, the last 等修饰时，通常用that.All the books that have been selected are useful ones.Is there any question that troubles you much?Corn was not the only food that was taken to Europe.4).主句是which开头的特殊疑问句时，通常用that.Which of the books that you have read is the most instructive?4.在下列情况下，通常用which，而不用that.1) 介词的宾语He paid the boy 10 dollars for washing ten windows, most of which had not been cleaned for years.2) 在非限制性定语从句中，代表前面的名词或整个句子One of the Charlie Chaplins most famous films was “The Gold Rush”, which was made in 1925.Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much.The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.5.当先行词在定语从句中作主语时，关系代词通常不能省略。但是，当定语从句是there be 结构时，可以省略。We must make full use of the time (that) there is left to us and do as much as I can for the people.我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanjing.这是到南京的最快的一班车6.注意下列两种句式的定语从句：1) It is (high/about) time (that)过去式2) It/This/That is/will be the first/second/thirdtime (that) 从句的时态用现在完成时It/This/That was the first/second/thirdtime (that) 从句的时态用过去完成时It is time we went to bedIt is the first time that he has come to meet me at the station.It will be the second time that I have been there.It was the first time that he had passed the examination in English.7.注意避免出现以下几种情况：1) The storybook (which/that) I have just read it cannot be easily forgotten.定语从句中不可使用与关系词意义相重复的词。应删除it，因为it与关系代词which/that在意义相重复。2) Her two daughters who are studying in Beijing.缺少谓语动词，应去掉who，改为Her two daughters are studying in Beijing.3) Prices of daily goods are bought through a computer can be lower than store prices.两个谓语动词，缺少连接词。改为Prices of daily goods (which are) bought through a computer can be lower than store prices. 4) Is this museum they visited last week? 缺少表语，加上the one 使句子成立。改为Is this museum the one they visited last week? /Is this the museum they visited last week?5) We all like Harry because he is a man whom everybody thinks is pleasant to get along with.将whom改为who. everybody thinks是插入语。He made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science.二 当先行词在定语从句中作定语时：指人whoseof whom指物of which1) They study in a classroom whose windows (the windows of which/of which the windows) are broken2) Do you know the man whose house (the house of whom/of whom the house) was burned down?2. “介词+whose+宾语” 引导的定语从句。1) The boss in whose department Mr. King worked called at the hospital.2) The engineer, from whose doctor we know all the truth, was put in a womens room.3) The doctor, with whose help the sick child was saved, is very kind to her patients.3 在下列情况下，只能用of whom, of which. 而不用whose引导定语从句。1).定语从句的主语是some, most, many, few, much, little等时.About 200 people, many of whom were Europeans, worked on the project.Those foreign engineers, most of whom have never been to China before, are enjoying their work here.They gave me much ink, little of which is red.2).定语从句的主语是all, none, both, neither, each等时She has two sons, both of whom are PLA men.He gave us many books, none of which was interesting.3).定语从句的主语是数词时In Barcelona the Chinese team got 16 gold medals, 12 of which/of which 12